Eur J Dermatol 2017 May 4. Epub 2017 May 4.

Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.

Australas J Dermatol 2016 Jun 1. Epub 2016 Jun 1.

Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Nodular vasculitis (NV) refers to a chronic relapsing lobular panniculitis that is thought to be a hypersensitivity reaction to antigenic triggers. While it is commonly associated with tuberculosis, in many cases no underlying cause is found and the condition is difficult to manage. Here, we report three patients with refractory idiopathic NV effectively treated with colchicine, leading to a significant improvement or complete resolution of their symptoms. Read More

New Microbes New Infect 2016 Mar 22;10:112-5. Epub 2016 Jan 22.

Hospital Vozandes, Ecuador; Unidad de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Zurita & Zurita Laboratorios, Ecuador; Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador.

We report the first case of recently characterized species M. monacense associated with chronic nodular vasculitis, infecting a young woman. This case represents the first isolation of M. Read More

Ann Dermatol 2015 Oct 2;27(5):605-7. Epub 2015 Oct 2.

Department of Dermatology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.

Nodular vasculitis was introduced by Montgomery for cases of erythema induratum-like lesions that were not associated with tuberculosis. Nodular vasculitis has been associated with both nontuberculous infections and noninfectious conditions. However, there has been no report on the development of nodular vasculitis during tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor treatment. Read More

Case Rep Dermatol 2015 May-Aug;7(2):141-5. Epub 2015 Jul 15.

Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva, Switzerland.

We report a case of tuberculous granulomatous panniculitis without vasculitis in an 87-year-old female patient with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. One month after starting chemotherapy with chlorambucil and prednisone she presented superficial erythematous plaques on the anterior side of the left leg. Three weeks later erythematous painless deep nodules appeared on the left popliteal fossa and on the left thigh. Read More

J Cutan Med Surg 2013 Oct;17 Suppl 1:S6-S11

Background: The interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) is a novel method for detecting previous sensitization to tuberculosis (TB). Despite having several advantages over the tuberculin skin test (TST), including higher specificity and no influence from past bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) exposure, there are a limited number of reports describing its application in patients with erythema induratum (EI)/nodular vasculitis (NV), which is usually but not always related to TB.

Objectives: The aim of our case series was to evaluate the usefulness of the IGRA for determining a TB association in patients with EI/NV. Read More

G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2013 Aug;148(4):387-94

Anatomic Pathology Unit Gaetano Rummo General Hospital, Benevento, Italy -

Panniculitides encompass a great number of different entities; however, once a vasculitis has been detected histopathologically within the subcutaneous tissue, the differential diagnosis is mainly restricted to polyarteritis (panarteritis) nodosa (PAN), nodular vasculitis (NV), and Bazin's erythema induratum (EI). Patients with PAN may have the disease confined to the skin, but must be followed over a long period because many of them develop late systemic disease. The NV/EI group represents by far the most common type of lobular panniculitis with vasculitis; we prefer keeping the distinction between the two entities by underlining the equation NV positive tuberculin skin test = EI. Read More

G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2013 Aug;148(4):325-33

Department of Clinical and Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences. Dermatology Clinic University of Pavia and IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia, Italy -

A clinical approach to the vexing problem of diagnosis of panniculitis is traced in this paper, in order to obtain from the clinical findings, history and laboratory data of the patient useful, detailed and precise information, essential to address dermatologists to a specific clinical diagnosis of panniculitis. This approach is created in the same way as when a dermatologist faces any other dermatological disease, be it inflammatory or neoplastic. A common behavior in case of panniculitis is in fact just to take an adequate biopsy and wait for the pathologist report. Read More

Sao Paulo Med J 2012 ;130(6):405-8

Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.

Context: Erythema induratum of Bazin (EIB) is considered to be a tuberculid reaction and consists of recurrent painful nodules. The differential diagnosis includes diseases like nodular vasculitis, perniosis, polyarteritis nodosa and erythema nodosum.

Case Report: We report the case of a woman with EIB who developed Addison's disease during treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs with good response to glucocorticoid replacement. Read More

J Dermatolog Treat 2014 Jun 19;25(3):260-3. Epub 2012 Sep 19.

Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University , Seoul , South Korea.

Erythema induratum (EI) was originally described by Ernest Bazin in 1861 as nodular lesions on the legs in association with tuberculosis (TB). A 33-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with tender ulcerative nodules on her legs. Skin biopsies revealed lobular inflammation of the subcutaneous fat with vasculitis. Read More

Australas J Dermatol 2012 May 7;53(2):141-4. Epub 2011 Mar 7.

Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

We report a chronic case of nodular vasculitis that responded to oral clofazimine 300 mg daily. The condition had previously responded to moderate dose oral prednisolone, 50 mg daily, but would recur with weaning. Multiple corticosteroid-sparing agents were trialled, however these were either ineffective or poorly tolerated. Read More

Case Rep Dermatol 2011 Sep 12;3(3):263-7. Epub 2011 Dec 12.

Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.

We present the case history of a 48-year-old male patient with Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae who developed a nodular vasculitis. He developed a cutaneous vasculitis with the onset of respiratory symptoms. The diagnosis of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection was based on serology. Read More

Am J Dermatopathol 2012 May;34(3):325-9

Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Japan.

We herein report a patient with erythema induratum/nodular vasculitis (EI/NV) associated with Crohn's disease (CD), which is considered to be a rare type of metastatic CD. A 54-year-old woman, who had a history of CD, presented with erythematous nodules on her legs. The histopathological features of the skin biopsy revealed a granulomatous, mixed septal and lobular panniculitis, which was characterized by many discrete epithelioid cell granulomas (necrobiotic/necrotizing-type and sarcoidal type), necrosis of the adipocytes, and granulomatous phlebitis in the muscular wall of a subcutaneous vein. Read More

Dermatol Ther 2010 Jul-Aug;23(4):320-7

Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

Erythema nodosum is the most common type of panniculitis; it may be due to a variety of underlying infectious or otherwise antigenic stimuli. The pathogenesis remains to be elucidated, but both neutrophilic inflammation and granulomatous inflammation are implicated. Beyond treating underlying triggers, therapeutic options consist mainly of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, symptomatic care, potassium iodide, and colchicine. Read More

Dermatol Online J 2010 Apr 15;16(4). Epub 2010 Apr 15.

University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.

An 81-year-old woman with a history of renal cell carcinoma and years of slowly, progressively enlarging pulmonary nodules of uncertain etiology presented with several weeks of painful lower extremity nodules. A biopsy revealed changes consistent with nodular vasculitis. A purified protein derivative and QuantiFERON test were positive, favoring the diagnosis of erythema induratum of Bazin. Read More

J Clin Virol 2009 Apr 23;44(4):333-6. Epub 2009 Feb 23.

Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.

Erythema induratum, or nodular vasculitis, was initially described as a type of cutaneous tuberculosis. Currently, it is considered a multifactorial syndrome of lobular panniculitis of unknown cause. An association between erythema induratum and hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been suggested in previous reports. Read More

Dermatol Clin 2008 Oct;26(4):439-45, v

Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínico and Barcelona University School of Medicine, Calle Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.

Erythema induratum of Bazin is a chronic, nodular eruption that usually occurs on the lower legs of young women. It has been regarded as a manifestation of tuberculin hypersensitivity, a type of tuberculid occurring on the legs, whereas nodular vasculitis represents the nontuberculous counterpart. The number of reports of erythema induratum of Bazin is decreasing in most developed countries in accordance with the decreased incidence of tuberculosis. Read More

J Cutan Pathol 2008 Oct 4;35(10):941-6. Epub 2008 Aug 4.

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.

Background: Lobular panniculitis encompasses lupus profundus, atypical lymphocytic lobular panniculitis, erythema induratum and subcutaneous Sweet's syndrome, while septal panniculitis includes erythema nodosum and fibrosing dermal processes of burn out necrobiosis lipoidica and morphea profundus. Panniculitis may represent a sign of systemic disease and/or a modified immune response to hematogenously disseminated antigen.

Methods: We describe 10 cases of sterile neutrophilic dominant lobular panniculitis that represented an id reaction to non-tuberculous stimuli. Read More

Clin Exp Dermatol 2007 Nov 24;32(6):761-2. Epub 2007 Aug 24.

J Heart Valve Dis 2007 Mar;16(2):212-3

NTT Kanto M.C., Shinagawa-ward, Tokyo, Japan.

Bazin's disease was first reported in 1861, and is described as erythema induratum or nodular vasculitis. The condition is seen occasionally in middle-aged women on the skin of the calf, and a relationship to a tuberculosis infection has been proposed. In the present patient, valvular lesions occurred simultaneously with Bazin's disease, with granulomatous changes being demonstrated by the aortic valve pathology. Read More

J Drugs Dermatol 2006 Nov-Dec;5(10):992-3

Skin Oncology Fellow, Skin Oncology Program, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA.

Mycophenolate mofetil is commonly used as a steroid-sparing agent effective in the management of erythema nodosum, idiopathic nodular panniculitis (Pfiefer-Weber-Christian disease), bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, and psoriasis. We report a case of nodular vasculitis responsive to mycophenolate mofetil. The clinical presentation, etiology, and management options for nodular vasculitis are discussed. Read More

Rev Med Interne 2007 Jun 8;28(6):416-9. Epub 2007 Mar 8.

Service de Médecine Interne, Pôle Santé République, 105, avenue de la République, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.

Introduction: Nodular thrombophlebitis is septal hypodermitis characterised by vasculitis with vein thrombosis. It may indicate serious underlying disorders.

Exegesis: We present two cases of nodular superficial phlebitis, which revealed tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. Read More

Am J Dermatopathol 2007 Feb;29(1):32-43

Division of Dermatology, Albany Medical College, MC-81, Albany, NY 12208, USA.

Most biopsies of cutaneous vasculitis will exhibit a small vessel neutrophilic vasculitis [leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV)] that is associated with immune complexes on direct immunofluorescence examination or, less commonly, antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) by indirect immunofluorescence testing. Is in uncommon for skin biopsy to reveal solely a neutrophilic arteritis signifying the presence of cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa or, if accompanied by significant lobular panniculitis, nodular vasculitis/erythema induratum. In other cases, cutaneous vascular damage (fibrinoid necrosis, muscular vessel wall disruption, or endarteritis obliterans) will be mediated by a nonneutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2006 Nov;45(11):1337-40

Department of Dermatology, University of Limpopo, South Africa.

Background: Tuberculides are the result of immunologic reactions to hematogenously spread antigenic components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. There are three recognized tuberculides--papulonecrotic tuberculide, erythema induratum of Bazin, and lichen scrofulosorum. In 1997, in Japan, Hara and coworkers reported five patients with what they called "nodular granulomatous phlebitis," which they proposed was a fourth type of tuberculide. Read More

Hautarzt 2007 Mar;58(3):237-40

Dermatologikum Hamburg, Stephansplatz 5, 20354 Hamburg.

A 66-year-old woman presented with erythematous nodules on both legs and told of a history of lymph node tuberculosis that had been treated with surgery and tuberculostatic therapy years before. A biopsy taken from a nodule showed nodular vasculitis. PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific DNA on the paraffin-embedded tissue was positive. Read More

J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2004 Mar;2(3):206-14; quiz 215

Dermatologische Abteilung der Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Juchgasse 25, A-1030 Wien.

J Am Acad Dermatol 2005 Aug;53(2 Suppl 1):S154-6

Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.

Tuberculids (papulonecrotic tuberculid, erythema induratum, and lichen scrofulosorum) are cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to Mycobacterium tuberculosis . We report the fifth case of a recently described tuberculid, nodular tuberculid. The distinguishing feature was that of a granulomatous vasculitis occurring at the dermohypodermal junction on biopsy specimen of the subcutaneous nodules. Read More

J Cutan Pathol 2005 Mar;32(3):220-6

Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.

Erythema induratum (EI)/nodular vasculitis (NV) is characterized by recurrent crops of tender oedematous nodules on the lower legs. A lobular panniculitis with granulomatous inflammation, vasculitis, focal necrosis and septal fibrosis is present. Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA has been detected in some lesions by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Read More

Dermatology 2004 ;208(1):10-5

Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.

Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is a chronic inflammatory and fibrosing arteriopathy that can also involve cutaneous vessels. The disease typically presents with a prepulseless phase that overlaps or is followed by the characteristic pulseless stage. In both phases of TA, cutaneous manifestations may be present. Read More

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003 May;17(3):334-6

Department of Dermatology and Dermatological Allergology, University-Hospitals of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Erfurterstr. 35, 07740 Jena, Germany.

Erythema induratum of Bazin (EIB) is considered a tuberculide reaction and consists of recurrent painful nodules predominantly on the calves. Clinically it has common features with diseases like nodular vasculitis, perniosis, polyarteritis nodosa and erythema nodosum. Poncet's disease is a reactive arthritis that may accompany tuberculosis. Read More

Dermatol Online J 2002 Jun;8(1)

Department of Dermatology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid, Spain.

Erythema nodosum is the most frequent clinico-pathological variant of the panniculitides. The disorder is a cutaneous reaction consisting of inflammatory, tender, nodular lesions, usually located on the anterior aspects of the lower extremities. The process may be associated with a wide variety of diseases, being infections, sarcoidosis, rheumatologic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, medications, autoimmune disorders, pregnancy, and malignancies the most common associated conditions. Read More

J Cutan Pathol 2002 Jan;29(1):5-10

Center for Dermatopathology, Freiburg, Germany.

Background: Pseudomembranous fat necrosis is a peculiar manifestation of necrosis of adipose tissue characterized by formation of pseudocystic cavities lined by crenulated membranes. The underlying mechanism for the formation of pseudomembranes is unknown and numerous hypotheses have been proposed. Despite divergent interpretations, most authors consider necrotic fat cells to be the anatomic substrate for the formation of pseudomembranes. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2001 Sep;45(3):325-61; quiz 362-4

Department of Dermatology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.

Unlabelled: The second part of our review of panniculitis summarizes the clinicopathologic features of the mostly lobular panniculitides. Erythema induratum of Bazin (nodular vasculitis) represents the most common variant of lobular panniculitis with vasculitis, although controversy persists about the nature of the involved vessels. Mostly lobular panniculitides without vasculitis comprise a series of disparate disorders. Read More

J Formos Med Assoc 2001 Apr;100(4):244-9

Department of Dermatology, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan.

Background: In Taiwan, cutaneous lesions with granulomatous lobular panniculitis, with or without vasculitis, are usually diagnosed as erythema induratum (EI), a common form of tuberculid associated with tuberculosis. However, there has been no study to elucidate the extent of this association in Taiwan. The aim of this study was to document the spectrum of the pathologic findings in EI and its association with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Read More

Pediatr Dermatol 2000 May-Jun;17(3):183-8

Departments of Dermatology, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa.

The tuberculids are hypersensitivity reactions to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and include papulonecrotic tuberculid (PNT), lichen scrofulosorum, erythema induratum of Bazin (EIB), and phlebitic tuberculid. Papulonecrotic tuberculid displays papulonecrotic lesions mostly on the extensor surfaces of the limbs. Histopathology shows necrosis, granulomatous inflammation (GI), and occasionally vasculitis, usually in the superficial dermis. Read More

Am J Dermatopathol 1999 Jun;21(3):301-6

Int J Dermatol 1999 Feb;38(2):122-7

Institute of Dermatology, National Skin Centre, and Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore.

Background: The objective of this study was to explore the role of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fo the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA as a diagnostic aid in cutaneous tuberculosis using routinely processed skin biopsy specimens.

Methods And Results: A wide range of clinical specimens representing different forms of cutaneous tuberculosis and so-called tuberculids were studied. A sensitive and specific PCR assay targeting the sequence IS6110 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex was used. Read More

Int J Dermatol 1998 May;37(5):361-3

Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Background: Certain types of panniculitis, erythema induratum of Bazin and erythema nodosum, have been well documented as tuberculids. Many histopathologic diagnoses of panniculitis have been reported in tuberculosis patients. This study investigates the correlation between underlying tuberculosis and clinicopathologic findings of panniculitis. Read More

Arch Dermatol 1997 Apr;133(4):457-62

Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.

Objective: To determine, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, if Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA is present in the skin biopsy specimens of lobular granulomatous panniculitis.

Design: A retrospective descriptive study.

Setting: A university-based hospital. Read More

Semin Cutan Med Surg 1996 Dec;15(4):278-99

Department of Pathology, North Carolina Baptist Hospital, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, USA.

Dermatopathologists rarely greet a biopsy of panniculitis with total confidence that a specific, definitive diagnosis will be rendered. As with many other areas in dermatopathology, our understanding of the pathogenesis of many forms of panniculitis is incomplete. This article examines a subset of panniculitis primarily from a pathogenetic standpoint, with the intention of providing a differential diagnosis for those cases in which ischemic changes are seen in the subcutis. Read More

Int J Dermatol 1996 Nov;35(11):802-8

Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea.

Background: There has been a long controversy about the tuberculous cause of erythema induratum, a chronic form of nodular vasculitis.

Method: We investigated clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features of patients with erythema induratum who showed positive tuberculin hypersensitivity reactions or had associated active tuberculosis.

Results: The ages of the 32 patients (M 7: W 25) ranged from 13 to 66 years (mean 36. Read More

Arch Dermatol 1993 Apr;129(4):469-73

Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.

Background And Design: Erythema induratum of Bazin, a chronic form of nodular vasculitis, may be associated with chronic infections by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the true origin of the disease is a subject of speculation and remains elusive. Two female patients (58 years old and 33 years old) with a minimum 10-year history of chronic tender ulcerating nodules on the lower aspects of the legs were studied both clinically and in the response of their peripheral T cells to purified protein derivative of tuberculin. Read More

Ann Dermatol Venereol 1992 ;119(12):958-63

Clinique Dermatologique des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg.

The physiopathogenesis of nodular vasculitis is still unknown: there is probably an initial Arthus' phenomenon responsible for the lesions of the deep vessels, but the frequent recurrences and the long time duration of the hypodermic nodules are still not understood. Dendritic protein S100 positive cells had previously been observed within hypodermal granulomas. The purpose of this study was to confirm these observations in a large group of nodular vasculitis, and to compare the expression of S100 protein in other vascular diseases and in pure panniculitis. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 1991 Aug;25(2 Pt 2):426-9

Department of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

A patient with nodular vasculitis was treated successfully with oral gold. This therapy is safe and devoid of significant side effects. The rationale and advantages of the use of oral gold in patients with nodular vasculitis are discussed. Read More

Ann Dermatol Venereol 1990 ;117(12):937-43

Clinique Dermatologique, Faculté de médecine, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France.

In 1855 Ernest Bazin, who had noted hard, deep and violaceous nodules on the legs of young women, created his famous "erythema induratum" classified among the "erythematous benign scrofulides". Some forty years later, identical lesions were observed associated with tuberculosis; Colcott-Fox called them "érythème induré de Bazin", and ever since that time erythema induratum has been presumed to be of tuberculous origin. In 1900, Darier spoke of "tuberculids" for erythema induratum, and Bazin's "scrofulides" were abusively translated as "tuberculids". Read More

Dermatologica 1986 ;172(3):139-43

We investigated the distribution of S-100-protein-positive dendritic cells in 20 cases of nodular vasculitis (erythema induratum Bazin). The cells were identified by immunohistochemical demonstration in paraffin sections. S-100-protein-positive dendritic cells were present in all cases and comprised up to 11% of the infiltrating cells in lymphohistiocytic areas (mean 3. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 1985 May;64(3):181-91

We report 15 patients encountered over 13 years who presented with inflammation of subcutaneous fat and were given clinical and pathologic diagnoses of Weber--Christian disease (WCD). Prominent clinical features included female predominance, lower extremity nodules, fevers, arthritis/arthralgias, and myalgias. Notable laboratory features were elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, anemia, leukopenia, and hypocomplementemia, frequently with circulating 7S IgM or immune complexes at times of active symptoms. Read More

Phlebologie 1981 Oct-Dec;34(4):543-50

Nonlymphangiophlebitic hypodermatitis includes acute, subacute and chronic afflictions. The first are primarily expressed by erythema nodosum, which can be triggered by many factors and is characterized microscopically by the presence in the interlobular septa of lymphocytes, histiocytes and polynuclears. Subacute and chronic hypodermic inflammation have different microscopic substrata. Read More

Arch Dermatol 1977 Jul;113(7):909-17

Thirty-four patients had histopathologic findings of acute panniculitis. 15 had clinical findings of erythema nodosum; 6 had infectious lesions; and 5 had Weber-Christian-like conditions with recurrent febrile suppurative or nonsuppurative nodular eruptions; 3 of the 5 had amylase and lipase enzyme abnormalities with or without pancreatic disease. Five additional patients had acute panniculitis that would be termed "deythema induratum" or "nodular vasculitis" by most clinicians, and the subsequent pathologic findings and courses were consistent with this view. Read More

Acta Derm Venereol 1977 ;57(2):145-54

Eighty-two cases of nodular panniculitis of the legs were examined clinically, histologically and immunohistologically. Clinically the cases could be divided into four groups: typical erythema nodosum (ENty) (35 cases), erythema nodosum migrans (ENmi) (11 cases), erythema induratum (EI) (11 cases) and the remaining 25 cases not consistent with the others as "non-definite panniculitis" (NDP). The main histological categories were septal panniculitis and lobular panniculitis, the former including erythema nodosum, both typical and migrans, the latter EI and NDP. Read More