MSMR 2017 Jul;24(7):2-11

During the 4-year surveillance period, there were 282,571 incident cases of skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) among active component U.S. military members diagnosed in inpatient or outpatient settings, corresponding to an overall incidence of 558. Read More

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017 Jun 29. Epub 2017 Jun 29.

Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), German Center for Health Services Research in Dermatology (CVderm), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.

Background: Chronic lymphedema is characterized by a continuous need for medical treatment, many comorbidities, and impaired quality of life. In Germany, about 4.5 million patients are affected by lymphedema. Read More

Arch Pediatr 2017 Jun 23. Epub 2017 Jun 23.

Service de dermatologie, hôpital Necker, AP-HP, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75012 Paris, France.

Lymphedema results from impaired lymphatic transport with increased limb volume and is divided into primary and secondary forms. In children, primary lymphedema is the most frequent, with a sporadic, rarely familial form or associated with complex malformative or genetic disorders. Diagnosis of lymphedema is mainly clinical and lymphoscintigraphy is useful to assess the lymphatic function of both limbs precisely. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 06 20;6:CD009758. Epub 2017 Jun 20.

Department of Dermatology, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, 39 Jabotinski Street, Petah Tikva, Israel, 49100.

Background: Erysipelas and cellulitis (hereafter referred to as 'cellulitis') are common bacterial skin infections usually affecting the lower extremities. Despite their burden of morbidity, the evidence for different prevention strategies is unclear.

Objectives: To assess the beneficial and adverse effects of antibiotic prophylaxis or other prophylactic interventions for the prevention of recurrent episodes of cellulitis in adults aged over 16. Read More

Biologicals 2017 Jul 7;48:55-65. Epub 2017 Jun 7.

National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom. Electronic address:

This article summarizes the outcome of an international workshop organized by the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) on Modern science for better quality control of medicinal products: Towards global harmonization of 3Rs in biologicals. As regards the safety testing of biologicals, the workshop participants agreed to actively encourage the deletion of abnormal toxicity tests and target animal batch safety tests from all relevant legal requirements and guidance documents (country-specific guidelines, pharmacopoeia monographs, WHO recommendations). To facilitate the global regulatory acceptance of non-animal methods for the potency testing of, e. Read More

Am J Chin Med 2017 ;45(4):637-666

* Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China.

The aim of the present review is to comprehensively outline the botanical description, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Patrinia, and to discuss possible trends for the further study of medicinal plants from the genus Patrinia. The genus Patrinia plays an important role in Asian medicine for the treatment of erysipelas, conjunctival congestion with swelling and pain, peri-appendicular abscesses, lung carbuncle, dysentery, leucorrhea, and postpartum disease. More than 210 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from Patrinia plants, especially P. Read More

Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017 May 30;12(1):105. Epub 2017 May 30.

Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey.

Background: There is no established treatment of AA amyloidosis, a long-term complication of various chronic inflammatory diseases associated with increased mortality, such as familial Mediterranian fever (FMF). Recently there are few reports pointing out that tocilizumab(TCZ), an anti IL-6 agent may be effective in AA amyloidosis resistant to conventional treatments. We report our data on the effect of TCZ in patients with FMF complicated with AA amyloidosis. Read More

J Immunol Res 2017 23;2017:2157247. Epub 2017 Apr 23.

Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.

Increased free radical production had been documented in group A (β-hemolytic) streptococcus infection cases. Comparing 71 erysipelas patients to 55 age-matched healthy individuals, we sought for CAT, SOD1, and SOD2 single polymorphism mutation (SNPs) interactions with erysipelas' predisposition and serum cytokine levels in the acute and recovery phases of erysipelas infection. Whereas female patients had a higher predisposition to erysipelas, male patients were prone to having a facial localization of the infection. Read More

J Dermatolog Treat 2017 May 30:1-5. Epub 2017 May 30.

a Dermatovenereology Department , Na Bulovce Hospital, 2nd Medical Faculty Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic.

Objective: To evaluate effectivity, safety and patients' adherence to benzathine penicillin G (BPG) 1,200,000 units (1.2 MU) once-every-3-week intramuscularly prophylaxis for recurrent erysipelas.

Methods: Patients with documented two or more erysipelas episodes in last two years who received at least one of 10 planned doses of BPG 1. Read More

Br J Dermatol 2017 May 6. Epub 2017 May 6.

Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.

PeerJ 2017 27;5:e3226. Epub 2017 Apr 27.

Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom.

Streptococcus pyogenes group A Streptococcus (GAS) is the most common cause of bacterial throat infections, and can cause mild to severe skin and soft tissue infections, including impetigo, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis, as well as systemic and fatal infections including septicaemia and meningitis. Estimated annual incidence for invasive group A streptococcal infection (iGAS) in industrialised countries is approximately three per 100,000 per year. Typing is currently used in England and Wales to monitor bacterial strains of S. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2017 5;26:66. Epub 2017 Feb 5.

Dermatology Department, Hospital Military Instruction of Mohamed V, Hay Riad, 10000, Rabat, Morocco University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.

Erysipelas is a common skin infection. Hemorrhagic, bullous, abcessing and necrotic lesions are the major local complications. However, their occurrence factors are not clearly known. Read More

Gene 2017 Aug 23;623:29-32. Epub 2017 Apr 23.

Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, 46050, Kahramanmaras, Turkey. Electronic address:

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive autoinflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent fever, serositis, abdominal pain, arthritis, arthralgia and erysipelas like erythema. Fas and Fas ligand molecules play a central role in the apoptosis signaling of various cell types including neutrophils. Neutrophils are the major cell population involved in acute inflammation in patients with FMF and the role of Fas and Fas ligand molecules in this cells of FMF patients may be crucial. Read More

J Obstet Gynaecol 2017 Apr 11:1-9. Epub 2017 Apr 11.

a Department of Dermatology , Bispebjerg Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark.

A multitude of infectious diseases of viral (genital herpes, herpes zoster, genital warts and molluscum contagiosum), bacterial (syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, donovanosis, erysipelas, cellulitis and necrotising fasciitis, folliculitis, impetigo, bartholin gland abscess, trichomycosis and erythrasma), fungal (candidiasis and dermatophytosis) and parasitic (pediculosis pubis) origin may affect the vulvar area. Herein, we review the infections and their skin manifestations in the vulvar area. Read More

Ann Dermatol Venereol 2017 Jun - Jul;144(6-7):434-437. Epub 2017 Apr 7.

Hôpital central, centre régional de pharmacovigilance, CHRU de Nancy, 29, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, CO 60034, 54035 Nancy, France. Electronic address:

Background: Tocilizumab (TCZ) is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the interleukin 6 (IL-6) signalling pathway. This treatment is extremely effective in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which may well be accompanied by serious infections presenting misleading clinical pictures. Herein we report a case of a typical bacterial dermo-hypodermitis in a female patient treated with TCZ. Read More

Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2017 Apr;55(4):274-278

Department of Lymph Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing 100038, China.

Objective: To study the clinical effects of liposuction combined with lymphatico-venous anastomosis for treatment of secondary lymphedema of the lower limbs. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed for 49 patients who had undergone liposuction combined with lymphatico-venous anastomosis to treat secondary lymphedema of the lower limbs at Department of Lymph Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital from November 2013 to February 2015.All patients were female aging from 31 to 70 years with median age of (52±10)years. Read More

Case Rep Pediatr 2017 28;2017:9724524. Epub 2017 Feb 28.

Post-Graduation Stricto Sensu Course, The Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) and Clínica Godoy Research Group, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.

Aim. The aim of this study is to report on the use of cervical stimulation as monotherapy to reduce swelling and normalize the size of limbs in two children with lymphedema of all four extremities. Case Presentation. Read More

Vet Res 2017 Mar 21;48(1):16. Epub 2017 Mar 21.

Animal Infectious Disease Unit, National State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of animal erysipelas and human erysipeloid. Previous studies suggested glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) plays a role in the pathogenesis of E. rhusiopathiae infection. Read More

BMJ Open 2017 Mar 17;7(3):e013260. Epub 2017 Mar 17.

Acute Medicine Unit, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK.

Objective: To compare flucloxacillin with clindamycin to flucloxacillin alone for the treatment of limb cellulitis.

Design: Parallel, double-blinded, randomised controlled trial.

Setting: Emergency department attendances and general practice referrals within 20 hospitals in England. Read More

Appl Environ Microbiol 2017 Jun 17;83(11). Epub 2017 May 17.

National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes swine erysipelas, an important infectious disease in the swine industry. In Japan, the incidence of acute swine erysipelas due to E. rhusiopathiae serovar 1a has recently increased markedly. Read More

J Vet Med Sci 2017 Apr 2;79(4):699-701. Epub 2017 Mar 2.

National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.

Over the past decades, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains displaying similar phenotypic and genetic profiles of the attenuated, acriflavine-resistant E. rhusiopathiae Koganei 65-0.15 strain (serovar 1a) have been frequently isolated from pigs affected with chronic erysipelas in Japan. Read More

Przegl Epidemiol 2016;70(4):575-584

Medical University of Bialystok, Poland; Department of Dermatology and Venereology

Introduction: Erysipelas is a bacterial infection, caused by group A β-hemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes), rarely other bacteria. It is characterized by sudden onset and rapid course, with the presence of systemic symptoms.

Objective: A retrospective analysis of patients hospitalized for primary and recurrent erysipelas with particular consideration of clinical profile of patients, causes, complications and risk factors of the recurrence. Read More

FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017 Mar;364(5)

Animal Infectious Disease Unit, National State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of animal erysipelas and human erysipeloid. Some pathogenic bacteria are able to recruit host plasminogen and then use the plasminogen system for migration across tissue barriers or for nutritional demands during infection. However, there is no study on E. Read More

JAMA Dermatol 2017 Jan;153(1):48

Department of General Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore.

Case Rep Dermatol 2016 Sep-Dec;8(3):250-253. Epub 2016 Oct 4.

Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HFSE), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

A 50-year-old male underwent liver transplantation due to cryptogenic cirrhosis and was admitted with severe pain in the left leg as well as phlogosis. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was prescribed, assuming bullous erysipelas. Among the tests performed, the latex agglutination test for the Cryptococcus sp. Read More

Rev Bras Ortop 2016 Nov-Dec;51(6):716-719. Epub 2016 Sep 28.

Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Faculdade de Medicina, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.

Valve failure with reflux and post-thrombotic syndrome are the factors most commonly correlated with varicose disease. Other rare etiologies can be put forward when these two main causes are ruled out. We report a case in which a young man presented chronic pain in the left tibia, varicose veins in the lower limbs and frequent occurrences of erysipelas. Read More

Case Rep Dermatol Med 2016 24;2016:4305910. Epub 2016 Nov 24.

Research Group of Godoy Clinic, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Department of the Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.

The objective of this study is to describe the evolution of the skin during rehabilitation for elephantiasis using intensive treatment. We report on the case of a 55-year-old patient with a seven-year history of leg edema. The patient reported that it began with repeated outbreaks of erysipelas over several years. Read More

BMJ Open 2016 Dec 16;6(12):e012515. Epub 2016 Dec 16.

Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China.

Introduction: Breast-cancer-related upper extremity lymphoedema (BCUL), a common complication of mastectomy, can cause physical discomfort, psychological distress, cosmetic defects, functional disability and chronic recurrent erysipelas in the affected arm(s). It is a challenge to physicians involved in the management of these patients. Wuling San, a classic prescription in Traditional Chinese Medicine used in treating oedema for thousands of years, is reported by many Chinese journals to perform well in BCUL. Read More

Infection 2016 Nov 21. Epub 2016 Nov 21.

Department of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Rorschacher Str. 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a facultative anaerobic Gram-positive rod that occurs widely in nature and is best known in veterinary medicine for causing swine erysipelas. In humans, infections are rare and mainly considered as occupationally acquired zoonosis. A case of E. Read More

N Engl J Med 2016 Oct;375(16):1566

McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

Dis Aquat Organ 2016 10;121(3):249-256

Veterinary Services Department, SeaWorld of San Diego, 500 SeaWorld Drive, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of erysipeloid in humans and of erysipelas in various animals, including bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus, in which an infection has the potential to cause peracute septicemia and death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of using an off-label porcine (ER BAC PLUS®, Zoetis) E. rhusiopathiae bactrin in a bottlenose dolphin vaccination program by determining the anti-E. Read More

Clin Exp Rheumatol 2017 May-Jun;35 Suppl 104(2). Epub 2016 Oct 25.

Department of Rheumatology, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

****************************************************************************. Read More

J Vet Med Sci 2017 Jan 21;79(1):18-21. Epub 2016 Oct 21.

National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan.

To characterize the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Met-203 type surface protective antigen (Spa) A strains causing swine erysipelas in Japan, the nucleotide sequence of the hypervariable region of the spaA gene was determined in 80 E. rhusiopathiae (serotype 1a) isolates collected from pigs with chronic and subacute swine erysipelas in 14 prefectures in 2008-2014. In this study, 14 (17. Read More

J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016 Oct;14(10):989-993

Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.

A rare eosinophilic dermatosis, Wells syndrome, also referred to as eosinophilic cellulitis, is characterized by great clinical variability. Typical findings include infiltrated erythematous plaques arising on the extremities. Lesions initially resemble erysipelas/cellulitis, however, they do not improve with antibiotic treatment. Read More

Acta Clin Belg 2016 Oct 20:1-5. Epub 2016 Oct 20.

a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology , KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.

We report a case of a 77-year old male who developed a fulminant erysipelas and sepsis, caused by Myroides odoratimimus. Selecting the optimal antibiotic therapy for the treatment of infections with M. odoratimimus is challenging due to limited clinical experience with this micro-organism and its reported multidrug-resistance. Read More

Arthritis Rheumatol 2017 Apr;69(4):709-719

ARS Rheumatica, Warsaw, Poland.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of orally administered once-daily peficitinib in combination with methotrexate (MTX) in patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had an inadequate response to MTX.

Methods: In this multinational, phase IIb, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial, patients with RA (n = 378) were treated with peficitinib 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, or 150 mg plus MTX, or matching placebo plus MTX once daily for 12 weeks. The primary end point was the percentage of patients who met the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (achieved an ACR20 response) at week 12. Read More

Springerplus 2016 15;5(1):1578. Epub 2016 Sep 15.

Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Purpose: Cellulitis is normally treated without knowledge of the responsible pathogen. Blood cultures are positive in about 2-4 %, and superficial swabs are of no value. Needle aspiration has been proposed with identifying the likely pathogen in up to 29 %, but these studies are of older date and the technique is not widely used. Read More

Semin Arthritis Rheum 2016 Dec 20;46(3):367-371. Epub 2016 Jul 20.

Rheumatology Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, 47 Eliyahu Golomb St, Haifa, 33048 Israel.

Autoinflammatory diseases are characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and localized or systemic inflammation and are caused by monogenic defects of innate immunity. The skin is commonly involved with various manifestations including erysipelas like rash and urticaria. Although vasculitis has been described in many autoinflammatory diseases, it has not been recognized as a characteristic feature of these diseases and autoinflammatory diseases are not listed as an etiology for vasculitis associated with a systemic disease in the 2012 Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Read More

Rev Med Interne 2017 Feb 31;38(2):97-105. Epub 2016 Aug 31.

Unité de lymphologie, Centre national de référence des maladies vasculaires rares (lymphœdèmes primaires), hôpital Cognacq-Jay, 15, rue Eugène-Millon, 75015 Paris, France. Electronic address:

Lymphedema results from impaired lymphatic transport with increased limb volume. Lymphedema are divided in primary and secondary forms. Upper-limb lymphedema secondary to breast cancer treatment is the most frequent in France. Read More

Bone Joint J 2016 Sep;98-B(9):1155-9

Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Grieskirchnerstr. 42, Wels, 4600, Austria.

Neuropathic changes in the foot are common with a prevalence of approximately 1%. The diagnosis of neuropathic arthropathy is often delayed in diabetic patients with harmful consequences including amputation. The appropriate diagnosis and treatment can avoid an extensive programme of treatment with significant morbidity for the patient, high costs and delayed surgery. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2016 Aug 24;16(1):445. Epub 2016 Aug 24.

US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.

Background: Scant information is available on the infectious causes of febrile illnesses in Armenia. The goal of this study was to describe the most common causes, with a focus on zoonotic and arboviral infections and related epidemiological and clinical patterns for hospitalized patients with febrile illnesses of infectious origin admitted to Nork Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital, the referral center for infectious diseases in the capital city, Yerevan.

Method: A chart review study was conducted in 2014. Read More

Vet Pathol 2017 Mar 20;54(2):258-268. Epub 2016 Aug 20.

2 Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

A previously unrecognized condition is described in wild free-ranging Pribilof arctic foxes ( Alopex lagopus pribilofensis) from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, USA. This condition is called shaggy lame fox syndrome (SLFS) denoting the primary clinical signs first observed. Criteria used to suspect SLFS on gross examination included emaciation, failure to shed winter pelage and moderate to severe polyarthritis. Read More

Arch Virol 2016 Nov 19;161(11):3137-50. Epub 2016 Aug 19.

College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.

A bacteriophage infecting pathogenic Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from a swine farm experiencing an outbreak of acute swine erysipelas; we designated this phage SE-I. SE-I has an icosahedral head, a long tail and a double-stranded DNA genome. The 34,997-bp genome has a GC content of 34 % and contains 43 open reading frames (ORFs) encoding packaging, structural, lysin-holin, and hypothetical proteins. Read More

Contemp Clin Trials 2016 Sep 13;50:265-72. Epub 2016 Aug 13.

Merck & Co, Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.

Objectives: Outcome assessments as clinical trial endpoints should be well-defined, reliable, and reflect meaningful treatment benefits. For acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) trials, recent recommendations suggest a primary endpoint of reduction in skin lesion area. Objectives were: evaluate ABSSSI lesion area measurement reliability, evaluate impact of various lesion area definitions on treatment effect size, and explore relationships between lesion area and pain. Read More

Eur J Intern Med 2016 Dec 12;36:50-56. Epub 2016 Aug 12.

Department of Internal Medicine, Fribourg Hospital, Switzerland.

Purpose: The frequency of bacteremia and the array of microorganisms involved in cellulitis vary greatly among studies. Although current guidelines do not recommend routine blood culture in uncomplicated cellulitis, their implementation in clinical practice remains challenging. We therefore aimed to assess the frequency, determinants and microbiology of bacteremia in hospitalized patients with uncomplicated cellulitis. Read More

PLoS One 2016 1;11(8):e0159462. Epub 2016 Aug 1.

Key Laboratory of Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.

E. rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of erysipelas in animals and erysipeloid in humans, but its pathogenicity is poorly understood. To identify virulence factors associated with E. Read More

Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2016 Jun;24(2):154-7

Giovanni Paolino, MD, Viale del Policlinico, Rome, Italy;

Dear Editor, Cutaneous metastases (CM) are detected in about 0.6-10.4% of patients with an internal malignancy (1-3). Read More

Ugeskr Laeger 2016 Jul;178(30)

Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016 14;2016:2904256. Epub 2016 Apr 14.

Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

A large variety of medications can cause pill-induced esophagitis. Herein we present a case of cloxacillin-induced esophagitis. A 66-year-old male presented with an acute onset of epigastric and retrosternal pain on the 5th day of a course of oral cloxacillin prescribed for erysipelas. Read More

Zentralbl Chir 2017 Jun 18;142(3):287-296. Epub 2016 Jul 18.

Medizinische Klinik, BG Klinikum Bergmannstrost, Halle (Saale), Deutschland.

Swelling of the extremities is frequently observed after traumatic lesions and poses differential diagnostic challenges. Causes include seromas, haematomas and thromboses, as well as lymphostatic oedemas, which may become chronic if left untreated. These are characterized by a high percentage of protein and, over the long term, they can lead to considerable impairment and complications such as recurrent erysipelas as a result of fibrotic tissue rearrangement. Read More