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Urol Ann 2022 Apr-Jun;14(2):189-195. Epub 2022 Feb 15.

Department of Internal MedicineDiseases, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Urogenital tuberculosis (UGTB) is almost 8%-15% of the extrapulmonary site of TB of all kinds, and epididymal involvement is rarer, counted only 28% of UGTB. Isolated tuberculous epididymitis (ITE), without the inclusion of prostate or clinical evidence of renal involvement, is an even more rare entity and is challenging to diagnose. However, isolated epididymis TB presented as a huge scrotal abscess with scrotal sack involvement is exceptionally uncommon. Read More

Urol Case Rep 2022 Jul 25;43:102097. Epub 2022 Apr 25.

The Tweed Hospital, Tweed Heads, NSW, 2485, Australia.

Vasitis is a rare disorder characterised by inflammation of the vas deferens. It presents with scrotal or inguinal pain/swelling, mimicking the more commonly occurring conditions such as epididymitis, orchitis, testicular torsion or an incarcerated inguinal hernia. While ultrasound may exclude some of these differential diagnoses, computed tomography (CT) or Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is needed to distinguish vasitis from an incarcerated inguinal hernia. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2022 Mar 4;15(3). Epub 2022 Mar 4.

Department of Urology, Northern Hospital Epping, Epping, Victoria, Australia.

Epididymo-orchitis is a common cause of acute unilateral testicular pain. Both infectious or non-infectious causes have been proposed and, rarely, testicular abscess formation and even infarction can occur as a severe complication. We present here a case of acute epididymo-orchitis leading to testicular abscess formation, infarction and spontaneous rupture through the scrotal wall despite appropriate antibiotic treatments. Read More

BMC Urol 2022 Feb 23;22(1):26. Epub 2022 Feb 23.

Department of Urological Surgery, Surgical Kidney Hospital, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic.

Background: Ductus deferens may manifest in a variety of anomalies such as its absence, duplication, ectopy, or diverticulum. Ectopic seminal tract opening has two main types, ectopic ejaculatory duct opening, and ectopic vas deferens opening. Generally, ductus deferens anomalies affect approximately 0. Read More

Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2022 Feb 16;43(1):115-129. Epub 2021 May 16.

Department of Radiology, LeBonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN. Electronic address:

Ultrasonography (US) is the primary imaging modality for the evaluation of pediatric scrotal disease. The ability to obtain exceptional anatomical detail and testicular perfusion information without ionizing radiation makes it the essential tool for evaluating scrotal pain and palpable masses. Challenges arise in both the performance and interpretation of scrotal US in the child. Read More

PLoS One 2022 10;17(2):e0263934. Epub 2022 Feb 10.

Pediatric Emergency Division, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Orchiepididymitis (OE) is a frequent cause of pediatric emergency department attendance in boys presenting with acute scrotum. The etiology of most episodes of OE remains unclear and there is no consensus regarding the correlation between OE and underlying genitourinary malformations. Whether imaging evaluation should comprise complete urinary tract ultrasonography (US) or voiding cystography is a subject of debate. Read More

Clin Pract 2021 Dec 9;11(4):942-946. Epub 2021 Dec 9.

Department of Urology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland.

Zinner syndrome (ZS) is a rare disorder that affects only men. It is characterized by a triad of abnormalities, including unilateral renal agenesis, ipsilateral seminal vesicle cysts, and atresia of the ejaculatory tract. Unfortunately, there is no consensus on the best treatment modality. Read More

Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2021 Feb;27(2):129-133

Department of Urology.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of real-time transrectal ultrasound-guided seminal vesiculoscopy (TRUS-SVS) in the treatment of azoospermia secondary to ejaculatory duct obstruction.

Methods: This retrospective study included 40 cases of azoospermia secondary to bilateral ejaculatory ducts obstruction treated by TRUS-SVS from June 2016 to June 2018 after failure to enter the vesiculoscope through the ejaculatory duct or prostatic utricle. We analyzed the success rate of surgery, operation time, postoperative complications, treatment results, and application value of TRUS-SVS. Read More

Br J Radiol 2022 Jan;95(1129):20210570

Department of Pediatric Radiology, Dr. Sami Ulus Gynecology, Obstetricsand Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.

Objective: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is seen as a serious delayed complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The aim of this study was to describe the most common imaging features of MIS-C associated with SARS-CoV-2.

Methods: A retrospective review was made of the medical records and radiological imaging studies of 47 children (26 male, 21 female) in the age range of 25 months-15 years who were diagnosed with MIS-C between August 2020 and March 2021. Read More

J Pediatr Surg 2022 Feb 30;57(2):275-277. Epub 2021 Oct 30.

Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton, UK; University Surgery Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. Electronic address:

Aim: The aim of the study was to establish the utility of ultrasound scan in detecting renal tract abnormalities following a single episode of epididymitis.

Methods: A single-centre retrospective review of all boys diagnosed with epididymitis between October 2012 and 2017 including review of follow up imaging and clinical course was completed. Primary outcome was new diagnosis of renal tract abnormality by ultrasound. Read More

SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2021 19;9:2050313X211059297. Epub 2021 Nov 19.

Saint Michael's Medical Center, New York Medical College, Newark, NJ, USA.

Fournier's gangrene is a urologic emergency secondary to a necrotizing soft tissue infection. Fournier's gangrene is characterized by severe pain and features of Fournier's gangrene may include edema, blisters and bullae, crepitus, subcutaneous gas, and systemic symptoms. Risk factors include male gender, alcohol abuse, immunocompromised state, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, obesity, and malignancy. Read More

BMC Urol 2021 Nov 5;21(1):149. Epub 2021 Nov 5.

Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.

Background: To explore whether opening the external urethral orifice in the coronal sulcus can reduce the incidence of epididymitis after operating on hypospadias with prostatic utricle cyst (PUC) connecting to the vas deferens. Group A consisted of 3 patients with severe hypospadias and PUC undergoing cystostomy, hypospadias correction and urethroplasty, along with the relocation of the external orifice of the urethra to the coronal sulcus. Group B consisted of 4 patients having initial hypospadias repaired with meatus in the orthotopic position in the glans, presenting with multiple epididymitis after hypospadias surgery and unsuccessful conservative treatment. Read More

Jpn J Radiol 2022 Feb 13;40(2):192-201. Epub 2021 Sep 13.

Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and of Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, AOU Policlinico Universitario "G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98122, Messina, Italy.

Introduction: The power Doppler is a useful tool in the evaluation of pediatric acute scrotal pain. Nonetheless, it may have some inherent limitations in scrotal vascularization analysis, potentially causing unnecessary surgery. The microvascular imaging ultrasound (MicroV) is an innovative Doppler technique able to improve the detection of very low flow. Read More

Hinyokika Kiyo 2021 Jul;67(7):343-347

The Department of Clinical Pathology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center.

We report a case of global testicular infarction associated with epididymitis. A 26-year-old man with a history of clean intermittent self-catheterization since he was 1 year old presented to our hospital with left scrotal pain and swelling. He was diagnosed with epididymitis and was prescribed levofloxacin. Read More

Case Rep Pediatr 2021 18;2021:5516232. Epub 2021 Jun 18.

Urology for Children, Virtua Hospital, Voorhees, New Jersey, USA.

Dysuria with lower abdominal pain is a common presentation for a urinary tract infection (UTI), and diagnosis is based on symptoms together with a urinalysis and urine culture suggestive of infection. UTI is uncommon in circumcised males who are not sexually active. When urine culture is negative, alternate diagnoses including, but not limited to, gastroenteritis, severe constipation, appendicitis, or epididymitis need to be considered. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2021 Jul 5;14(7). Epub 2021 Jul 5.

Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA

A 44-year-old man with a history of renal transplantation presented with right lower abdominal wall swelling, redness and pain. A bacterial abscess was drained, and he was discharged home with oral antibiotics. After failing to improve, he returned to the hospital, where he was briefly treated with intravenous antibiotics and discharged home again. Read More

Crit Rev Microbiol 2022 Feb 2;48(1):96-120. Epub 2021 Jul 2.

Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.

Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by spp. Human infection often results from direct contact with tissues from infected animals or by consumption of undercooked meat and unpasteurised dairy products, causing serious economic losses and public health problems. The male genitourinary system is a common involved system in patients with brucellosis. Read More

Ther Clin Risk Manag 2021 25;17:463-470. Epub 2021 May 25.

Division of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

The standard six-month tuberculosis (TB) treatment comprises an intensive phase lasting two months, followed by a continuation phase lasting four months. Meanwhile, the nine-month regimen, which has a prolonged continuation phase, is indicated for patients with complicated diabetes mellitus (DM) because of their poor response to treatment. A 61-year-old Japanese man with poorly controlled DM for five years presented with bilateral scrotal swelling noticed two weeks ago. Read More

Andrology 2021 09 8;9(5):1290-1297. Epub 2021 Jun 8.

Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.

Color flow Doppler ultrasound is a critical tool in the assessment of the scrotum. Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality and can rapidly differentiate between surgical and nonsurgical conditions, allowing for appropriate and prompt patient management. We review the role of color flow Doppler in the evaluation of acute scrotal pain, highlighting some of the most commonly seen pathologies such as epididymo-orchitis and testicular torsion. Read More

Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021 Jun 12;66:102389. Epub 2021 May 12.

Radiology Department, Aleppo University Hospital, Aleppo, Syria.

Introduction: and importance Polyorchidism is defined as the presence of three testes or more. Approximately, there are about 200 cases of polyorchidism in the medical literature. In the past, surgical treatment was done but now with imaging studies, less aggressive approach is recommended. Read More

Urol Case Rep 2021 Sep 26;38:101694. Epub 2021 Apr 26.

Department of Urology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.

An acute scrotum is a common clinical scenario prompting urologic involvement. Scrotal ultrasonography with Doppler is the main imaging modality utilized for the evaluation of an acute scrotum and can help distinguish testicular torsion from epididymoorchitis, two common causes of testicular pain. Testicular infarction is a rare but potential complication of epididymoorchitis. Read More

AJR Am J Roentgenol 2021 06 21;216(6):W31. Epub 2021 Apr 21.

University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH.

AJR Am J Roentgenol 2021 06 14;216(6):W30. Epub 2021 Apr 14.

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

Andrology 2021 09 6;9(5):1422-1428. Epub 2021 May 6.

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.

Background: The ultrasound (US) evaluation of the male sex accessory gland inflammation (MAGI) helps the clinicians to understand the severity of this condition, allowing them to distinguish the uncomplicated form (prostatitis) from the complicated ones (prostate-vesiculitis and prostate-vesiculitis-epididymitis), as well as the unilateral from the bilateral forms, the fibrosclerotic and the hypertrophic-congestive form.

Objective: This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the US features of MAGI patients with active symptoms compared to patients without sexual, voiding, and ejaculatory dysfunction.

Materials/methods: To achieve this aim, an analysis of the prevalence of MAGI US criteria was carried out on a very large series of over 500 patients diagnosed with MAGI classified according to the different symptom profile evaluated through a dedicated questionnaire (previously conceived and published by our group) arbitrarily named "structured interview about MAGI" (SI-MAGI) for sexual, voiding, and ejaculatory disorders reported by these patients. Read More

ANZ J Surg 2021 11 18;91(11):E703-E705. Epub 2021 Mar 18.

Department of Urology, Ballarat Base Hospital, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.

Pan Afr Med J 2020 1;37:290. Epub 2020 Dec 1.

Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Cliniques Universitaires de Lubumbashi, Université de Lubumbashi, Province du Haut Katanga, Ville de Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo.

Introduction: acute prostatitis is a common urological condition. The purpose of this study was to analyze the epidemioclinical features and therapy of acute prostatitis associated with noncancerous prostate at the Lubumbashi University Clinics.

Methods: we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional and retrospective study of a series of 25 patients with documented acute prostatitis and treated at the Lubumbashi University Clinics over a period of four years, from 2015 to 2018. Read More

Andrologia 2021 May 9;53(4):e13973. Epub 2021 Feb 9.

Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

The testis is a potential target organ for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study intended to investigate any testicular involvement in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 men. We conduct a cross-sectional study in 18 to 55-year-old men hospitalised for confirmed COVID-19. Read More

Clin Imaging 2021 Jun 14;74:106-122. Epub 2021 Jan 14.

Department of Medical Imaging, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Testicular ultrasound (US) studies are nowadays widely performed as being readily available, cost effective with no side effects. Testicular ultrasounds are ordered to help in the diagnosis of various conditions, but more specifically, in cryptorchidism. Other reasons for conducting testicular ultrasonography include testicular pain to confirm presence of epididymitis or orchitis. Read More

Ultrasound Q 2020 Dec 28;37(2):161-167. Epub 2020 Dec 28.

Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the application value of shear wave elastography in examining normal testes and inflammatory epididymal tail masses.

Methods: We examined 110 healthy male volunteers (with a total of 220 testes) and 25 patients with epididymitis via conventional scrotal ultrasonography and shear wave elastography. The mean (Emean), minimal (Emin), maximal (Emax), and standard deviation (ESD) values of elasticity were acquired. Read More

Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2020 Feb;26(2):134-138

Department of Urology, He Xian Memorial Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China.

Objective: To investigate the efficiency, safety and clinical application value of scrotoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of testicular and epididymal diseases.

Methods: A total of 39 patients with testicular or epididymal diseases underwent scrotoscopic surgery in our hospital from February 2015 to February 2018. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data, results of surgery, and postoperative scrotal pain scores, complications and recurrence. Read More