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Urol Ann 2022 Apr-Jun;14(2):189-195. Epub 2022 Feb 15.

Department of Internal MedicineDiseases, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Urogenital tuberculosis (UGTB) is almost 8%-15% of the extrapulmonary site of TB of all kinds, and epididymal involvement is rarer, counted only 28% of UGTB. Isolated tuberculous epididymitis (ITE), without the inclusion of prostate or clinical evidence of renal involvement, is an even more rare entity and is challenging to diagnose. However, isolated epididymis TB presented as a huge scrotal abscess with scrotal sack involvement is exceptionally uncommon. Read More

Int J Infect Dis 2022 May 20;122:33-37. Epub 2022 May 20.

Department of Urology, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. Electronic address:

Objective: We aimed to investigate the use of core needle biopsy (CNB) in epididymal tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis.

Methods: We analyzed 41 samples collected between January 1, 2018, and January 31, 2021, from patients who underwent CNB for suspected epididymal TB. All specimens were examined using histopathological examination and the Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli/rifampicin (MTB/RIF) assay. Read More

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2022 Apr 7;41(4):615-620. Epub 2022 Feb 7.

Department of Urology, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 208 East Huancheng Road, Hangzhou, China.

To assess the diagnostic efficacy of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in detecting epididymal tuberculosis.

Methods: We analyzed 84 samples from patients with suspected epididymal TB or chronic epididymitis who received surgical treatment (epididymal resection or epididymis-testicular resection) at our hospital between July 1, 2016 and July 1, 2020. A composite reference standard (CRS) was used in this study. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2021 Dec 27;21(1):1279. Epub 2021 Dec 27.

Department of Urology, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, No: B229 Hospital Road, Dehiwala, 10350, Sri Lanka.

Background: Although genitourinary Tuberculosis (GUTB) is the second commonest source of extrapulmonary TB in most countries, the reported rate of GUTB in Sri Lanka remains low. The characteristics of GUTB in Sri Lanka have not been studied and documented so far. We aimed to study the clinical and imaging characteristics, treatment modalities and outcome of GUTB in Sri Lanka. Read More

Cureus 2021 Oct 19;13(10):e18896. Epub 2021 Oct 19.

General Medicine, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, GBR.

The pathogenicity of causes it to most commonly manifest within the respiratory system (pulmonary tuberculosis); however, 15% of cases undergo extra-pulmonary spread to various organs. Genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB) is a rare form of tuberculosis infection which has a propensity to affect the genitourinary tract, primarily affecting the kidneys, epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate; however, 0.5% of cases result in infection of the testicles. Read More

Arch Esp Urol 2021 Oct;74(8):808-810

AZ Delta campus Rumbeke. Roeselare. Belgium.

Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021 Jun;11(6):2465-2476

Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Background: There is a concerning underdiagnosis of testicular and/or epididymal tuberculosis (TB). A lack of clinician awareness has led to many patients undergoing unnecessary surgeries. The purpose of this series was to enhance understanding of testicular and/or epididymal TB based on clinical, ultrasonic, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features from the past decade. Read More

Ther Clin Risk Manag 2021 25;17:463-470. Epub 2021 May 25.

Division of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

The standard six-month tuberculosis (TB) treatment comprises an intensive phase lasting two months, followed by a continuation phase lasting four months. Meanwhile, the nine-month regimen, which has a prolonged continuation phase, is indicated for patients with complicated diabetes mellitus (DM) because of their poor response to treatment. A 61-year-old Japanese man with poorly controlled DM for five years presented with bilateral scrotal swelling noticed two weeks ago. Read More

Trop Med Int Health 2021 07 6;26(7):753-759. Epub 2021 May 6.

Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK.

Objectives: To describe characteristics, details of diagnosis and outcomes of urogenital tuberculosis (UGTB) in a low-prevalence country.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of 37 consecutive patients diagnosed with UGTB between 1 January 2014 and 31 October 2019 in an East London hospital.

Results: 68% (25/37) of patients were male and the median age was 42 years (IQR 34-55). Read More

Res Rep Urol 2021 17;13:133-137. Epub 2021 Mar 17.

Department of Urology, St. Carolus Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide disease and remains a major public health problem in developing countries, with 95% of cases occurring in developing countries, including Indonesia. It is caused by , an acid-fast aerobic bacillus. When infects other than lung, it is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Read More

Caspian J Intern Med 2021 ;12(1):111-114

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Background: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis accounts for only 15% of new cases of tuberculosis. In extrapulmonary tuberculosis, usually affected areas include bone, pleura, lymph nodes, genitourinary system, joints, peritoneum and meninges. Tuberculosis epididymo-orchitis is an uncommon type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Read More

Urol Case Rep 2021 May 21;36:101573. Epub 2021 Jan 21.

CHU IBN ROCHD, Casablanca, Morocco.

Tuberculous epididymitis is caused by . A 30-year-old patient, with a comorbidity of atrial fibrillation, presented with pain in the left testicular for 1 year. On physical examination revealed a patient febrile at 39 °C with a pain, Scrotal swelling. Read More

Int Cancer Conf J 2021 Jan 30;10(1):59-62. Epub 2020 Sep 30.

Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan.

A 68-year-old man was diagnosed with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) in June 2014. The pathological diagnosis was urothelial carcinoma (UC), Grade 2, pT1. He was treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) instillation after TURBT. Read More

Hinyokika Kiyo 2020 Oct;66(10):363-367

The Department of Urology, Osaka Police Hospital.

Beginning in May 2016, an 83-year-old male underwent three transurethral resections for recurrent bladder cancer. In June 2017, following a positive urine cytology exam, a random biopsy of the bladder was performed. The histopathological findings revealed urothelial carcinoma, high grade, pTis. Read More

Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021 04 12;46(4):1677-1686. Epub 2020 Oct 12.

Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.

Urogenital tuberculosis is the most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Genital organ involvement occurs as a continuum of urinary tract tuberculosis and often presents a diagnostic challenge due to the non-specific nature of the symptoms. Delay in diagnosis may lead to complications such as infertility and perineoscrotal sinuses. Read More

J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2020 Jan-Dec;8:2324709620938947

UCLA Kern Medical, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

We describe the case of a 41-year-old Hispanic male, inconsistently adherent to visits and workup due to socioeconomic challenges, who presented with a right testicular mass. Because of the overriding concern that this was malignant, he underwent a right orchiectomy. Pathology revealed granulomatous disease with no evidence of malignancy. Read More

J Xray Sci Technol 2020 ;28(4):809-819

Department of Urology and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Introduction: Testicular infarction is a rare complication of prolonged epididymitis and may be misdiagnosed as testicular torsion. In this study, we present three cases of testicular infarction and discuss their clinical characteristics, imaging features and clinical management.

Patients And Methods: Three adult males with prolonged epididymitis presented with chronic unilateral testicular pain, tenderness, and palpable swelling, including left varicocele in one case and hydrocele in the other two cases. Read More

PeerJ 2020 6;8:e8291. Epub 2020 Jan 6.

Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lan Zhou, China.

Objective: To analyze the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment outcomes in a series of patients with epididymal tuberculosis.

Methods: This study is a retrospective data analysis of 47 cases of histologically-confirmed epididymal tuberculosis in patients treated at our hospital from November 2012 to December 2018.

Results: The average age of the patients was approximately 42 years. Read More

Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2020 Jan 6;73:103292. Epub 2019 Nov 6.

Department of Clinical Embryology, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India. Electronic address:

Prepubertal Swiss albino mice of both sex were administered with first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATDs) viz; rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, streptomycin and ethambutol intraperitoneally, for 4 weeks. Two weeks after the completion of treatment, male mice were sacrificed to collect caudal spermatozoa and female mice were superovulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to collect metaphase II (MII) oocytes from oviduct. Administration of ATDs not only decreased the count, motility and, nuclear maturity and also, increased the head abnormalities, mitochondrial damage and DNA damage in epididymal spermatozoa. Read More

Clin Chim Acta 2020 Mar 12;502:255-260. Epub 2019 Nov 12.

Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Intensive Care Unit and Division of Respiratory Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China. Electronic address:

Background: Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) has been recognized as a biomarker which elevated in various diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of serum HE4 in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB).

Methods: Serum HE4 concentrations were determined in 127 PTB, 88 chronic bronchitis (CHB), and 105 healthy control subjects by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Read More

Diagn Cytopathol 2020 Feb 7;48(2):118-127. Epub 2019 Nov 7.

Department of Pathology, Sonoscan Healthcare, Malda, West Bengal, India.

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) assisted with scrotal ultrasonography is the best preoperative diagnostic modality for palpable epididymal nodules. It also aids in their successive remedial approach as well as serves semi-therapeutically in cystic lesions. The objectives of this study are to recognize the spectrum of pathological conditions giving rise to epididymal nodules, then to compare them with corresponding ultrasound images, and to evaluate the histological features wherever practicable. Read More

Cell Res 2019 Dec 18;29(12):1009-1026. Epub 2019 Oct 18.

Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China.

We report the generation of human ESC-derived, expandable hepatic organoids (hEHOs) using our newly established method with wholly defined (serum-free, feeder free) media. The hEHOs stably maintain phenotypic features of bipotential liver stem/progenitor cells that can differentiate into functional hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. The hEHOs can expand for 20 passages enabling large scale expansion to cell numbers requisite for industry or clinical programs. Read More

J Hum Reprod Sci 2019 Jul-Sep;12(3):258-261

Department of General Medicine, Holy Family Hospital, Thodupuzha, Kerala, India.

Genital tuberculosis (GTB) is uncommon, and the most common genital sites of tuberculous infection are epididymis and prostate; isolated testicular TB is extremely rare, comprising only 3% of GTB. The usual modes of genital involvement include descending infection from the kidneys, intracanalicular or direct extension from neighboring foci in the genital tract, and hematogenous dissemination. Ultrasonography (USG) and USG-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of testicular swelling may confirm the diagnosis of GTB. Read More

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019 11;101(5):1070-1072

Travel and Tropical Medicine Center, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Genitourinary tuberculosis (TB) is a rare but well-described form of extrapulmonary TB. We present a case of a 35-year-old man from Ethiopia with scrotal swelling and fever who was found to have epididymo-orchitis due to . The patient presented to the hospital multiple times before undergoing operative debridement with fine needle aspiration and tissue biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. Read More

J Clin Imaging Sci 2019 14;9:27. Epub 2019 Jun 14.

Departments of Radiology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.

Testicular tuberculosis (TB) is an uncommon presentation of extrapulmonary TB. Although rare in incidence, it is a great masquerader and should be kept in consideration while assessing focal abnormalities involving the testis. Ultrasound findings alone may be non-specific and mimic other diagnoses including infection, inflammation, tumor, infarct, and trauma. Read More

Urol Case Rep 2019 Sep 16;26:100969. Epub 2019 Jul 16.

Department of Urology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a secular disease caused by a bacillus, highly prevalent in Brazil. The genito-urinary tract involvement is rare, with the epididymis the most affected location. Treatment usually involves the combination of 3-4 drugs for TB for 6 months and surgery can be useful in complications. Read More

Clin Nucl Med 2019 Sep;44(9):757-760

Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.

Isolated genital tuberculosis is rare. We present a case of bilateral tuberculous epididymo-orchitis showing high FDG uptake on FDG PET/CT. In addition, the patient had a prostatic FDG-avid lesion, consistent with tuberculous prostatitis. Read More

Iran J Basic Med Sci 2019 Feb;22(2):197-205

Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Objectives: Diabetes can gradually cause damage to the function and structure of male gonads. This survey was conducted to investigate the effect of troxerutin on hormonal changes, serum oxidative stress indices, and testicular function and structure in prepubertal diabetic rats.

Materials And Methods: Fifty prepubertal (6 weeks old) male Wistar rats were divided into five groups including Control, Troxerutin, Diabetic, Diabetic+Troxerutin, and Diabetic+Insulin. Read More