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J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2020 Jan-Dec;8:2324709620938947

UCLA Kern Medical, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

We describe the case of a 41-year-old Hispanic male, inconsistently adherent to visits and workup due to socioeconomic challenges, who presented with a right testicular mass. Because of the overriding concern that this was malignant, he underwent a right orchiectomy. Pathology revealed granulomatous disease with no evidence of malignancy. Read More

J Xray Sci Technol 2020 May 24. Epub 2020 May 24.

Department of Urology and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.

Introduction: Testicular infarction is a rare complication of prolonged epididymitis and may be misdiagnosed as testicular torsion. In this study, we present three cases of testicular infarction and discuss their clinical characteristics, imaging features and clinical management.

Patients And Methods: Three adult males with prolonged epididymitis presented with chronic unilateral testicular pain, tenderness, and palpable swelling, including left varicocele in one case and hydrocele in the other two cases. Read More

PeerJ 2020 6;8:e8291. Epub 2020 Jan 6.

Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lan Zhou, China.

Objective: To analyze the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment outcomes in a series of patients with epididymal tuberculosis.

Methods: This study is a retrospective data analysis of 47 cases of histologically-confirmed epididymal tuberculosis in patients treated at our hospital from November 2012 to December 2018.

Results: The average age of the patients was approximately 42 years. Read More

Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2020 Jan 6;73:103292. Epub 2019 Nov 6.

Department of Clinical Embryology, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India. Electronic address:

Prepubertal Swiss albino mice of both sex were administered with first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATDs) viz; rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, streptomycin and ethambutol intraperitoneally, for 4 weeks. Two weeks after the completion of treatment, male mice were sacrificed to collect caudal spermatozoa and female mice were superovulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to collect metaphase II (MII) oocytes from oviduct. Administration of ATDs not only decreased the count, motility and, nuclear maturity and also, increased the head abnormalities, mitochondrial damage and DNA damage in epididymal spermatozoa. Read More

Clin Chim Acta 2020 Mar 12;502:255-260. Epub 2019 Nov 12.

Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Intensive Care Unit and Division of Respiratory Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China. Electronic address:

Background: Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) has been recognized as a biomarker which elevated in various diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of serum HE4 in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB).

Methods: Serum HE4 concentrations were determined in 127 PTB, 88 chronic bronchitis (CHB), and 105 healthy control subjects by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Read More

Diagn Cytopathol 2020 Feb 7;48(2):118-127. Epub 2019 Nov 7.

Department of Pathology, Sonoscan Healthcare, Malda, West Bengal, India.

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) assisted with scrotal ultrasonography is the best preoperative diagnostic modality for palpable epididymal nodules. It also aids in their successive remedial approach as well as serves semi-therapeutically in cystic lesions. The objectives of this study are to recognize the spectrum of pathological conditions giving rise to epididymal nodules, then to compare them with corresponding ultrasound images, and to evaluate the histological features wherever practicable. Read More

Cell Res 2019 Dec 18;29(12):1009-1026. Epub 2019 Oct 18.

Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China.

We report the generation of human ESC-derived, expandable hepatic organoids (hEHOs) using our newly established method with wholly defined (serum-free, feeder free) media. The hEHOs stably maintain phenotypic features of bipotential liver stem/progenitor cells that can differentiate into functional hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. The hEHOs can expand for 20 passages enabling large scale expansion to cell numbers requisite for industry or clinical programs. Read More

J Hum Reprod Sci 2019 Jul-Sep;12(3):258-261

Department of General Medicine, Holy Family Hospital, Thodupuzha, Kerala, India.

Genital tuberculosis (GTB) is uncommon, and the most common genital sites of tuberculous infection are epididymis and prostate; isolated testicular TB is extremely rare, comprising only 3% of GTB. The usual modes of genital involvement include descending infection from the kidneys, intracanalicular or direct extension from neighboring foci in the genital tract, and hematogenous dissemination. Ultrasonography (USG) and USG-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of testicular swelling may confirm the diagnosis of GTB. Read More

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019 11;101(5):1070-1072

Travel and Tropical Medicine Center, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Genitourinary tuberculosis (TB) is a rare but well-described form of extrapulmonary TB. We present a case of a 35-year-old man from Ethiopia with scrotal swelling and fever who was found to have epididymo-orchitis due to . The patient presented to the hospital multiple times before undergoing operative debridement with fine needle aspiration and tissue biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. Read More

J Clin Imaging Sci 2019 14;9:27. Epub 2019 Jun 14.

Departments of Radiology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.

Testicular tuberculosis (TB) is an uncommon presentation of extrapulmonary TB. Although rare in incidence, it is a great masquerader and should be kept in consideration while assessing focal abnormalities involving the testis. Ultrasound findings alone may be non-specific and mimic other diagnoses including infection, inflammation, tumor, infarct, and trauma. Read More

Urol Case Rep 2019 Sep 16;26:100969. Epub 2019 Jul 16.

Department of Urology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a secular disease caused by a bacillus, highly prevalent in Brazil. The genito-urinary tract involvement is rare, with the epididymis the most affected location. Treatment usually involves the combination of 3-4 drugs for TB for 6 months and surgery can be useful in complications. Read More

Clin Nucl Med 2019 Sep;44(9):757-760

Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.

Isolated genital tuberculosis is rare. We present a case of bilateral tuberculous epididymo-orchitis showing high FDG uptake on FDG PET/CT. In addition, the patient had a prostatic FDG-avid lesion, consistent with tuberculous prostatitis. Read More

Iran J Basic Med Sci 2019 Feb;22(2):197-205

Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Objectives: Diabetes can gradually cause damage to the function and structure of male gonads. This survey was conducted to investigate the effect of troxerutin on hormonal changes, serum oxidative stress indices, and testicular function and structure in prepubertal diabetic rats.

Materials And Methods: Fifty prepubertal (6 weeks old) male Wistar rats were divided into five groups including Control, Troxerutin, Diabetic, Diabetic+Troxerutin, and Diabetic+Insulin. Read More

Exp Physiol 2018 12 12;103(12):1603-1617. Epub 2018 Sep 12.

Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

New Findings: What is the central question of this study? Can low-dose inorganic nitrate supplementation prevent testicular structural and functional alterations in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic male rats? What is the main finding and it's important? Treatment with a low dose of inorganic nitrate for 2 months had protective effects on the male reproductive system in diabetic rats including improved body weight loss, sperm and testis parameters, spermatogenesis index and testicular histology as well as increased serum testosterone levels. These favourable effects may be associated with increased serum insulin and decreased serum glucose, and with modulation of apoptosis in testis.

Abstract: Inorganic nitrate supplementation is a possible therapeutic agent in diabetes. Read More

Int J Infect Dis 2018 Aug 4;73:60-62. Epub 2018 Jun 4.

Department of Infectious Diseases, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.

Tuberculosis screening was performed for a healthy asymptomatic woman to determine whether she had been infected with active genital tuberculosis via sexual intercourse with her husband who had epididymal tuberculosis. Vaginal swab culture yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Furthermore, whole genome sequencing revealed that the two causative isolates were genetically identical. Read More

BMC Res Notes 2018 May 18;11(1):308. Epub 2018 May 18.

Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.

Background: Mycobacterium bovis causing tuberculosis in animals is responsible for zoonotic tuberculosis in patients. Veterinary control measures and milk pasteurization has led to a significant decrease in human cases of M. bovis infections in developed countries. Read More

Adv Exp Med Biol 2018 ;1040:29-37

Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.

The genitourinary system is the main location of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In Poland, it occupies the third place after tuberculosis of the pleura and lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of tuberculosis in the urogenital tract in adult patients in a tertiary referral center in the years 2007-2015. Read More

Urol Case Rep 2018 Mar 9;17:50-52. Epub 2018 Jan 9.

The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA.

Cytojournal 2017 12;14:26. Epub 2017 Oct 12.

Address: Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Background: Epididymal lesions are uncommon in clinical practice. Few case series has been described in the literature documenting the role of cytology in the evaluation of epididymal nodules. This study was undertaken to analyze the cytomorphology of epididymal nodules and to evaluate role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in early definitive diagnosis of epididymal nodules. Read More

Urologiia 2017 Oct(5):100-105

TB Research Institute of Minzdrav of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia, Novosibirsk State Medical University of Minzdrav of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia.

Urogenital tuberculosis does not have pathognomonic symptoms, so diagnostic errors are quite common. This systematic review of literature was conducted to identify the causes and estimate the incidence of erroneous diagnoses. We critically evaluated some articles in which the authors describe observations of urogenital tuberculosis as rare and unusual because they never encountered this disease, but in fact that were typical manifestations of genitourinary tuberculosis. Read More

Urologiia 2017 Oct(5):91-94

Omsk State Medical University, Omsk, Russia.

This is a case report of an elderly patient with urogenital tuberculosis and concurrent tuberculosis of peripheral inguinal lymph nodes. The disease manifested by a fistulous form of inguinal lymphadenitis for 10 years and spread to the kidneys and genitals, but the patient did not seek medical attention. Changes on the glans penis prompted him to consult dermatovenereologist. Read More

Transl Androl Urol 2017 Apr;6(2):222-233

Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Genitourinary Tuberculosis (GUTB) is the second most common extra-pulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis (Tb) and an isolated involvement of genital organs is reported in 5-30% of the cases. Genital involvement results from primary reactivation of latent bacilli either in the epididymis or the prostate or by secondary spread from the already infected urinary organs. The epididymis are the commonest involved organs affected primarily by a hematogenous mode of spread. Read More

Microbiol Spectr 2017 01;5(1)

Division of Urology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.

Urogenital tuberculosis is the second most frequent form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Starting with a pulmonary focus, 2 to 20% of patients develop urogenital tuberculosis through hematogenous spread to the kidneys, prostate, and epididymis; through the descending collecting system to the ureters, bladder, and urethra; and through the ejaculatory ducts to the genital organs. Urogenital tuberculosis occurs at all age ranges, but it is predominant in males in their fourth and fifth decades. Read More

Food Chem Toxicol 2017 Jan 3;99:222-230. Epub 2016 Dec 3.

General Toxicology Department, SI «Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology NAMS of Ukraine», Eugene Pottier Str. 14, Kyiv, Ukraine.

Despite clear beneficial effects, studies on the efficacy of different formulations of micronutrients and vitamins in the treatment of male infertility are still very limited. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of methionine and novel formulation Metovitan based on the combination of methionine, thiamine, nicotinamide, α-tocopherol acetate and zinc salt as remedies for prevention of anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATD) anti-fertility effects in male rats. ATD co-administration resulted in testicular CYP2E1, CYP2C23 and CYP3A2 transcriptional activation. Read More

J Family Med Prim Care 2016 Apr-Jun;5(2):468-470

Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Murshidabad Medical College, Berhampore, West Bengal, India.

Testicular tuberculosis (TB) is a rare form of genitourinary TB. It is usually presented as painful or painless testicular swelling with or without scrotal ulceration or discharging sinus. Infertility may occur. Read More

Ther Adv Infect Dis 2016 Jun 4;3(3-4):110-3. Epub 2016 Jul 4.

Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.

Genitourinary tuberculosis represents a form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis that occurs in the kidneys, ureters, seminal vesicles, prostate, testis, vas deferens, and epididymis. Isolated testicular involvement is unusual, and differential diagnosis includes testicular tumor, acute infection, infarction, and granulomatous infection. We report a case of a 36-year-old Ecuadorian man residing in New York, New York, who presented with a painful scrotal mass, weight loss, and purulent discharge from ulcerated lesion in scrotal area 10 years following his immigration to the United States. Read More

Hum Exp Toxicol 2017 May 22;36(5):520-533. Epub 2016 Jun 22.

1 General Toxicology Department, SI "Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology NAMS of Ukraine," Kyiv, Ukraine.

Ethambutol (EMB) is conventionally used to treat tuberculosis and atypical Mycobacterium infections in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs. Eventually, EMB testicular toxicity has not been explored extensively yet. The aim of the study is to evaluate testicular toxicity of EMB. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2016 Feb 4;2016. Epub 2016 Feb 4.

Department of Urology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

An 18-year-old boy, a refugee from Afghanistan, with no significant medical history, presented after 1 day of severe left testicular pain. History, clinical examination and scrotal ultrasound suggested the diagnosis of epididymo-orchitis. He was discharged on a 2-week course of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Read More

Biomarkers 2016 15;21(2):168-72. Epub 2015 Dec 15.

a Department of Gynecologic Oncology , Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital , Tianjin , China .

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical significances of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) with cancer antigen 125 (CA125) in differential diagnosis between epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and peritoneal tuberculosis (PTB). We retrospectively reviewed data of 31 patients suspected preoperatively as having EOC but whose pathological results revealed PTB. The concentrations of serum HE4 and CA125 in PTB were significantly lower than that in EOC. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2015 18;10:80-2. Epub 2015 Mar 18.

Department of Urology, Ratna Hospital, Maharashtra Medical Research Society, Pune, India.

Introduction: Genitourinary tuberculosis contributes 15-20% of extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Prostatic tuberculosis is much less common than renal, vesico-seminal and epididymal TB. Predisposing factor include prior tubercular infection, immunocompromised status, previous BCG therapy. Read More

Balkan Med J 2014 Sep 1;31(3):270-1. Epub 2014 Sep 1.

Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Health and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.

Rev Med Interne 2014 Dec 17;35(12):808-14. Epub 2014 Sep 17.

Service de médecine interne, hôpital Beaujon, 100, boulevard du Général-Leclerc, 92110 Clichy, France.

Genito-urinary tuberculosis is the fourth most common manifestation of the disease, but it is often underestimated by clinicians because of few and non-specific symptoms and insidious disease course. The most common urinary findings are multiple ureteral stenosis. The most common genital involvement is an epididymal nodule for men and a chronic salpingitis for women. Read More

Int J Urol 2014 Nov 14;21(11):1171-7. Epub 2014 Jul 14.

Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Japanese Research Group for UTI, Japan.

Objectives: To determine current epidemiology and treatment patterns of urogenital tuberculosis in Japan.

Methods: A questionnaire was sent to the urological departments of 1203 Japanese hospitals. Clinical data was reviewed retrospectively; no time range was specified. Read More

G Chir 2014 May-Jun;35(5-6):134-6

We present an unusual case of tuberculous epididymitis in a 33-year-old African patient, who was referred to our Department of Urology with a right intrascrotal mass. There was no evidence of fever, hematuria, dysuria or symptoms from the lower urinary tract. The patient did not demonstrate any laboratory signs of inflammation (white blood cells, C reactive protein). Read More

Urologiia 2014 Mar-Apr(2):36-9

Based on a survey of 467 men with genital tuberculosis, following conclusions were made. The presence of morphological signs of nonspecific prostatitis of toxic-allergic genesis in patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis of the urinary and genital organs proves the possibility of primary infection of the epididymis with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Primarily isolated epididymal tuberculosis was diagnosed in 21 (4,5%) patients. Read More

J Ultrasound Med 2014 May;33(5):913-6

Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, 149 Sangil-Dong, Gangdong-Gu, Seoul 134-090, Korea. E-mail;

The purpose of this series was to describe the sonographic findings of tuberculous vasitis. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 3 cases of tuberculous vasitis. The following grayscale and color Doppler sonographic features were analyzed: location, echogenicity of the lesion, epididymal or testicular involvement, presence of hydrocele, and blood flow within the lesion. Read More

Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013 Oct;17(10):1346-53

State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China.

Objective: To evaluate whether serum human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) levels could be used as a marker to differentiate lung cancer from pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and as a prognostic indicator in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Design: HE4 levels were measured in serum samples from 106 healthy controls, 190 lung cancer patients, 114 patients with PTB and 24 patients with pneumonia using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: Serum HE4 levels in lung cancer patients were significantly higher than those in patients with PTB and healthy controls (P < 0. Read More

Indian J Tuberc 2013 Jan;60(1):15-22

Department of Urology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.GM.E.R) , Kolkata, West Bengal.

Background: Tuberculosis had been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as 'public health emergency' in 1993. Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (E.P. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2013 Feb 15;7:45. Epub 2013 Feb 15.

Urology Department, University Hospital of Fez, Rue Zag, Résidence Andalous III, 30070, Quartier Al-Wafae Fès, Morocco.

Unlabelled:

Introduction: Tuberculosis is still endemic in Morocco and the urogenital form is common. This form is characterized by clinical polymorphism. However, the isolated ureteric form is very rare. Read More

Indian J Urol 2012 Jul;28(3):359-61

Department of Urology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

Genitourinary histoplasmosis is very rare and to our knowledge only four cases of epididymal histoplasmosis and nine cases of prostatic histoplasmosis have been reported in literature. We hereby report a case of a middle-aged male, who presented three years after renal transplant, with complaints of fever, pain, and swelling in the scrotum. Imaging disclosed an enlarged right epididymis with prostatic and retrotrigonal abscess, suggesting tuberculosis infection. Read More

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2012 Jul;43(4):951-8

Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Tuberculous epididymo-orchitis is an uncommon disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis of the testis and epididymis. We reviewed 25 cases of tuberculous epididymo-orchitis, diagnosed at the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University between July 2000 and June 2010. The mean age at diagnosis was 54. Read More

Indian J Tuberc 2012 Jan;59(1):52-3

Department of Pathology, Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai-400706.

Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2012 Apr;18(4):353-5

Department of Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Tibet 850000, China.

Objective: To explore the clinical types, prevention and treatment of testicular and epididymal diseases in the Tibetan area.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 105 cases of testicular or epididymal diseases treated in our department from 2007 to 2009. All the patients were permanent inhabitants in Tibet. Read More

J Infect Dev Ctries 2012 Jan 12;6(1):92-4. Epub 2012 Jan 12.

Departments of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal University, India.

Isolated epididymo-orchitis is an unusual presentation of tuberculosis. A case of bilateral epididymitis and right-sided orchitis with scrotal involvement in a 38-year-old male patient is presented. Strong clinical suspicion of tuberculous etiology was confirmed by appropriate investigations of epididymal biopsy. Read More

Urol Int 2012 29;88(1):34-8. Epub 2011 Nov 29.

Division of Urology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India. urologyarun @ yahoo.com

Purpose: Conventional methods like smear and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis are of limited sensitivity and specificity. Histopathological examination (HPE) for the tissues obtained gives inconclusive diagnosis in the absence of caseous necrosis or stained acid-fast bacilli. This study was conducted to determine the utility of tissue PCR for diagnosing tuberculosis of the genitourinary tract (GUTB) and its comparative evaluation with HPE. Read More

Rev Urol 2011 ;13(3):176-8

Urogenital tuberculosis is a rare disease; however, it is the second most common location for tuberculosis after the lung. Currently, incidence of urogenital tuberculosis is increasing due to factors such as a higher prevalence of immunosuppression (especially that caused by human immunodeficiency virus infection) and drug abuse. Herein a new case of male genital primary tuberculosis is reported presenting as a scrotal tumor; the originality of this observation lies in its unusual pseudotumor form. Read More

Dermatol Online J 2011 Aug 15;17(8):10. Epub 2011 Aug 15.

Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hospital de São João EPE, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, Portugal.

A 76-year-old male patient with an angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma under treatment with fludarabine was referred because of scrotal ulcers, evolving for several months. Respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary symptoms were denied. Histopathological examination showed the presence of a chronic inflammatory process with epithelioid granulomas. Read More

Pneumonol Alergol Pol 2011 ;79(4):305-8

Przychodnia Przykliniczna Instytutu Gruźlicy i Chorób Płuc w Warszawie, ul. Płocka 26, Warsaw.

We present a case of 72-year old man treated from 2007 for superficial bladder carcinoma. Patient had undergone surgical intervention for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, followed by BCG therapy. Two years later enlarged right testis and epididymis was observed. Read More

Clin Nucl Med 2011 Apr;36(4):315-6

Department of Urology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.

A 65-year-old man who had multiple lymph nodes swelling was pathologically diagnosed with diffuse large B cell lymphoma. After initiation of induction chemotherapy, F-18 FDG PET/CT showed a significantly decreased extent of previous lymphomatous lesions except for 2 newly developed focal hypermetabolic lesions in the prostate and left epididymis. The specimens from the prostate and orchiectomy revealed tuberculosis lesions. Read More