Ann Dermatol Venereol 2017 Aug 1. Epub 2017 Aug 1.

Service de dermatologie, hôpital d'instruction des armées Sainte-Anne, 83800 Toulon, France. Electronic address:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacillus characterized by its greenish color and sweetish smell, is at the origin of potentially severe forms of dermatosis, such as ecthyma gangrenosum which marks immunosuppression or reveals blood-poisoning, especially in children. It frequently colonizes chronic wounds and serious burns, and spongiotic or acantholytic dermatosis, especially when severe or localized in skinfolds. It requires special care because of its high resistance to antibiotics and antiseptics. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2017 Aug 3;2017. Epub 2017 Aug 3.

General Surgery, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

We report for the first time a case of non-pseudomonal ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a chronic alcoholic without an associated immunocompromised state or disease. EG is an infection of the skin, commonly associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia, though other organisms are also known to be causally related. It usually occurs in patients who are terminally ill and the immunocompromised. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2017 Jul 27;2017. Epub 2017 Jul 27.

Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA.

A 55-year-old man undergoing chemotherapy for recurrent multiple myeloma presented with a 2-day history of bilateral lower leg rash with pain and oedema. On examination, there were numerous non-palpable retiform pruritic patches over both lower legs. Skin pnch biopsy demonstrated a diffuse interstitial neutrophilic infiltrate with necrosis. Read More

Med Clin (Barc) 2017 Jul 20. Epub 2017 Jul 20.

Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Pontevedra, EOXI Pontevedra-Salnés, Pontevedra, España.

J Drugs Dermatol 2017 Jul;16(7):684-689

Ecthyma contagiosum, also called contagious pustular dermatosis, is a zoonotic disease caused by the orf virus (OrfV). As a member of the poxviridae family and parapoxvirus genus, this dermatotropic virus has developed an array of mechanisms by which to evade the host immune system in both humans and animals. The ubiquitousness of this pathogen in sheep, goats, and deer has led to the development of orf in diverse areas around the world. Read More

JMM Case Rep 2017 Mar 20;4(3):jmmcr005087. Epub 2017 Mar 20.

Department of Dermatology, Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Bankend Road, Dumfries DG1 4AP, UK.

Introduction.Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, an opportunistic pathogen of dogs and cats, is rarely reported to cause infection in humans. Here, we describe a case of severe skin infection caused by S. Read More

Arch Virol 2017 Jun 19. Epub 2017 Jun 19.

Virology Laboratory, College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 2 Xinyang road, Daqing, 163319, China.

Contagious ecthyma, caused by orf virus (ORFV), is an epitheliotrophic contagious disease with zoonotic implications that mainly affects sheep, goats, wild ruminants, and humans. Recently, a novel ORFV strain, OV/HLJ/04, was successfully isolated from the skin and mucosal lesions of a goat with severe clinical sore mouth symptoms in Heilongjiang province of China. The OV/HLJ/04 isolate was characterized by electron microscopy, serological tests, and experimental reproduction of disease. Read More

Front Microbiol 2017 30;8:953. Epub 2017 May 30.

Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University HospitalsGeneva, Switzerland.

Background: Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) are necrotic lesions that develop in the context of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. Isolated reports describe EG in the setting of non-Pseudomonal infections. In a patient with EG, initial blood cultures showed Escherichia coli, and almost occulted P. Read More

Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 2017 Jun 1. Epub 2017 Jun 1.

Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Kayseri, 38039. Turkey.

Background: Orf virus is a DNA virus that belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus. The virus is a causative agent of orf in humans or contagious ecthyma in animals which is mostly seen in sheep, goat and cattle.

Discussion: Orf is an emerging zoonosis with an increasing number of worldwide outbreaks that have been reported. Read More

IDCases 2017 15;9:28-29. Epub 2017 May 15.

Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Dermatologie, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.

Dermatol Online J 2017 Apr 15;23(4). Epub 2017 Apr 15.

Medical Scientist Training Program, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.

Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious infection of the skin and soft tissues. Pasteurella multocida is rarely reported to cause necrotizing fasciitis and is associated with high mortality. We describe a female patient with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus and myeloproliferative disorder presenting with bullae and erythema of the right forearm secondary to P. Read More

Int J Womens Dermatol 2016 Sep 22;2(3):89-92. Epub 2016 Jul 22.

Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Dermatology, University of CT Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut.

Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) is a well-described skin manifestation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia in immunocompromised patients. However, it can be seen in association with other bacteria, viruses, and fungi. We report a case of a 54-year-old African American female with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma and recent chemotherapy and neutropenia who developed EG-like lesions due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Read More

Rev Med Virol 2017 Jul 8;27(4). Epub 2017 May 8.

Dermatology Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.

Orf virus (ORFV) is an important pathogen responsible for a highly contagious zoonotic viral infection that threatens those who handle sheep and goats. Orf virus is the prototype of the Parapoxvirus genus, and its resilience in the environment and ability to reinfect its host has contributed to the spread and maintenance of the infection in many species. In healthy humans, the disease usually resolves spontaneously within 3 to 6 weeks. Read More

J Cutan Med Surg 2017 May 1:1203475417708164. Epub 2017 May 1.

4 University of Missouri Kansas City, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.

Acute cutaneous necrosis is characterised by a wide range of aetiologies and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, warranting complex considerations in management. Early recognition is imperative in diagnosis and management of sudden gangrenous changes in the skin. This review discusses major causes of cutaneous necrosis, examines the need for early assessment, and integrates techniques related to diagnosis and management. Read More

Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2017 Mar 24;84(1):e1-e5. Epub 2017 Mar 24.

Department of Pathobiology, Shiraz University.

Contagious ecthyma is a highly contagious disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants such as sheep, goats and camels. The identification and characterisation of a parapoxvirus (PPV) infecting camels is described here. The virus was detected in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Kerman and Shiraz in Iran. Read More

Arch Virol 2017 Aug 4;162(8):2363-2367. Epub 2017 Apr 4.

Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.

Orf or contagious ecthyma is a neglected and economically important zoonotic disease caused by a dermatotropic parapoxvirus that commonly affects domestic small ruminants. Although orf is globally distributed, there is a paucity of information on the disease in many African countries. Here, a suspected severe outbreak of orf in goats at a farm in Lusaka was investigated. Read More

JAAD Case Rep 2017 Mar 22;3(2):155-157. Epub 2017 Mar 22.

Paediatric Dermatology Department, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth.

Rev Chil Pediatr 2017 02;88(1):136-141

Unidad de Paciente Crítico Pediátrico, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile.

Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are congenital disorders secondary to an impaired immune response. Infections, autoimmune disorders, atopy, and lymphoproliferative syndromes are commonly associated with this disorder.

Objective: To present and discuss 3 infants diagnosed with PID. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2017 Mar;96(10):e6244

aDepartment of Dermatology bDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang cDepartment of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.

Rationale: Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) is an aggressive cutaneous disease caused by local or systemic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. EG is characterized by cutaneous manifestations ranging from nodule and papule, to necrotic ulceration with surrounding erythema, especially with black eschar or central crust. EG presents with characteristic skin lesions which is important to establish diagnosis of sepsis caused by P aeruginosa, a serious condition that can be treated efficiently if diagnosed early. Read More

Clin Exp Dermatol 2017 Apr 27;42(3):324-327. Epub 2017 Feb 27.

Department of Dermatology, St George's Hospital, London, UK.

Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) is often defined as a cutaneous manifestation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia, typically secondary to neutropenia. There is increasing recognition that a broader definition is warranted, as numerous causative organisms and predisposing conditions have been reported. We describe two cases of EG that occurred without bacteraemia. Read More

Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba 2016 ;73(4):302-305

Unidad de Terapia Intensiva; Mario López Bravo.

Mucormycosis is serious emerging infection, caused by saprophytic fungi of the order Mucorales, which mainly affects immunocompromised patients. Presentation forms can be rinosinusal, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, disseminated and localized wounds and burns. The cutaneous presentation is caused by inoculation of spores into the dermis with the subsequent development compatible with gangrenous ecthyma. Read More

An Bras Dermatol 2016 Nov-Dec;91(6):815-816

University of Bari - Bari, Italy.

Ecthyma gangrenosum is an uncommon dermatological manifestation characterized by round, indurated ulcers with a central necrotic black eschar and surrounding erythema. This report describes the case of a 5-year-old girl, affected by acute lymphocytic leukemia, presenting with a black eschar on her right thigh. Such lesions should always be correctly identified to avoid potentially fatal bacteraemia. Read More

J Wildl Dis 2017 Apr 18;53(2):311-329. Epub 2017 Jan 18.

1   Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, California 95616, USA.

The muskox ( Ovibos moschatus ) population inhabiting the eastern North Slope (ENS) of Alaska, US declined dramatically during 1999-2006, whereas populations in western Alaska (WA) were stable or increasing. To understand morbidity and mortality factors contributing to the decline, Alaska Department of Fish and Game conducted pathologic investigations of carcasses from 2005 until 2008. Additionally, archived sera from both ENS and WA muskoxen collected during 1984-92, before the documented beginning of the ENS decline; sera collected during 2000, near the beginning of the decline; and contemporary sera (from live capture-release, adult females) collected during 2006, 2007, and 2008 were analyzed to determine whether prevalence of antibody to potential pathogens differed in the two areas or changed over time. Read More

Phytother Res 2017 Mar 13;31(3):347-365. Epub 2017 Jan 13.

Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Ctra. de Madrid-Barcelona (Autovía A2) Km. 33,600, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.

Ziziphus jujuba Mills, 'annab' in Iran, 'ber' in India or 'pomme sourette' in France, is a species whose fruit (known warmly as 'the fruits of life' in China) has been consumed for centuries for its nutritional value. The food industry used it as a food additive and flavoring. The dry seeds, the crude leaves and the stem bark are still used in ethnopharmacology to treat digestive disorders and gastric ulcers as antitussive, laxative and hypotensive drugs; even now, it is used in China to treat children who suffer from typhoid fever, furuncle and ecthyma. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2017 Jan;96(2):e5507

Pediatric Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France.

Rationale: Ecthyma gangrenosum (Eg) is a necrotic lesion that is mostly seen in immunocompromised patients. It reflects a severe sepsis, possibly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa).

Patient Concerns: A healthy 3-year-old girl admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Department presented a sepsis-associated purpura with neurological and respiratory distress. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2017 Jan 4;2017. Epub 2017 Jan 4.

Department of Internal Medicine (Clinical Hematology Division), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Arch Virol 2017 Apr 19;162(4):953-962. Epub 2016 Dec 19.

ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India.

Orf, or contagious ecthyma, a highly contagious transboundary disease of sheep and goats, is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus (ORFV) belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. The ORFV genome encodes the major envelope proteins B2L and F1L, which have been found to be highly immunogenic and have multiple functional characteristics. In order to investigate the functional properties of the B2L protein, in this study, the B2L gene of ORFV strain 59/05, encoding recombinant mature B2L (aa 1M-D334), was produced as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. Read More

JAAD Case Rep 2016 Nov 5;2(6):473-475. Epub 2016 Dec 5.

Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.

Clin Dermatol 2017 Jan - Feb;35(1):40-49. Epub 2016 Sep 10.

Emeritus Professor of Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey.

Viruses are considered intracellular obligates with a nucleic acid RNA or DNA. They have the ability to encode proteins involved in viral replication and production of the protective coat within the host cells but require host cell ribosomes and mitochondria for translation. The members of the families Herpesviridae, Poxviridae, Papovaviridae, and Picornaviridae are the most commonly known agents for cutaneous viral diseases, but other virus families, such as Adenoviridae, Togaviridae, Parvoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Hepadnaviridae, can also infect the skin. Read More

Arch Argent Pediatr 2016 Dec;114(6):e444-e447

Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, España.

X-linked agammaglobulinemia is a primary humoral immunodeficiency. It is a recessive X-linked disorder characterized by low or absent circulating mature B cells, hypo/agammaglobulinemia and no humoral response to immunizations due to mutations along chromosome X. It is characterized by severe, recurrent and difficult treatment infections. Read More

J Pediatr 2016 Nov 22;178:299. Epub 2016 Aug 22.

Alpert Medical School of Brown University Pediatric Infectious Diseases Hasbro Children's Hospital/Rhode Island Hospital Providence, Rhode Island.

Vet Rec 2016 10;179(16):416

University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE. e-mail:

Vet Rec 2016 10;179(16):416

Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. e-mail:

Am J Dermatopathol 2017 Sep;39(9):637-662

*Associate Staff of the Department of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain; †Associate Staff of the Department of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain; ‡Director of Dermatopathology, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain; §Director of Dermatopathology, Dermatopathology Research Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; ¶Director of Dermatopathology, Dermatopathologie Laboratory, Friedrichschafen, Germany; and ‖Chairman of the Department of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain.

We review the most characteristic clinical and histopathologic findings of the cutaneous manifestations of the occlusive nonvasculitic vasculopathic disorders. Clinically, most of these conditions are characterized by retiform purpura. Histopathologic findings consist of occlusion of the vessel lumina with no vasculitis. Read More

Am J Dermatopathol 2016 Nov;38(11):793-801

*Resident, Department of Pathology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; †Dermatologist, Dermatopathologie Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen, Germany; ‡Dermatologist, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Universidad Complutense, Instituto i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; and §Pathologist, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Universidad Complutense, Instituto i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.

Infectious angiogenesis is the biological response of neoangiogenesis induced by infectious organisms. The authors present 3 exemplary entities which show paradigmatic clinico-pathological settings of infectious angiogenesis: Bacillary angiomatosis, Orf (ecthyma contagiosum), and Kaposi sarcoma. The authors review the literature and elucidate etiopathogenetic pathways leading to the phenomenon of neovascularization stimulated by infectious organisms. Read More

Vet World 2016 Sep 28;9(9):1028-1033. Epub 2016 Sep 28.

Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India.

Aim: The objective of this study was to screen the prevalence of contagious ecthyma (CE) among the goat population of Assam owing to its high prevalence rate.

Materials And Methods: In this study, a total of 231 serum samples were collected from 12 districts of Assam during September 2013 to July 2014. The serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against Orf virus (ORFV) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Read More

J Assoc Physicians India 2016 Jan;64(1):55

Armed Forces Medical College, Pune.

Rev Chil Pediatr 2016 Sep 27. Epub 2016 Sep 27.

Unidad de Paciente Crítico Pediátrico, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile.

Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are congenital disorders secondary to an impaired immune response. Infections, autoimmune disorders, atopy, and lymphoproliferative syndromes are commonly associated with this disorder.

Objective: To present and discuss 3 infants diagnosed with PID. Read More

Pediatr Int 2016 Sep;58(9):950-2

Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Kent Hospital, İzmir, Turkey.

Ecthyma gangrenosum is a rare, necrotizing, bacterial infection of the skin most commonly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has a characteristic clinical picture starting with maculopapular eruption followed by hemorrhagic vesicle and evolving into gangrenous ulcer. Although direct skin inoculation without septicemia is also probable, usually ecthyma gangrenosum is pathognomonic for Pseudomonas septicemia, which has a mortality rate of 38-96%. Read More

Res Vet Sci 2016 Oct 24;108:93-7. Epub 2016 Aug 24.

Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture/State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China. Electronic address:

Orf virus (ORFV) causes contagious ecthyma, a non-systemic skin disease in sheep and goat. Bioinformatics analysis showed that ORFV125 has Bcl-2-like homologous domain and 3D structurally, it is generally known that Bcl-2 protein is known to be a key protein to control cell apoptosis. Maybe ORFV125 act as a Bcl-2-like manner to control cell apoptosis, but its exact function isn't very clear. Read More

Vet Microbiol 2016 Sep 4;193:22-7. Epub 2016 Aug 4.

College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China. Electronic address:

Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process of the cell, which has been described to be involved in the development of various viral diseases. However, the role of autophagy in Orf virus (ORFV) replication remains unknown. In this study, we provide the first evidence that ORFV infection triggered autophagy in primary ovine fetal turbinate cells (OFTu) based on the appearance of abundant double- and single-membrane vesicles, the accumulation of LC3 fluorescent puncta, the enhancement of LC3-I/-II conversion, and autophagic flux. Read More

Rev Chilena Infectol 2016 Jun;33(3):336-9

Departamento de Medicina Interna, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.

Ecthyma gangrenosum is an uncommon necrotizing vasculitis, in most cases secondary to sepsis by Pseudo-mona aeruginosa in immunocompromised patients. However, there have been several reports of ecthyma gangre-nosum caused by other infectious etiologies. We report an unusual case of ecthyma gangrenosum associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a patient without the classic immunological risk factors described in the literature. Read More

Antiviral Res 2016 Oct 18;134:17-25. Epub 2016 Aug 18.

Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Electronic address:

Camelpox and camel contagious ecthyma are infectious viral diseases of camelids caused by camelpox virus (CMLV) and camel contagious ecthyma virus (CCEV), respectively. Even though, in Ethiopia, pox disease has been creating significant economic losses in camel production, little is known on the responsible pathogens and their genetic diversity. Thus, the present study aimed at isolation, identification and genetic characterization of the causative viruses. Read More

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2016 Jul-Aug;129(7-8):310-7

In this study an outbreak with Sheeppox virus (SPPV) and Orf virus (ORFV) in one sheep herd in the Qalubia province, Egypt, was investigated. Both, SPPV and ORFV caused clinically manifest infections among sheep. The affected sheep showed skin lesions around the mouth or all over the body. Read More

Dermatopathology (Basel) 2016 Apr-Jun;3(2):55-60. Epub 2016 Jun 22.

Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA.

The virus, which causes orf and induces acute pustular skin lesions in sheep and goats, is transmissible to humans yet is rarely observed in North America. We present a case of a 65-year-old female farmer from Connecticut who contracted orf from her sheep. The clinical and histopathologic features, important to arrive at the correct diagnosis of this uncommon yet important infection, are described. Read More

Nefrologia 2016 Sep - Oct;36(5):573-574. Epub 2016 Aug 1.

Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, España. Electronic address:

Ann Dermatol Venereol 2016 Oct 28;143(10):607-610. Epub 2016 Jul 28.

Service de dermatologie vénéréologie, CHU Yalgado-Ouédraogo, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Université Ouaga I, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Background: Ecthyma gangrenosum is an acute ulcer necrotic skin infection frequently caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is characterised by necrotic ulcerations circumscribed by an inflammatory halo. Lesions are normally found in the anal, genital and axillary regions. Read More

J Infect Dis 2016 Oct 24;214(8):1171-4. Epub 2016 Jul 24.

Poxvirus and Rabies Branch.

We describe a burn patient who developed skin lesions on her skin-graft harvest and skin-graft recipient (burn) sites. Orf virus infection was confirmed by a combination of diagnostic assays, including molecular tests, immunohistochemical analysis, pathologic analysis, and electron microscopy. DNA sequence analysis grouped this orf virus isolate among isolates from India. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2016 Jul;95(29):e4212

aDepartment of Dermatology bDepartment of Vascular Surgery cDepartment of Pathology dDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Background: Diffuse dermal angiomatosis (DDA) is a rare, acquired, reactive vascular proliferation, clinically characterized by livedoid erythematous-violaceous plaques, which frequently evolve to ulceration and necrosis. Histopathologically, it is manifested by a diffuse proliferation of endothelial cells within the full thickness of the dermis. DDA has been mainly associated with severe peripheral atherosclerosis. Read More

Virusdisease 2016 Jun 25;27(2):209-10. Epub 2016 Feb 25.

Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Ecthyma contagiosum is caused by the orf virus, a member of the genus Parapoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. Humans acquire the infection from contact with infected or recently vaccinated animals in conjunction with skin trauma. In this study, we report two cases of orf infection in two women who had contact with animals. Read More