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IDCases 2019 24;15:e00494. Epub 2019 Jan 24.

Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.

Introduction: Human parechovirus (HPeV) infections appear common across age groups, and transmission is likely fecal-oral and through respiratory secretions. Cyclical and seasonal patterns have been described; however, HPeV has likely been previously underdiagnosed due to lack of commercially available diagnostic testing.

Presentation Of Case: We present identical triplets contracting HPeV Type 3. Read More

PLoS One 2019 30;14(1):e0208902. Epub 2019 Jan 30.

Department of Biochemistry, All Indian Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India.

Despite polio eradication, nonpolio enterovirus (NPEV) detection amid polio surveillance, which is considered to have implications in paralysis, requires attention. The attributes of NPEV infections in nonpolio-AFP (NPAFP) cases from Uttar Pradesh (UP), India, remain undetermined and are thus investigated. A total of 1839 stool samples collected from patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) from UP, India, between January 2010 and October 2011 were analyzed as per the WHO algorithm. Read More

Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2018 Jan.-Mar;16(61):100-102

Department of Nephrology, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.

We report a 37 year female patient, admitted with complains of fever, jaundice and myalgia of seven days. There was no history of trauma, drug abuse, seizure or vigorous exercise nor history of renal and musculoskeletal disease. Here we have discussed the clinical features, biochemical derangements, diagnosis of coxsackie B virus, multi organ involvement and need of urgent hemodialysis for appropriate management of the case. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2018 Dec 29;18(1):709. Epub 2018 Dec 29.

Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa and the National Health Laboratory Service, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.

Background: Human enteroviruses (HEVs) are common causal agents of aseptic meningitis in young children. Laboratory and syndromic surveillance during December 2015 and January 2016 noted an unusually high number of paediatric aseptic meningitis cases at a hospital in Mossel Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa. HEV was detected in clinical samples, prompting an outbreak investigation. Read More

Maedica (Buchar) 2018 Sep;13(3):213-216

Bahrami Children Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.

Meningitis is the most frequent infection of the central nervous system and viruses aret he most common agents. Enteroviruses are among the most important causative agents. The goal of this study was to determine Coxsackievirus and echovirus infections in children referred to Bahrami Hospital with the diagnosis of meningitis. Read More

Phytochemistry 2019 Feb 6;158:135-141. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea. Electronic address:

Five undescribed cycloartane-type triterpenoids, which were isolated for the first time from the genus, and a flavonoid glycoside together with 11 known compounds were isolated from the burs of Castanea crenata. The structures were elucidated based on the spectroscopic analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and MS data. All isolated compounds were evaluated for antiviral activities against HRV1B-, CVB3-, and PR8-infected cells. Read More

Iran J Microbiol 2018 Aug;10(4):258-265

Biostatistic Department, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.

Background And Objectives: Human enteroviruses (EV) are the most common causes of neonatal sepsis-like disease. The frequencies of EV including coxsackievirus A, coxsackievirus B and Echovirus serotypes have been studied in young infants (younger than three months) with sepsis. So far, the role of enteroviruses among neonates with sepsis was not determined in Ahvaz, Iran. Read More

Nat Microbiol 2019 Feb 26;4(2):280-292. Epub 2018 Nov 26.

Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Enteroviruses comprise a large group of mammalian pathogens that includes poliovirus. Pathology in humans ranges from sub-clinical to acute flaccid paralysis, myocarditis and meningitis. Until now, all of the enteroviral proteins were thought to derive from the proteolytic processing of a polyprotein encoded in a single open reading frame. Read More

Int J Infect Dis 2019 Feb 10;79:58-64. Epub 2018 Nov 10.

Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.

Background: Recently, both sporadic and outbreak aseptic meningitis caused by enteroviruses have been reported in Zhejiang Province based on a surveillance system.

Methods: This study analysed the epidemiologic features, phylogenetic characteristics and prevalence of enterovirus neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) from 2014 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province.

Results: A total of 584 samples were collected. Read More

Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018 Nov;52(11):1168-1172

College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.

To illuminate the gene characteristics and clinical characterization of Coxsackievirus B5 (CV-B5) strains isolated from patients with sevre hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Qingdao city. A total of 1 844 patients of HFMD were consecutively admitted to Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital from 2013 to 2014. Information of the study population described above was collected retrospectively. Read More

Virol J 2018 10 16;15(1):157. Epub 2018 Oct 16.

Department of Microbiology (Virology Section), Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India.

Background: The Enterovirus (EV) surveillance system is inadequate in densely populated cities in India. EV can be shed in feces for several weeks; these viruses are not easily inactivated and may persist in sewage for long periods. Surveillance and epidemiological study of EV-related disease is necessary. Read More

Exp Parasitol 2018 Nov 27;194:67-78. Epub 2018 Sep 27.

School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Malaysia. Electronic address:

Treatment of drug resistant protozoa, bacteria, and viruses requires new drugs with alternative chemotypes. Such compounds could be found from Southeast Asian medicinal plants. The present study examines the cytotoxic, antileishmanial, and antiplasmodial effects of 11 ethnopharmacologically important plant species in Malaysia. Read More

Eur J Pharmacol 2018 Oct 1;837:117-126. Epub 2018 Sep 1.

International Virotherapy Center, Teātra iela 9-9, Riga LV-1050, Latvia.

Oncolytic viruses are a fast-developing cancer treatment field. Numerous viruses have been tested in clinical trials and three are approved. The first, Rigvir, is an immunomodulator with anti-tumour effect for treatment of melanoma, local treatment of skin and subcutaneous metastases of melanoma, for prevention of relapse and metastasis after radical surgery registered in Latvia, Georgia, Armenia and Uzbekistan. Read More

Science 2018 08;361(6404):800-803

Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.

Human enteroviruses are a major cause of neurological and other diseases. More than 100 serotypes are known that exhibit unexplained complex patterns of incidence, from regular cycles to more irregular patterns, and new emergences. Using 15 years of surveillance data from Japan (2000-2014) and a stochastic transmission model with accurate demography, we show that acquired serotype-specific immunity can explain the diverse patterns of 18 of the 20 most common serotypes (including Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, and Enterovirus-A71). Read More

J Nippon Med Sch 2018 ;85(3):187-190

Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital.

Background: Infantile aseptic meningitis is a rare infection of the central nervous system. Coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) is an enterovirus that is sometimes associated with aseptic meningitis and encephalitis.

Case Presentation: We report on three isolated infants with aseptic meningitis caused by CVB5 in the spring and summer of 2016 with nearly identical 404-bp CVB5 Viral Capsid Protein 1 (VP1) sequences. Read More

Phytomedicine 2018 Jul 7;46:32-38. Epub 2018 Jul 7.

Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Institute, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; First Clinical Medical of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China. Electronic address:

Background: Viral myocarditis is defined as viral infection of myocardial tissue leading to impaired heart function and heart failure. Accumulating evidences have shown that arrhythmia is one of important complicating diseases of viral myocarditis causing increased mortality and morbidity. There are no effective treatment for the viral infection and complicating arrhythmia. Read More

Health Secur 2018 Jul/Aug;16(4):244-251. Epub 2018 Aug 10.

Lindsay R. Gabbert, MPS, is a Life Scientist at Leidos, and Justin D. Smith, MS, was an ORISE Fellow and a Life Scientist at Leidos; John G. Neilan, PhD, is the Director; and Max V. Rasmussen, PhD, is a Microbiologist; all at the US Department of Homeland Security Science Group, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY. Geoffrey S. Ferman, MS, is Biological Safety Officer, US Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY.

Validated procedures for decontamination of laboratory surfaces and equipment are essential to biosafety and biorisk programs at high-containment laboratories. Each high-containment laboratory contains a unique combination of surfaces, procedures, and biological agents that require decontamination methods tailored to specific facility practices. The Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) is a high-containment laboratory operating multiple biosafety level (BSL)-3, ABSL-3, and BSL-3 Ag spaces. Read More

PLoS Pathog 2018 08 3;14(8):e1007235. Epub 2018 Aug 3.

Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.

During Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection hepatitis is a potentially life threatening complication, particularly in newborns. Studies with type I interferon (IFN-I) receptor (IFNAR)-deficient mice revealed a key role of the IFN-I axis in the protection against CVB3 infection, whereas the source of IFN-I and cell types that have to be IFNAR triggered in order to promote survival are still unknown. We found that CVB3 infected IFN-β reporter mice showed effective reporter induction, especially in hepatocytes and only to a minor extent in liver-resident macrophages. Read More

Virology 2018 09 26;522:271-280. Epub 2018 Jul 26.

Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, F-59037 Lille, France. Electronic address:

Viral RNA (vRNA) is found in mice inoculated with coxsackievirus-B4E2 (CV-B4E2). The CV-B4E2 infection of murine spleen cells in vitro is enhanced with CV-B4E2-infected mouse serum. It has been investigated whether monocyte/macrophages were targets of CV-B4E2 in mice. Read More

J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018 Oct 21;160:1-11. Epub 2018 Jul 21.

Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China. Electronic address:

Acute viral myocarditis (AVMC) is typically caused by cardiotropic viral infection. There is a paucity of specific treatment options available with proven efficacy. Chinese patented pharmaceutical product Shenfu injection (SFI) has potent efficacy on treating AVMC in clinical practice. Read More

Water Res 2018 11 11;144:204-214. Epub 2018 Jul 11.

Dept. Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 6-020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada; School of Public Health, Room 3-57D, South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada. Electronic address:

Free-living amoebae (FLA) are phagocytic protozoa found in natural and engineered water systems. They can form disinfectant-resistant cysts, which can harbor various human pathogenic bacteria, therefore providing them with a means of environmental persistence and dispersion through water distribution and other engineered water systems. The association of FLA with human viruses has been raised, but the limited data on the persistence of infectious virions within amoebae leaves this aspect unresolved. Read More

Virol J 2018 07 18;15(1):110. Epub 2018 Jul 18.

Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Background: Echoviruses, a serotype of enteroviruses, infect millions of people globally and there is no specific drug treatment or vaccine available for its management. The screening of medicinal plants used locally for the treatment of infectious diseases, can provide a reliable option in the discovery of potent therapeutic compounds. This study was carried out to investigate the antiviral activities of 27 medicinal plant extracts, belonging to 26 different plant species, selected from Nigerian ethnobotany, against echovirus 7, 13 and 19 serotypes (E7, E13 and E19, respectively). Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2018 08;24(8):1435-1443

We investigated the cause of seasonal outbreaks of pediatric acute encephalitis-like syndrome associated with litchi harvests (May-July) in northern Vietnam since 2008. Nineteen cerebrospinal fluid samples were positive for human enterovirus B, and 8 blood samples were positive for hypoglycemic toxins present in litchi fruits. Patients who were positive for hypoglycemic toxins had shorter median times between disease onset and admission, more reports of seizures, more reports of hypoglycemia (glucose level <3 mmol/L), lower median numbers of leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid, and higher median serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase than did patients who were positive for enteroviruses. Read More

Virol Sin 2018 Aug 29;33(4):314-322. Epub 2018 Jun 29.

Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.

Stress granules (SGs) are intracellular granules formed when cellular translation is blocked and have been reported to be involved in a variety of viral infections. Our previous studies revealed that SGs are involved in the coxsackievirus B (CVB) infection process, but the role of SGs in CVB infection has not been fully explored. In this study, we found that CVB type 3 (CVB3) could induce SG formation in the early phase of infection. Read More

Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2018 Jun;46(6):450-457

Fourth Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China.

To explore the effect of microRNA-21 (miR-21) on myocardial fibrosis in mice with chronic viral myocarditis (CVMC) and related mechanisms. Forty 4-week-old Balb/c male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (10 each): phosphate buffer saline (PBS) group, CVMC group, CVMC+miR-21 inhibitor group, CVMC+isotype control group. The first injection of Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) or PBS was performed on day 0, and the total study time was 42 days. Read More

Mol Med Rep 2018 Jul 17;18(1):1088-1094. Epub 2018 May 17.

Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China.

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection has been shown to stimulate autophagy. We have demonstrated that the inhibition of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) signaling pathway could affect the autophagic reaction induced by CVB3 infection in our previous study. However, the processes associating autophagy and CVB3 replication remain to be determined. Read More

Acta Diabetol 2018 Aug 17;55(8):827-834. Epub 2018 May 17.

Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, 59000, Lille, France.

Aims: Enteroviruses, especially coxsackieviruses B (CV-B), have been associated with the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). An anti-CV-B4 neutralizing activity in saliva of T1D patients was previously reported. Our aim was to study the association between the saliva anti-CV-B4 neutralizing activity and immune parameters in T1D patients in comparison with non-diabetic individuals. Read More

Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018 Aug 3;1864(8):2579-2589. Epub 2018 May 3.

Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Physiology, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Acute viral myocarditis (VM), characterised by leukocyte infiltration and dysfunction of the heart, is an important cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults. Unfortunately, to date, the pathological mechanisms underlying cardiac failure in VM remain incompletely understood. In the current study, we investigated if acute VM leads to cardiac metabolic rewiring and if this process is driven by local inflammation. Read More

PLoS One 2018 17;13(4):e0193992. Epub 2018 Apr 17.

School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia.

We aimed to examine the association between parental occupational social contact and hygiene factors on type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk and possible mediation of these effects through child enteroviral infection. We interviewed 333 incident T1D cases and 660 controls from 2008-2011 in Melbourne, Australia. Enteroviral indices (ribonucleic acid by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Coxsackie B virus antibody levels) in peripheral blood were measured in nested case control samples. Read More

Acta Derm Venereol 2018 07;98(7):718

Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Fréjus-Saint-Raphaël, 240 avenue Saint Lambert, FR-83600 Fréjus, France.

Nat Rev Microbiol 2018 Jun;16(6):368-381

Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.

The genus Enterovirus (EV) of the family Picornaviridae includes poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, numbered enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. These diverse viruses cause a variety of diseases, including non-specific febrile illness, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, neonatal sepsis-like disease, encephalitis, paralysis and respiratory diseases. In recent years, several non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) have emerged as serious public health concerns. Read More

Planta Med 2018 Jul 19;84(9-10):684-695. Epub 2018 Mar 19.

Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

In this work, an integrated approach for the identification of new antiviral agents from natural sources for the treatment of acute respiratory infections is presented. The approach comprises (i) the selection of starting material based on traditional knowledge, (ii) phenotypic screening of extracts for antiviral activity, and (iii) the implementation of predictions to identify antiviral compounds and derive the molecular mechanism underlying their biological activity. A variety of starting materials from plants and fungi was selected for the production of 162 extracts. Read More

PLoS Pathog 2018 03 19;14(3):e1006943. Epub 2018 Mar 19.

Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Service Laboratories Israel Ministry of Health at Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.

Deep sequencing was used to determine complete nucleotide sequences of echovirus 11 (EV11) strains isolated from a chronically infected patient with CVID as well as from cases of acute enterovirus infection. Phylogenetic analysis showed that EV11 strains that circulated in Israel in 1980-90s could be divided into four clades. EV11 strains isolated from a chronically infected individual belonged to one of the four clades and over a period of 4 years accumulated mutations at a relatively constant rate. Read More

Arch Pediatr 2018 04 12;25(3):244. Epub 2018 Mar 12.

Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address:

Exp Cell Res 2018 05 7;366(1):41-48. Epub 2018 Mar 7.

PICU, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China. Electronic address:

Macrophage polarization plays a crucial role in regulating myocardial inflammation and injuries of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced viral myocarditis (VM). It has been reported that miR-223 is a potent regulator of inflammatory responses that involved in macrophage polarization. However, the functional roles of miR-223 in CVB3-induced VM still remain unknown. Read More

Zool Res 2018 Jan;39(1):52-57

Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian Shandong 271000, China.

Globally, coxsackievirus B4 (CV-B4) has been continuously isolated and evidence suggests an association with the development of pancreatitis and type I diabetes. In addition, CV-B4 is also associated with myocarditis and severe central nervous system (CNS) complications, which remain poorly studied and understood. In the present study, we established an Institute for Cancer Research (ICR) mouse model of CV-B4 infection and examined whether CV-B4 infection resulted in a predisposition to myocarditis and CNS infection. Read More

J Chin Med Assoc 2018 04 21;81(4):340-347. Epub 2018 Feb 21.

Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.

Background: Echovirus 6 (E6), is one of the main enteroviral serotypes, was initially isolated from patients with aseptic meningitis (AM) and is a major cause of hospitalization among children and adults worldwide.

Methods: A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample was collected from patient with clinically suspected aseptic meningitis (AM) in August 2011. Following detection of a virus and subsequent virus serotyping, the whole genome sequence was determined. Read More

Can J Cardiol 2018 04 6;34(4):492-501. Epub 2018 Jan 6.

Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China. Electronic address:

Background: Viral myocarditis is a widespread cardiac disease associated with inflammation and myocardial injury and is predominantly caused by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection in humans as well as in mice. CVB3-induced myocarditis shows sexually dimorphic sensitivity and is more prevalent in male mice. Our previous studies showed that natural killer (NK) cells played an indispensable role in CVB3-induced myocarditis, and female mice exhibited less pathological cardiac interferon gamma (IFN-γ) NK cell infiltration than did male mice. Read More

J Virol 2018 04 28;92(8). Epub 2018 Mar 28.

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Enteroviruses encode proteinases that are essential for processing of the translated viral polyprotein. In addition, viral proteinases also target host proteins to manipulate cellular processes and evade innate antiviral responses to promote replication and infection. Although some host protein substrates of enterovirus proteinases have been identified, the full repertoire of targets remains unknown. Read More

Indian J Med Res 2017 10;146(4):520-527

Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.

Background & Objectives: Coxsackievirus B (CVB), a member of human Enterovirus group, is the most common cause of viral myocarditis. Coxsackievirus adenovirus receptor (CAR) is identified as a key determinant for the entry of CVB in the target cells. Thus, blockade of receptor by RNA interference (RNAi) may inhibit the entry and pathogenesis of CVB in cardiac cells. Read More

J Virol Methods 2018 05 6;255:29-37. Epub 2018 Feb 6.

The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland. Electronic address:

Enteroviruses (EVs), such as the Coxsackie B-viruses (CVBs), are common human pathogens, which can cause severe diseases including meningitis, myocarditis and neonatal sepsis. EVs encode two proteases (2A and 3C), which perform the proteolytic cleavage of the CVB polyprotein and also cleave host cell proteins to facilitate viral replication. The 2A cause direct damage to the infected heart and tools to investigate 2A and 3C expression may contribute new knowledge on virus-induced pathologies. Read More

Int J Infect Dis 2018 Mar 2;68:94-101. Epub 2018 Feb 2.

Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Electronic address:

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and laboratory features of adults with nervous system infections caused by enteroviruses, with special emphasis on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Methods: The data of 46 patients who were PCR-positive for enteroviruses in the CSF between 2002 and 2017 were evaluated.

Results: Meningitis was the most common clinical manifestation (89%), followed by encephalitis (7%) and isolated cranial nerve involvement (4%). Read More

Inflammation 2018 Jun;41(3):803-810

Department of Urology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong Province, 277500, China.

Inflammation and oxidative stress are implicated in the pathogenesis of acute viral myocarditis (AVM). Ulinastantin (UTI), an inhibitor of serine protease widely used in treatment of pancreatitis and various inflammatory disorders, displays cardioprotective properties in experimental animals. Although the specific mechanism through which UTI regulates cardiac function is not well explored, evidence suggests that UTI might activate nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling. Read More

PLoS Pathog 2018 01 23;14(1):e1006872. Epub 2018 Jan 23.

Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Cathepsin B (CatB) is a cysteine proteolytic enzyme widely expressed in various cells and mainly located in the lysosomes. It contributes to the pathogenesis and development of many diseases. However, the role of CatB in viral myocarditis (VMC) has never been elucidated. Read More

Eur J Med Chem 2018 Feb 27;145:559-569. Epub 2017 Dec 27.

Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.

Enteroviruses are among the most common and important human pathogens for which there are no specific antiviral agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration so far. Particularly, coxsackievirus infections have a worldwide distribution and can cause many important diseases. We here report the synthesis of new 14 quinoxaline derivatives and the evaluation of their cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against representatives of ssRNA, dsRNA and dsDNA viruses. Read More

Emerg Microbes Infect 2018 Jan 10;7(1). Epub 2018 Jan 10.

State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.

Human enteroviruses (EVs) are the most common causative agents infecting human, causing many harmful diseases, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), herpangina (HA), myocarditis, encephalitis, and aseptic meningitis. EV-related diseases pose a serious worldwide threat to public health. To gain comprehensive insight into the seroepidemiology of major prevalent EVs in humans, we firstly performed a serological survey for neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), Coxsackie virus A16 (CV-A16), Coxsackie virus A6 (CV-A6), Coxsackie virus A10 (CV-A10), Coxsackie virus B3 (CV-B3), Coxsackie virus B5 (CV-B5), Echovirus 25 (ECHO25), and Echovirus 30 (ECHO30) among the healthy population in Xiamen City in 2016, using micro-neutralization assay. Read More

Sci Rep 2018 01 8;8(1):33. Epub 2018 Jan 8.

Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.

Enteroviruses (EVs) are common RNA viruses that cause diseases ranging from rash to paralytic poliomyelitis. For example, EV-A and EV-C viruses cause hand-foot and mouth disease and EV-B viruses cause encephalitis and myocarditis, which can result in severe morbidity and mortality. While new vaccines and treatments for EVs are under development, methods for studying and diagnosing EV infections are still limited and therefore new diagnostic tools are required. Read More

Food Environ Virol 2018 06 16;10(2):187-192. Epub 2017 Dec 16.

Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini No 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.

Human enteroviruses (HEVs) occur in high concentrations in wastewater and can contaminate receiving environmental waters, constituting a major cause of acute waterborne disease worldwide. In this study, we investigated the relative abundance, occurrence, and seasonal distribution of polio and other enteroviruses at three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Naples, Southern Italy, from January 2010 to December 2014. Influent and effluent samples from the three WWTPs were collected monthly. Read More

PLoS Pathog 2017 Dec 8;13(12):e1006744. Epub 2017 Dec 8.

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5)/Tonicity enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) is a transcription factor induced by hypertonic stress in the kidney. However, the function of NFAT5 in other organs has rarely been studied, even though it is ubiquitously expressed. Indeed, although NFAT5 was reported to be critical for heart development and function, its role in infectious heart diseases has remained obscure. Read More

Transbound Emerg Dis 2018 Apr 30;65(2):e272-e283. Epub 2017 Nov 30.

Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.

Microarray technology can be useful for pathogen detection as it allows simultaneous interrogation of the presence or absence of a large number of genetic signatures. However, most microarray assays are labour-intensive and time-consuming to perform. This study describes the development and initial evaluation of a multiplex reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and novel accompanying automated electronic microarray assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of seven important viruses that affect swine (foot-and-mouth disease virus [FMDV], swine vesicular disease virus [SVDV], vesicular exanthema of swine virus [VESV], African swine fever virus [ASFV], classical swine fever virus [CSFV], porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus [PRRSV] and porcine circovirus type 2 [PCV2]). Read More