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SAGE Open Med 2019 2;7:2050312119834470. Epub 2019 Mar 2.

Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.

Purpose: To collect information about the needs of families affected by childhood-onset dystrophinopathies residing in the United States.

Methods: Individuals with an eligible dystrophinopathy were identified by the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research network. Between September 2008 and December 2012, 272 caregivers completed a 48-item survey about needs related to information, healthcare services, psychosocial issues, finances, caregiver demographics, and the individual's functioning. Read More

Front Genet 2019 18;10:114. Epub 2019 Feb 18.

Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.

Dystrophinopathies are a group of neuromuscular disorders resulting from mutations in , including Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), intermediate muscular dystrophy (IMD), and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). Herein, we present the characteristics of small mutations in Chinese patients with dystrophinopathies, and explore genotype-phenotype correlations. In our cohort, 115 patients with small mutations (18. Read More

Clin Chim Acta 2019 Apr 17;491:66-73. Epub 2019 Jan 17.

National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Electronic address:

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are X-linked recessive, inherited neuromuscular disorders, caused by pathogenic variants in the dystrophin gene that encodes the dystrophin protein. A number of mutations have been identified in the past years, producing dystrophin diversity and resulting in mild to severe phenotypes in patients. Mutations in the dystrophin gene can be characterized by laboratory testing to confirm a clinical diagnosis of DMD/BMD. Read More

Am J Cardiol 2019 Mar 19;123(6):972-978. Epub 2018 Dec 19.

Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.

Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) is a common finding in patients with Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) muscular dystrophies. Novel echocardiographic techniques have been used for the detection of LVSD in several heart diseases. We aim to compare cardiac anatomic and functional data studied by three-dimensional (3DE) and two-dimensional (2DE) echocardiography and to analyze the myocardial strain for the detection of early LVSD in DMD and BMD patients. Read More

J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2019 Feb 4;25(2):146-155. Epub 2018 Dec 4.

4The Graduate Center,City University of New York,Queens College, Queens, New York.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate executive skills in children with dystrophinopathy and to examine the association between executive functions and dystrophin gene mutation position.

Methods: Fifty boys with dystrophinopathy (mean age, 11 years 0 months; ages range, 5 to 17 years) completed measures of intellectual functioning (IF), working memory and executive functioning [including Digit Span (working memory) and measures from the NIH Toolbox (selective attention/inhibitory control, set shifting, working memory, and processing speed)]. Parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Read More

Front Neurol 2018 15;9:970. Epub 2018 Nov 15.

Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.

Immune-mediated pathology has been thought to be an important factor contributing to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Allele frequencies of certain HLA types are known to differ between patients with dystrophinopathies and healthy controls with low-resolution HLA gene typing data in limit reports. Using Polymerase chain reactionsequence based typing (PCR-SBT) to genotype 64 children with DMD in , -B,-C, -DRB1, and locus and 503 healthy controls in , - locus, this study aimed to investigate associations of specific alleles with, and their possible roles in the development and clinical phenotypic severity of DMD. Read More

J Am Coll Cardiol 2018 Nov;72(20):2485-2506

Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, IRCCS Foundation, University Hospital Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.

Hereditary muscular diseases commonly involve the heart. Cardiac manifestations encompass a spectrum of phenotypes, including both cardiomyopathies and rhythm disorders. Common biomarkers suggesting cardiomuscular diseases include increased circulating creatine kinase and/or lactic acid levels or disease-specific metabolic indicators. Read More

J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2018 Oct;24(9):928-938

1The Graduate Center,City University of New York,Queens College,Queens,New York.

Objectives: To examine academic performance in dystrophinopathy as a function of dystrophin gene mutation position as well as intellectual function, executive skills, socioeconomic status (SES), behavior, and physical ability.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study, boys with dystrophinopathy (ages 5-17; n=50) completed tests of academics (Woodcock-Johnson-III: spelling, reading, calculation and total scores), executive functioning (selective attention/inhibitory control, set shifting, working memory, and processing speed), single word comprehension and nonverbal reasoning. Motor skills were assessed and parents provided demographic information and child behavioral assessments. Read More

Int J Mol Sci 2018 Oct 23;19(11). Epub 2018 Oct 23.

Department of Neurophysiology and-Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.

Mutations in the gene encoding for the intracellular protein dystrophin cause severe forms of muscular dystrophy. These so-called dystrophinopathies are characterized by skeletal muscle weakness and degeneration. Dystrophin deficiency also gives rise to considerable complications in the heart, including cardiomyopathy development and arrhythmias. Read More

Neuromuscul Disord 2018 Nov 11;28(11):914-926. Epub 2018 Sep 11.

Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Research Unit, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; PDE Research Group, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Neurovascular Research (LUCENS), Denmark. Electronic address:

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is involved in nitric oxide (NO) production and suggested to play a crucial role in blood flow regulation of skeletal muscle. During activation of the muscle, NO helps attenuate the sympathetic vasoconstriction to accommodate increased metabolic demands, a phenomenon known as functional sympatholysis. In inherited myopathies such as the dystrophinopathies Duchenne and Becker muscle dystrophies (DMD and BMD), nNOS is lost from the sarcolemma. Read More

J Child Neurol 2019 Jan 22;34(1):44-53. Epub 2018 Oct 22.

8 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, DHDD, Rare Disorders and Health Outcomes team, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Population studies of rare disorders, such as Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (dystrophinopathies), are challenging due to diagnostic delay and heterogeneity in disorder milestones. To address these challenges, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STAR net) in 2002 in the United States. From 2002 to 2012, MD STAR net longitudinally tracked the prevalence, clinical, and health care outcomes of 1054 individuals born from 1982 to 2011 with pediatric-onset dystrophinopathy through medical record abstraction and survey data collection. Read More

Neuromuscul Disord 2018 Dec 6;28(12):986-995. Epub 2018 Sep 6.

Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Genética, Laboratorio de Distrofinopatías, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Distrofinopatías Junín 956, C.A.B.A., C.P. 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Dystrophinopathies are neuromuscular X-linked recessive diseases caused by mutations in the DMD gene. This study aimed to identify DMD gene small mutations by Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), in order to confirm clinical diagnosis, identify candidates for Ataluren treatment and perform carrier status testing. Furthermore, was our goal to characterize the DMD sequence variants and identify ancestral haplotypes. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018 Oct 16;10:CD009068. Epub 2018 Oct 16.

Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Freeman Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK, NE7 DN.

Background: The dystrophinopathies include Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), and X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy (XLDCM). In recent years, co-ordinated multidisciplinary management for these diseases has improved the quality of care, with early corticosteroid use prolonging independent ambulation, and the routine use of non-invasive ventilation signficantly increasing survival. The next target to improve outcomes is optimising treatments to delay the onset or slow the progression of cardiac involvement and so prolong survival further. Read More

J Neuromuscul Dis 2018 ;5(4):481-495

New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.

Dystrophinopathies are caused by mutations in DMD resulting in progressive muscle weakness. They are historically divided into the more severe Duchenne (DMD) and milder Becker (BMD) muscular dystrophy phenotypes. Classification is important for research and clinical care. Read More

Neuromuscul Disord 2018 Oct 26;28(10):803-824. Epub 2018 Jul 26.

The Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Electronic address:

Dystrophinopathies are diseases caused by mutations in the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy gene (DMD) encoding the dystrophin protein. Depending on the type of mutation, patients develop either the severe DMD or the milder Becker Muscular Dystrophy. Although substantial effort was made, the pathophysiology and variation in disease severity are still poorly understood. Read More

Neuromuscul Disord 2018 Oct 10;28(10):865-867. Epub 2018 Aug 10.

Paediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Pierre-Decker 5, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.

Rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria is a recognized complication of dystrophinopathies. It can be triggered by infections, exercise or volatile anesthetics. To our knowledge, it has never been reported in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) after the administration of bisphosphonates. Read More

J Physiol 2018 Nov 3;596(21):5175-5197. Epub 2018 Oct 3.

Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.

Key Points: Impaired ventilatory capacity and diaphragm muscle weakness are prominent features of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, with strong evidence of attendant systemic and muscle inflammation. We performed a 2-week intervention in young wild-type and mdx mice, consisting of either injection of saline or co-administration of a neutralizing interleukin-6 receptor antibody (xIL-6R) and urocortin-2 (Ucn2), a corticotrophin releasing factor receptor 2 agonist. We examined breathing and diaphragm muscle form and function. Read More

Brain Behav 2018 06 24;8(6):e00985. Epub 2018 Apr 24.

Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark.

Introduction: Patients with dystrophinopathies show low levels of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), due to reduced or absent dystrophin expression, as nNOS is attached to the dystrophin-associated protein complex. Deficient nNOS function leads to functional ischemia during muscle activity. Dystrophin-like proteins with nNOS attached have also been identified in the brain. Read More

Neurol Int 2018 May 4;10(2):7473. Epub 2018 Jul 4.

Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Neuromuscular diseases are multifactorial pathologies characterized by extensive muscle fiber damage that leads to the activation of satellite cells and to the exhaustion of their pool, with consequent impairment of neurobiological aspects, such as cognition and motor control. To review the knowledge and obtain a broad view of the cognitive impairment on Neuromuscular Diseases. Cognitive impairment in neuromuscular disease was explored; a literature search up to October 2017 was conducted, including experimental studies, case reports and reviews written in English. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Jul;97(27):e11381

Service de Réanimation Médicale et Unité de Ventilation à Domicile, CHU Raymond Poincaré, APHP, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines.

Heart impairment is classical in dystrophinopathies and its management relies on medical drugs. Mechanical ventilation is used to treat respiratory failure, but can affect cardiac function. We aimed to investigate the natural history of cardiac function in patients with Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) muscular dystrophies on home mechanical ventilation (HMV). Read More

Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018 07 4;13(1):109. Epub 2018 Jul 4.

Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.

Background: Dystrophinopathies are a set of severe and incurable X-linked neuromuscular disorders caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene (DMD). These mutations form a complex spectrum. A national registration network is essential not only to provide more information about the prevalence and natural history of the disease, but also to collect genetic data for analyzing the mutational spectrum. Read More

Am J Case Rep 2018 Jun 12;19:678-684. Epub 2018 Jun 12.

Department of General Medicine, Joondalup Health Campus, Joondalup, WA, Australia.

BACKGROUND Rhabdomyolysis and primary dilated cardiomyopathies without skeletal muscle weakness are rare features of X-linked dystrophinopathies. We report a rare case of an X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy (XLDCM) presenting with acute rhabdomyolysis and myocarditis. We illustrate the confounding diagnostic influence of a reactivated, persistent EBV myocarditis as the presumed cause for this patient's XLDCM. Read More

Skelet Muscle 2018 05 29;8(1):16. Epub 2018 May 29.

Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4458, USA.

Background: Boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have DMD gene mutations, with associated loss of the dystrophin protein and progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. Corticosteroids and palliative support are currently the best treatment options. The long-term benefits of recently approved compounds such as eteplirsen and ataluren remain to be seen. Read More

Minerva Pediatr 2018 Jun;70(3):233-239

Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy -

Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent and severe form of the dystrophinopathies. The literature shows that about 30-40% of DMD subjects have intellectual disability. In males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, neuropsychiatric disorders have also been observed: attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity, autism spectrum disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Read More

Skelet Muscle 2018 04 27;8(1):15. Epub 2018 Apr 27.

Sorbonne Université-UMRS974-Inserm-Institut de Myologie, 105 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.

Background: Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) muscular dystrophies are caused by mutations in the DMD gene coding for dystrophin, a protein being part of a large sarcolemmal protein scaffold that includes the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The nNOS was shown to play critical roles in a variety of muscle functions and alterations of its expression and location in dystrophic muscle fiber leads to an increase of the muscle fatigability. We previously revealed a decrease of nNOS expression in BMD patients all presenting a deletion of exons 45 to 55 in the DMD gene (BMDd45-55), impacting the nNOS binding site of dystrophin. Read More

PLoS Curr 2018 Mar 15;10. Epub 2018 Mar 15.

Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.

The dystrophinopathies (Duchenne [DMD] and Becker muscular dystrophy) are progressive diseases that until recently had no specific treatments. New FDA pathways to drug approval in rare diseases have resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of treatment trials for DMD and recently, two approved drugs. Health insurance policies for DMD products have been constructed with limited input from neuromuscular specialists directly involved in patient care and without patient input. Read More

Pediatrics 2018 Apr;141(Suppl 5):S510-S514

Department of Paediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Service, Evelina's Children Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom;

X-linked recessive mutations in the dystrophin gene are one of the most common causes of inherited neuromuscular disorders in humans. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the most common phenotype, and Becker muscular dystrophy are often recognizable by certain clinical features; however, less frequent presentations require a higher degree of suspicion. In this article, we describe a series of 6 children (4 boys, 2 girls) referred to a tertiary pediatric neuromuscular clinic for isolated elevated creatine kinase levels (range: 720-7000 IU/L) identified on initial assessment for otherwise unexplained transaminase elevations ( = 2), a social communication disorder ( = 3), and exertional myalgia and/or rhabdomyolysis ( = 1). Read More

Neurol Sci 2018 Jul 28;39(7):1279-1282. Epub 2018 Mar 28.

Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.

Recent studies have reported a higher prevalence of autism spectrum disorders among patients with dystrophinopathies. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among those with dystrophinopathies. The possible role of dystrophin isoforms in patients was also explored. Read More

Paediatr Child Health 2018 Feb 8;23(1):20-26. Epub 2017 Dec 8.

Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.

Introduction: Patient registries serve an important role in rare disease research, particularly for the recruitment and planning of clinical trials. The Canadian Neuromuscular Disease Registry was established with the primary objective of improving the future for neuromuscular (NM) patients through the enablement and support of research into potential treatments.

Methods: In this report, we discuss design and utilization of the Canadian Neuromuscular Disease Registry with special reference to the paediatric cohort currently enrolled in the registry. Read More

Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018 06 7;314(6):C662-C674. Epub 2018 Feb 7.

School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sidney, New South Wales , Australia.

A striking pathological feature of dystrophinopathies is the presence of morphologically abnormal branched skeletal muscle fibers. The deterioration of muscle contractile function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy is accompanied by both an increase in number and complexity of these branched fibers. We propose that when number and complexity of branched fibers reaches a critical threshold, or "tipping point," the branches in and of themselves are the site of contraction-induced rupture. Read More

J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2017 Sep 8;4(3). Epub 2017 Sep 8.

Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, 1600 Rockland Rd, DE 19803, USA.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), and X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy (XL-DCM) consist of a unique clinical entity, the dystrophinopathies, which are due to variable mutations in the dystrophin gene. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common complication of dystrophinopathies, but the onset, progression, and severity of heart disease differ among these subgroups. Extensive molecular genetic studies have been conducted to assess genotype-phenotype correlation in DMD, BMD, and XL-DCM to understand the underlying mechanisms of these diseases, but the results are not always conclusive, suggesting the involvement of complex multi-layers of pathological processes that generate the final clinical phenotype. Read More

Front Physiol 2017 1;8:980. Epub 2017 Dec 1.

Departments Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.

Diseases affecting skeletal muscle exhibit considerable heterogeneity in intensity, etiology, phenotypic manifestation and gene expression. Systems biology approaches using network theory, allows for a holistic understanding of functional similarities amongst diseases. Here we propose a co-expression based, network theoretic approach to extract functional similarities from 20 heterogeneous diseases comprising of dystrophinopathies, inflammatory myopathies, neuromuscular, and muscle metabolic diseases. Read More

Sci Rep 2017 Nov 22;7(1):16060. Epub 2017 Nov 22.

Department of Neurosciences (DNS), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.

Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is a neuromuscular disorder allelic to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), caused by in-frame mutations in the dystrophin gene, and characterized by a clinical progression that is both milder and more heterogeneous than DMD. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as biomarker of disease progression in dystrophinopathies. Correlation with clinically meaningful outcome measures such as North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) and 6 minute walk test (6MWT) is paramount for biomarker qualification. Read More

ESC Heart Fail 2017 11 18;4(4):527-534. Epub 2017 May 18.

Service de Réanimation médicale et unité de ventilation à domicile, centre de référence neuromusculaire GNMH, CHU Raymond Poincaré, APHP, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Garches, France.

Aims: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by respiratory and heart involvements. In the context of permanently wheelchair bound and on mechanical ventilation (MV) patients, the clinical presentation of acute heart failure (AHF) syndrome may be atypical. We sought to describe clinical and genetic profiles and to determine prognosis of DMD and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) patients on home MV (HMV), hospitalized for AHF. Read More

Child Care Health Dev 2018 03 8;44(2):269-277. Epub 2017 Nov 8.

Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, East York, ON, Canada.

Background: Most research into clinical care of Duchenne or Becker dystrophinopathies (MD) has focused on slowing progressive muscular weakness and extending lifespan. Scarce attention has been paid to the "human" aspects of care such as psychosocial health, living a fulfilling life, or dealing with disability stigma. This study partnered with clinicians to identify and address local and systemic barriers to these human aspects of care. Read More

Methods Mol Biol 2018 ;1687:91-105

Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Callan Building, North Campus, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a highly progressive neuromuscular disorder caused by primary abnormalities in the Dmd gene encoding the membrane cytoskeletal protein dystrophin. Dystrophinopathies are multi-systems disorders that are characterized by severe skeletal muscle wasting, with loss of independent ambulation in the early teenage years, followed by cardio-respiratory complications and premature death. Nonprogressive cognitive impairments are estimated to affect approximately one-third of dystrophic children. Read More

Methods Mol Biol 2018 ;1687:31-42

Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 50 Esperou Street, 175-61 P.Faliro, Athens, Greece.

Dystrophinopathies include Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy (XLCM), and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). DMD/BMD are X-linked recessive disorders, related to the synthesis of dystrophin. Most of DMD after the third decade of their age develop cardiomyopathy that remains silent, due to relative physical inactivity. Read More

Genes (Basel) 2017 Oct 3;8(10). Epub 2017 Oct 3.

Unidade de Genética Molecular, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, 4050-106 Porto, Portugal.

A broad mutational spectrum in the dystrophin () gene, from large deletions/duplications to point mutations, causes Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (D/BMD). Comprehensive genotyping is particularly relevant considering the mutation-centered therapies for dystrophinopathies. We report the genetic characterization of a patient with disease onset at age 13 years, elevated creatine kinase levels and reduced dystrophin labeling, where multiplex-ligation probe amplification (MLPA) and genomic sequencing failed to detect pathogenic variants. Read More

J Physiol 2017 11 9;595(21):6653-6672. Epub 2017 Oct 9.

Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.

Key Points: Respiratory failure is a leading cause of mortality in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), but little is known about the control of breathing in DMD and animal models. We show that young (8 weeks of age) mdx mice hypoventilate during basal breathing due to reduced tidal volume. Basal CO production is equivalent in wild-type and mdx mice. Read More

Nutrition 2017 Nov - Dec;43-44:39-46. Epub 2017 Jul 13.

Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address:

Objective: Oxidative stress, in addition to the absence of the dystrophin protein, has been considered an important regulator of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Vitamin E presents an important role as a potent antioxidant and in preserving the integrity of the cell membrane. In this study, we evaluated the effects of vitamin E therapy on some physiological pathways that can contribute to muscle injury in the diaphragm muscle of mdx mice (the experimental model of DMD) such as CK levels, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and the enzymatic antioxidant system. Read More

Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017 11 15;24(16):1725-1726. Epub 2017 Sep 15.

2 Bai Jerbai Wadia Children Hospital and Research Society, Mumbai, India Both authors contributed equally.

Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017 11 15;24(16):1727-1728. Epub 2017 Sep 15.

2 Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018 01 9;89(1):72-77. Epub 2017 Sep 9.

Center of Translational Myology and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.

Objectives: To characterise the pattern and spectrum of involvement on muscle MRI in a large cohort of patients with sarcoglycanopathies, which are limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD2C-2F) caused by mutations in one of the four genes coding for muscle sarcoglycans.

Methods: Lower limb MRI scans of patients with LGMD2C-2F, ranging from severe childhood variants to milder adult-onset forms, were collected in 17 neuromuscular referral centres in Europe and USA. Muscle involvement was evaluated semiquantitatively on T1-weighted images according to a visual score, and the global pattern was assessed as well. Read More

Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech 2017 Nov 1;1860(11):1138-1147. Epub 2017 Sep 1.

Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; CIRI Health Sciences & Technologies (HST), Bologna, Italy. Electronic address:

The dystrophin gene (DMD) is the largest gene in the human genome, mapping on the Xp21 chromosome locus. It spans 2.2Mb and accounts for approximately 0,1% of the entire human genome. Read More

Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017 08 31;12(1):149. Epub 2017 Aug 31.

Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.

Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common disease in children caused by mutations in the DMD gene, and DMD and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are collectively called dystrophinopathies. Dystrophinopathies show a complex mutation spectrum. The importance of mutation databases, with clinical phenotypes and protein studies of patients, is increasingly recognized as a reference for genetic diagnosis and for the development of gene therapy. Read More

Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017 11 14;24(16):1718-1724. Epub 2017 Aug 14.

1 Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.

Mutations in either the nuclear or the mitochondrial genome can lead to structural and functional changes within the skeletal muscles. These genetic skeletal myopathies are rare, although not infrequent when their cumulative incidence is considered. Dystrophinopathies (Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies) and mitochondrial disease are some of the most frequent clinical entities, and those developing heart failure more frequently. Read More

J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017 Nov 29;123(5):1126-1138. Epub 2017 Jun 29.

School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington;

The fukutin-related protein P448L mutant mouse replicates many pathologies common to limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2i (LGMD2i) and is a potentially strong candidate for relevant drug screening studies. Because striated muscle function remains relatively uncharacterized in this mouse, we sought to identify metabolic, functional and histological metrics of exercise and cardiac performance. This was accomplished by quantifying voluntary exercise on running wheels, forced exercise on respiratory treadmills and cardiac output with echocardiography and isoproterenol stress tests. Read More

Intractable Rare Dis Res 2017 May;6(2):95-101

Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.

Cardiomyopathy associated with dystrophinopathies [Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy (XL-dCM) and cardiomyopathy of Duchenne/Becker (DMD/BMD) carriers] is an increasing recognized manifestation of these neuromuscular disorders and notably contributes to their morbidity and mortality. Dystrophinopathic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the result of the dystrophin protein deficiency at the myocardium level, parallel to the deficiency occurring at the skeletal muscle level. It begins as a "presymptomatic" stage in the first decade of life and evolves in a stepwise manner toward pictures of overt cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic stage, arrhythmogenic stage and dilated cardiomyopathy). Read More