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Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2022 May 14;158:111185. Epub 2022 May 14.

Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 910 Madison Avenue Ste 430, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA. Electronic address:

Objective: To determine the patient demographics and the efficacy and safety profile of botulinum toxin (BTX) injections for sialorrhea control in patients under the age of three.

Methods: This is a retrospective chart review study. Patients under three years of age who received BTX injections for sialorrhea management from 2010 to 2021 were assessed. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 May 20;5:CD006981. Epub 2022 May 20.

The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.

Background: Motor neuron disease (MND), also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that may cause dysphagia, as well as limb weakness, dysarthria, emotional lability, and respiratory failure. Since normal salivary production is 0.5 L to 1. Read More

Pediatr Emerg Care 2022 May 17. Epub 2022 May 17.

From the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

Objectives: Caustic ingestion in children is a significant cause of morbidity despite preventive measures. Upon arrival to the emergency department, these children are often initially seen by the otolaryngologist and later on by the gastroenterologist. This study aimed to determine which otolaryngological and gastrointestinal signs and symptoms can better predict abnormal findings on imaging, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), and complications development. Read More

Colomb Med (Cali) 2021 Oct-Dec;52(4):e5005016. Epub 2021 Dec 30.

Hospital Universitario de Navarra. Servicio de Pediatría. Pamplona, España.

Case Description: A 5-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with a history of foreign body ingestion. A cervico-thoracoabdominal radiograph demonstrate a foreign body in the esophagus, which seemed to show a double rim sign suspecting a button battery. After an emetic episode and expelling a coin, the child became asymptomatic. Read More

Am J Otolaryngol 2022 May 5;43(4):103489. Epub 2022 May 5.

Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.

SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2022 6;10:2050313X221096227. Epub 2022 May 6.

Division of Neurosurgery and PET imaging, Rehabilitation Center for Traumatic Apallics Chiba, National Agency for Automotive Safety and Victims' Aid, Chiba, Japan.

Sialorrhea is a major cause of recurrent aspiration pneumonia in severe chronic brain injury. Previous reports have shown that transdermal scopolamine can decrease saliva production. We present four patients with severe chronic brain injury who experienced repeat aspiration pneumonia with sialorrhea. Read More

Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2022 May;42(5):515-9

Department of Child Rehabilitation, Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu Province, China.

Objective: To compare the effect of combination of intradermal needling with oral motor therapy and simple oral motor therapy on salivation in children with cerebral palsy.

Methods: A total of 60 children with salivation in cerebral palsy were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with intradermal needling (kept for 24 hours each time at Jiache [ST 6], Dicang [ST 4], tongue three needles, etc. Read More

Acta Med Okayama 2022 Apr;76(2):137-143

Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Although reported for Caucasians, changes in plasma clozapine levels after smoking cessation in East Asians remain unclear. We here investigated plasma clozapine levels before and after smoking cessation in Japanese inpatients with schizophrenia. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 14 inpatients with schizophrenia who were being treated with clozapine between June 1, 2019, and July 31, 2019 and who were smokers as of July 1, 2019, the day on which a smoking ban was instituted in the tertiary public psychiatric hospital. Read More

Am J Emerg Med 2022 Apr 20;57:14-20. Epub 2022 Apr 20.

SAUSHEC, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address:

Introduction: Adult epiglottitis is a serious condition that carries with it a high rate of morbidity and even mortality due to airway occlusion.

Objective: This review highlights the pearls and pitfalls of epiglottitis in adult patients, including diagnosis, initial resuscitation, and management in the emergency department (ED) based on current evidence.

Discussion: Epiglottitis is a life-threatening emergency that occurs more commonly in adults in the current medical era with vaccinations. Read More

Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2022 Apr 29. Epub 2022 Apr 29.

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada.

In facial nerve dysfunction literature, subjective reporting tools lack essential construct validity arising from a patient-driven design process. Elicit patient-identified themes of importance pertaining to disease course in facial nerve dysfunction from a variety of etiologies. Twenty participant interviews were conducted from a standardized script and analyzed using a thematic analysis framework. Read More

Oral Dis 2022 Apr 26. Epub 2022 Apr 26.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.

Objectives: Tight junctions (TJs) are involved in the regulation of salivary secretion via paracellular pathway. Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) is widely used for the treatment of hypersecretion diseases such as sialorrhea. This study aimed to investigate the role of TJs in BTXA-inhibited secretion of the submandibular gland (SMG). Read More

Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2022 Jul 22;9(4). Epub 2022 Apr 22.

From the Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.

Objectives: To extend the symptomatic spectrum of acute neurologic syndrome associated with dopamine-2 receptor (D2R) antibodies.

Methods: A 13-year-old adolescent boy was admitted to the Neurology Department with abnormal jaw movements. The initial evaluation included laboratory examinations of blood, chest radiography, brain MRI, EEG, and neuropsychologic tests. Read More

Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2022 May 22;90(5):212-221. Epub 2022 Apr 22.

Fachzentrum für Pädiatrische Neurologie, Neurorehabilitation und Epileptologie, Schön Klinik, Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany.

Sialorrhea, uncontrolled, excessive drooling, accompanies different, mostly neurological disorders from childhood to adulthood. With incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin, IncoBoNT/A, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH), an approved medication for the treatment of sialorrhea has been available since 2019. Patient selection, possible therapy goals, treatment and the management of specific treatment situations build the focus of this interdisciplinary expert consensus recommendations with the intent to facilitate access to treatment and to contribute to qualified botulinum toxin therapy. Read More

Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2022 May 22;90(5):222-232. Epub 2022 Apr 22.

Krankenhaus Rummelsberg gGmbH, Schwarzenbruck, Germany.

The most important salivary glands are the paired parotid and submandibular glands. Adults produce 1 to 1.5 liters of saliva which are then regularly swallowed. Read More

BMC Psychiatry 2022 Apr 20;22(1):277. Epub 2022 Apr 20.

Pharmacy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK.

Objective: The objective of the study is to explore the long-term effectiveness and tolerability of metoclopramide in the treatment of CIH.

Method: This study is a retrospective, observational cohort study of patients prescribed metoclopramide for CIH at the South London & Maudsley (SLaM) NHS Foundation Trust.

Results: Of the 96 patients identified, 14 patients were eligible for inclusion in our study. Read More

Eur J Pediatr 2022 Apr 20. Epub 2022 Apr 20.

Centre for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.

Drooling, or sialorrhea, is a common condition in patients with cerebral palsy, rare diseases, and neurodevelopmental disorders. The goal of this review was to identify the different properties of sialorrhea outcome measures in children. Four databases were analysed in search of sialorrhea measurement tools, and the review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Read More

Case Rep Womens Health 2022 Apr 6;34:e00409. Epub 2022 Apr 6.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, 3605 Rue de la Montagne, Montréal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.

Ptyalism gravidarum is a disorder characterized by significant hypersalivation during pregnancy, which affects and interferes with quality of life. No published data has demonstrated an effective approach to treat this condition. This case study reports the use of clonidine hydrochloride, an alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist that is typically used as an anti-hypertensive agent, to treat the excessive sialorrhea typical of this disorder. Read More

J Vet Diagn Invest 2022 May 10;34(3):564-567. Epub 2022 Apr 10.

Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.

Given its unusual lymphatic drainage system, the tonsil is a rare site of metastasis, with few reports in the human and veterinary literature. Prognosis in cases of tonsillar metastasis is reportedly poor. We describe here a unique case of urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) with metastasis to the tonsil in an 11-y-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog. Read More

Curr Med Imaging 2022 Apr 4. Epub 2022 Apr 4.

Otolaryngology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.

Background: Foreign bodies in the upper aerodigestive tract represent an uncommon cause of visits to emergency departments. In the majority of cases, foreign bodies do not go beyond the pharynx. They cause dyspnoea or pneumonia if they reach the tracheo-bronchial tree. Read More

Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2022 Apr 3. Epub 2022 Apr 3.

Department of Stomatology II, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery University of the Basque Country (EHU) Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940. Leioa. Vizcaya. Spain

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the leading neurological disorders, affecting more than 6 million people worldwide. These patients present motor and non-motor symptoms, including oral pathology. The objective of this research is to determine the oral health of patients diagnosed with PD, in order to stablish a specific preventive oral health programme. Read More

Epilepsia 2022 Apr 1. Epub 2022 Apr 1.

Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Objective: Rett syndrome (RTT), commonly caused by methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) pathogenic variants, has many comorbidities. Fifty to ninety percent of children with RTT have epilepsy, which is often drug-resistant. Cannabidivarin (CBDV), a non-hallucinogenic phytocannabinoid, has shown benefit in MECP2 animal models. Read More

Psychiatr Danub 2021 ;33(Suppl 4):1230-1232

Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Ul. Rate Dugonjića bb, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Psychopharmacol Bull 2022 02;52(1):57-60

Naguy, MBBch, MSc, Child/Adolescent Psychiatrist, Al-Manara CAP Centre, Kuwait Centre for Mental Health (KCMH), Jamal Abdul-Nassir St, Shuwaikh, State of Kuwait. Rushdy, MD, PhD, Professor of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Departments, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. Pridmore, MD, Professor of Psychiatry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia. Singh, MBBch, MD, Mrcpsych (UK), Speciality Doctor, Learning Disabilities, Exeter, Devon NHS partnership Trust, UK, and Assistant Professor, Psychiatry, Saraswati medical college, Lucknow, India. Alamiri, MD, ABPN, ScD, Consultant Psychiatrist, Chairperson, Al-Manara CAP Centre, KCMH, Kuwait, and Tufts University, Medford, United States.

Early-onset schizophrenia is notorious for poor prognostication and treatment-refractoriness. Clozapine remains a viable option, albeit off-label, but is clearly underutilized in this population. Use is typically fraught with panoply of drastic side effects. Read More

J Equine Vet Sci 2022 Mar 24;113:103940. Epub 2022 Mar 24.

Department of Veterinary Science, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio (TE), Italy.

Dry hay (composed of grass, legumes, or a mixture of the two) provides the primary source of alimentary fiber in stabled horses with limited access to fresh pasture. However, hay can also give rise to health problems in the horse, depending on the quality and quantity of its components. Pathologies may be rooted in biological problems, such as inadequate digestion disturbances, or reflect mechanical difficulties-for example, due to the presence of sharp plant parts that irritate the oral mucosa, or due to physical intake problems that inhibit consumption. Read More

Pediatr Clin North Am 2022 04;69(2):363-380

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 73, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Salivary gland disease in the pediatric population is rare, yet it encompasses a wide spectrum of disease. It is estimated that 4.3% of salivary gland disease occurs in the pediatric population, with most classified as nonneoplastic. Read More

NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022 Mar 24;8(1):31. Epub 2022 Mar 24.

Parkinson-Klinik Ortenau, 77709, Wolfach, Germany.

Growing evidence suggests an increasing significance for the extent of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). Most patients suffer from GIT symptoms, including dysphagia, sialorrhea, bloating, nausea, vomiting, gastroparesis, and constipation during the disease course. The underlying pathomechanisms of this α-synucleinopathy play an important role in disease development and progression, i. Read More

Healthcare (Basel) 2022 Mar 11;10(3). Epub 2022 Mar 11.

Exeter Medical School, White City, London W12 0HR, UK.

Drooling can present in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and it is manifested as an excessive pooling of saliva inside the oral cavity. Currently, the exact pathophysiological mechanism of drooling in PD is not yet fully explicated. Thus, it becomes crucial to understand if some clinical characteristics may emphasize drooling or if they are just concomitant. Read More

Wilderness Environ Med 2022 Mar 15. Epub 2022 Mar 15.

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lankenau Medical Center, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA. Electronic address:

Hymenoptera stings of the upper airway are rare events, but can result in rapid, life-threatening airway emergencies. The allergenic and toxic mediators that are released from the stings of bees, wasps, and hornets can cause local tissue inflammation and edema with subsequent upper airway obstruction. We report the case of a 15-y-old girl who suffered a bee sting to the uvula while zip-lining in Costa Rica. Read More

BDJ Open 2022 Mar 12;8(1). Epub 2022 Mar 12.

Public Health Wales, Temple of Peace and Health, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF10 3NW, United Kingdom.

Introduction: Signs and symptoms attributed to erupting primary teeth are commonly known as "teething". Its existence is controversial with concern that overusing this term might mask other illnesses and some treatments may be unnecessary or harmful. Parents/carers can access over-the-counter remedies and may seek professional advice. Read More