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J Clin Microbiol 2020 Jun 24;58(7). Epub 2020 Jun 24.

Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.

Vet Parasitol 2020 May 30;283:109156. Epub 2020 May 30.

Tierklinik Hofheim GbR, Katharina Kemmler Straße 7, 65719, Hofheim am Taunus, Germany. Electronic address:

Canine dirofilariasis is currently uncommon in Germany, but its prevalence appears to be increasing due to rehoming of dogs from endemic areas. As part of staging of the disease, this case series describes clinical, radiological and echocardiographic findings in 37 dogs tested positive for Dirofilaria immitis between October 2016 and January 2019. Clinical history revealed 12 (32 %) asymptomatic and 22 (59 %) symptomatic dogs, with most of the dogs showing exercise intolerance, coughing or breathlessness. Read More

Iran J Parasitol 2020 Jan-Mar;15(1):147-152

ENT Outpatient Department, Bánovce nad Bebravou, Slovakia.

is the causative agent of human subcutaneous or, less often, ocular dirofilariasis. The work presents a rare case of ocular dirofilariasis manifested by previous subcutaneous migration accompanied by severe headache symptoms. In February 2017, a 58-yr-old man from Trnava region, western Slovakia, noticed red and itchy stripes on his left leg. Read More

Iran J Parasitol 2020 Jan-Mar;15(1):57-66

Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Background: Dirofilariasis is a globally distributed arthropod-borne parasitic disease of mainly canids and felids. We evaluated to extend the knowledge of morpho-molecular characteristics and outer ultrastructure of isolated from Northwest of Iran.

Methods: Overall, 67 filarial worms including 41 females and 26 males parasites were collected from the cardiovascular system of the 43 stray dogs in Meshkinshar, Ardebil Province, Northwest of Iran in 2017, and subjected to light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as carmine alum staining for morpho-molecular and identification. Read More

Med Princ Pract 2020 May 27. Epub 2020 May 27.

Objectives: In this study we describe several cases of ocular dirofilariasis in Bulgaria.

Materials And Methods: In the period 2010-2019, we studied 7 patients with subconjunctival or periorbital form of Dirofilaria repens infection. Morphological, serological and paraclinical diagnostic methods were used. Read More

Res Vet Sci 2020 Aug 10;131:104-116. Epub 2020 Apr 10.

Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Electronic address:

Dirofilaria immitis is a parasitic filarial nematode responsible for heartworm disease in domestic as well as wild canines and felines and pulmonary or cutaneous infections in humans. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the status of D. immitis in dogs based on available literature. Read More

Parasit Vectors 2020 Apr 15;13(1):193. Epub 2020 Apr 15.

Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy.

Background: For long time, canine leishmaniosis (CanL) was considered endemic in the southern, central, and insular regions of Italy, whereas heartworm disease (HW) caused by Dirofilaria immitis was considered endemic in the northern region and in the swampy Po Valley. Following the reports of new foci of both diseases, in this study we update the distribution patterns and occurrence of new foci of CanL and HW discussing the main drivers for the changes in the epidemiology of these two important zoonotic canine vector-borne diseases.

Methods: Based on the statistical analyses of serological assays (n = 90,633) on L. Read More

Pathogens 2020 Apr 9;9(4). Epub 2020 Apr 9.

Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia.

Dirofilariasis is a helminths vector-borne disease caused by two species of and The former is overwhelmingly associated with human dirofilariasis The vector of the worm are mosquitoes of the family (largely , and ). The definitive hosts of are dogs and to a lesser extent cats. Humans are an accidental host. Read More

Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2020 30;29(1):e017219. Epub 2020 Mar 30.

Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

Heartworm disease is a health problem for dogs and cats, especially in tropical and subtropical coastal regions of the world. Some studies have compared the efficacy of the diagnostic techniques used to detect this parasitosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare parasitological optical microscopy (POM), serological and molecular techniques for diagnosing canine heartworm infection. Read More

Parasitol Res 2020 May 23;119(5):1703-1705. Epub 2020 Mar 23.

Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie. Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.

We present a case of subcutaneous dirofilariasis, a vector-borne zoonotic disease, in a young woman from Austria. The diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound and histology of the excised subcutaneous nodule. The parasite species was identified as Dirofilaria repens by polymerase chain reaction. Read More

Sci Rep 2020 Mar 20;10(1):5170. Epub 2020 Mar 20.

Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, México.

Aedes albopictus is a vector of dengue, chikungunya, and dirofilariasis. Volatile compounds are crucial for mosquitoes to locate their hosts. This knowledge has allowed the identification of attractants derived from human odours for highly anthropophilic mosquito species. Read More

Parasite 2020 18;27:16. Epub 2020 Mar 18.

Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France.

We report an autochthonous case of oral dirofilariasis in a 46-year-old female patient exposed in South-Eastern France. The patient first presented eyelid creeping dermatitis of one-week duration, then a sub-mucosal nodule appeared in the cheek. The entire nodule was removed surgically. Read More

Parasitol Res 2020 Apr 13;119(4):1281-1290. Epub 2020 Mar 13.

Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. De las Ciencias S/N. Juriquilla, 76230, Santiago de Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico.

At least two species of filarial worms, Dirofilaria immitis and Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) odendhali, infect otariid pinnipeds, including the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). To date, evidence of infection in sea lions has come from dead or captive animals, and little is known about filariasis in free-living populations. We sampled 45 California sea lion adults and 197 pups captured at 12 rookeries from different ecological regions within the Gulf of California and detected and quantified D. Read More

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020 Mar 11:1-3. Epub 2020 Mar 11.

Medical and Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.

: To report a case of ocular dirofilariasis causing extensive chorio-retinal damage.: Surgical removal of the worm and identification of the same by microscopic examinationand polymerase chain reaction.: The worm was identified as . Read More

J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020 May 19;30(3):295-301. Epub 2020 Feb 19.

Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alaska.

Objective: To report on the spontaneous resolution of caval syndrome in 5 dogs selected for their response to medical stabilization prior to scheduled heartworm extraction.

Series Summary: Five dogs with heartworm caval syndrome were treated with sildenafil, fluid, and supplemental oxygen therapy. Moreover, 4 of 5 dogs were also administered pimobendan to achieve hemodynamic stabilization in preparation for percutaneous heartworm extraction. Read More

Parasitol Res 2020 Mar 13;119(3):1001-1009. Epub 2020 Feb 13.

Internal Medicine Small Animals Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.

A retrospective study based on cases of canine dirofilariosis presented to the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna or diagnosed by private practitioners throughout Austria, from 1998 to 2018 was conducted to investigate the long-term development and current state of canine dirofilarial infections in Austria. Included in this study were 146 dogs which were tested positive for D. immitis and/or D. Read More

Parasit Vectors 2020 Feb 13;13(1):69. Epub 2020 Feb 13.

Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.

Background: Canine heartworm disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, has global veterinary importance. In Australia, the prevalence of canine heartworm infection decreased markedly following the introduction of over-the-counter macrocyclic lactones. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of canine heartworm infection in at-risk populations of dogs in eastern Australia and analyse published prevalence data from Australia. Read More

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020 04;102(4):844-846

Nationales Referenzzentrum für Tropische Infektionserreger, Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Germany.

We report the case of a 56-year-old woman with microfilaremic dirofilariasis due to , which is a very rare condition in humans. Of note, just one of six large-volume blood samples of this patient was positive for microfilariae. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the parasite gene determined the geographic origin of the causative helminth. Read More

Trends Parasitol 2020 Feb 6. Epub 2020 Feb 6.

Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.

Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2020 Jan-Mar;63(1):159-160

Department of Dermatology, Aster Medcity, Kochi, Kerala, India.

Chest 2020 May 21;157(5):1100-1113. Epub 2020 Jan 21.

Department of Imaging, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Parasitoses are infectious diseases of global distribution, with predominance in areas of poor sanitation. Parasites cause damage through direct tissue injury and the inflammatory response generated by their migration and establishment in various organs. Thoracic involvement by parasitic disease can generate both specific and nonspecific clinical, laboratorial, and radiologic manifestations, which often makes their diagnosis challenging. Read More

Acta Parasitol 2020 Jun 20;65(2):550-553. Epub 2020 Jan 20.

Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.

Purpose: Dirofilariasis caused by the filarial nematode Dirofilaria repens is mainly a disease of dogs and other carnivores. Also, humans can be accidentally infected with this parasite. The infective third-stage filariform larvae are transmitted by various species of mosquitoes. Read More

Parasitol Int 2020 04 8;75:102053. Epub 2020 Jan 8.

Paris Descartes Medical Faculty, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France. Electronic address:

Parasit Vectors 2020 Jan 10;13(1):12. Epub 2020 Jan 10.

Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Background: Urbanization is occurring rapidly on a global scale and is altering mosquito communities, creating assemblages that are characteristically less diverse. Despite high rates of urbanization and ample examples of vector-borne diseases transmitted by multiple species, the effects of urbanization-driven mosquito diversity losses on disease transmission has not been well explored. We investigated this question using the dog heartworm, a filarial parasite vectored by numerous mosquito species. Read More

Infection 2020 04 9;48(2):315-316. Epub 2020 Jan 9.

Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.

PLoS One 2020 8;15(1):e0220593. Epub 2020 Jan 8.

Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America.

Background: Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) have the potential to act as disease reservoirs for wildlife and are important sentinels for common circulating pathogens. Therefore, the infectious disease seroprevalence among domestic dogs in northern Botswana may be indicative of pathogen exposure of various wildlife species. The objective of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of Ehrlichia spp. Read More

Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019 20;53:e20190277. Epub 2019 Dec 20.

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the occurrence of gonotrophic discordance in females of Culex quinquefasciatus in São Paulo, Brazil.

Methods: Resting females were collected monthly for 8 months. Females of Cx. Read More

Parasite 2019 16;26:72. Epub 2019 Dec 16.

Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France - IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France.

Canine dirofilarioses are nematode infections caused by two species of the genus Dirofilaria: D. immitis and D. repens. Read More

Georgian Med News 2019 Oct(295):164-170

1Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine.

The aim of the study was to substantiate the effectiveness and feasibility of the practical application of the multifactorial model of financing the prevention and treatment of dirofilariasis, its principles and methodological approaches. The basic principles of the multifactor model - an integrated approach, a combination of public and private financing, ensuring continuity of financing, discreteness of expenses; methodology for determining the effectiveness of the use of financial resources on the calculation of the return on costs for the prevention and treatment of dirofilariasis were justified. The effectiveness of local budget spending on the treatment of territories of the Kharkov region from mosquitoes on the base on the proposed principles and methodology was analyzed. Read More

Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2019 12 6;18:100326. Epub 2019 Aug 6.

Department Of Clinics, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary And Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600007, India.

Dirofilariosisis, is a mosquito borne anthropo-zoonotic disease caused by the filarial nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria. The current paper reports a species of Dirofilaria, which has not been recorded in Tamil Nadu, in addition to differentiating it from the existing species of Dirofilaria spp. through morphological and molecular techniques. Read More

Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2019 12 6;18:100349. Epub 2019 Nov 6.

Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.

Wild canids represent a potential reservoir host for Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs in Ontario. Since wild canids are not protected by chemoprophylaxis, understanding the epidemiology of D. immmitis in these populations may help elucidate the background risk of infection for dogs. Read More

Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2019 12 16;18:100330. Epub 2019 Aug 16.

Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address:

The current study investigated for the first time the occurrence of filarial infections in dogs in Cyprus. Blood samples of dogs from five districts of Cyprus (Lefkosia, Lemessos, Larnaka, Pafos and Ammochostos) were examined by the modified Knott's method and by serology, and the morphological classification of microfilariae was confirmed by molecular methods. A total of 200 dogs, 153 living in shelters and 47 owned dogs, were included in the study. Read More

Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2019 12 23;18:100320. Epub 2019 Jul 23.

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Alm. Ary Parreiras, 507 - Icaraí, Niterói, RJ 24220-000, Brazil.

Coastal lowlands in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, support high numbers of heartworm-infected dogs. Microfilariae of heartworm need to be ingested by a potencial mosquito vector in order to develop into infective larvae and infect a new host. Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and Ochlerotatus scapularis are the primary vector species in the coastal lowlands of metropolitan Rio de Janeiro; thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether these two species were abundant enough at the heartworm hotspot in the eastern area of the state to be important to the local parasite's life cycle. Read More

Epidemiol Infect 2019 09 30;147:e282. Epub 2019 Sep 30.

Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.

Dirofilariosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) is a zoonosis, considered an endemic disease of dogs and cats in several countries of Western Europe, including Portugal. This study assesses the levels of D. immitis exposure in humans from Northern Portugal, to which end, 668 inhabitants of several districts belonging to two different climate areas (Csa: Bragança, Vila Real and Csb: Aveiro, Braga, Porto, Viseu) were tested for anti-D. Read More

J Vet Sci 2019 Nov;20(6):e65

Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.

A 10-year-old male spotted seal presented with loss of appetite and decreased activity. Grossly, the internal organs revealed several filarial nematodes in the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary vessels. Histopathological examination of the brain revealed moderate nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis with glial nodules and neuronophagia. Read More

Vet Parasitol 2019 Dec 10;276:108975. Epub 2019 Nov 10.

Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States.

The suitability of acetic acid as a safer alternative to formalin in the modified Knott test was evaluated for the diagnosis of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis). Microfilaria concentration was measured by both methods and found to agree within reasonable limits (-5.84 % bias; -88. Read More

Parasitol Res 2020 Jan 21;119(1):129-135. Epub 2019 Nov 21.

Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, Budapest, H-1078, Hungary.

Between April and September 2017, blood samples were collected from 344 randomly selected dogs older than 1 year in 180 settlements of 19 counties in Hungary. The dogs lived exclusively outdoors, had never travelled and had neither been examined for Dirofilaria infection nor treated against mosquitoes with insecticides or/and filarioid worms with macrocyclic lactones. Dirofilaria infection was examined with a modified Knott's test for microfilariae, DiroCHEK®, for the presence of D. Read More

Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 2019 Nov;161(11):749-754

Abteilung für Kardiologie, Klinik für Kleintiermedizin, Departement für Kleintiere, Vetsuisse Fakultät Universität Zürich.

Introduction: Caval syndrome due to infection with Dirofilaria (D.) immitis is a life-threatening situation, needing immediate therapeutic intervention. Severe pulmonary hypertension due to dirofilariosis was diagnosed echocardiographically in a 3. Read More

Helminthologia 2019 Sep 1;56(3):247-251. Epub 2019 Sep 1.

Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.

Autochthonous infections have been found in dogs and other carnivores in most European countries. In the same countries, reports of human dirofilariasis are becoming increasingly prevalent. We present 18 cases of people infected with for a 10-year period traced in our hospital. Read More

Helminthologia 2019 Mar 6;56(1):57-61. Epub 2019 Mar 6.

Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos str. 8, Kaunas, Lithuania, 44404.

Over the past decade, increasing numbers of autochthonous cases of heartworm infection have been reported in the countries of Eastern Europe where previously only imported cases were described. In this report we have described the first clinical case of infection in an imported dog in Lithuania. In 2018, a 5-year-old male Spanish greyhound (Spanish galgo) was imported to Lithuania from southern Spain and referred to a small animal veterinary clinic in Vilnius for wellness screening. Read More

Vestn Oftalmol 2019 ;135(4):113-120

A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentristy, 20/1 Delegatskaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 127473.

The prevalence of dirofilariasis in Russian Federation has been increasing in recent years. Diagnosis of ocular dirofilariasis is difficult due to polymorphism of its clinical manifestations. Systematized data on this disease in literature is virtually absent. Read More

BMC Vet Res 2019 Sep 18;15(1):331. Epub 2019 Sep 18.

Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.

Background: Dogs that have clinical leishmaniosis (ClinL), caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum, are commonly co-infected with other pathogens, especially vector-borne pathogens (VBP). A recent PCR-based study found that ClinL dogs are more likely to be additionally infected with the rickettsial bacteria Ehrlichia canis. Further information on co-infections in ClinL cases with VBP, as assessed by serology, is required. Read More

New Microbiol 2019 Oct 16;42(4):234-236. Epub 2019 Aug 16.

Operative Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital-University Polyclinic of Bari, Italy.

Human dirofilariosis is a zoonosis caused by different Dirofilaria species: D. repens, D. immitis, D. Read More

Parasit Vectors 2019 Sep 11;12(1):445. Epub 2019 Sep 11.

Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Inc., 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.

Background: Dirofilaria immitis is a filarial parasite of dogs that can cause serious or fatal cardiopulmonary disease. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of monthly treatment with moxidectin in a chewable tablet product in combination with sarolaner and pyrantel to prevent heartworm disease in dogs after experimental challenge and in a clinical field study in the USA.

Methods: In two laboratory studies, dogs (8 per group) that had been inoculated 30 days prior with 50 third-stage D. Read More

Parasit Vectors 2019 Sep 11;12(1):444. Epub 2019 Sep 11.

Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.

Background: Moxidectin has previously shown limited efficacy (≤ 44.4%) against confirmed macrocyclic lactone (ML)-resistant Dirofilaria immitis strains at 3 µg/kg after single and multiple oral dosages. Three studies were conducted to evaluate higher oral moxidectin doses for efficacy against confirmed ML-resistant D. Read More

J Feline Med Surg 2019 09;21(9):825-834

Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.

Practical Relevance: For feline practitioners, the cat with a cough or respiratory distress and thoracic radiographs with a bronchial or bronchointerstitial pattern suggests lower airway disease. Two important differentials, allergic asthma and heartworm disease (HWD), have many overlapping clinicopathologic features, but also clear and important differences in terms of cause and disease progression, treatment and prognosis. Notably, asthma is readily treatable and HWD is preventable. Read More

Vet Parasitol 2019 Sep 27;273:11-16. Epub 2019 Jul 27.

Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.

Heartworm infection (also known as dirofilariosis due to Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs causes chronic pulmonary disease that, if left untreated, can lead to right-side congestive heart failure. Currently, the only registered drug for adulticide therapy in dogs with heartworm disease (HWD) is melarsomine dihydrochloride. The recent targeting of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia, through antibiotic therapy of the infected host, has offered an interesting alternative for the treatment of HWD. Read More

Vet Parasitol 2019 Sep 26;273:1-4. Epub 2019 Jul 26.

Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.

Pulmonary endarteritis caused by Dirofilaria immitis and pulmonary hypertension (PH) are closely linked and the determination of PH could be validated to assess the severity and chronicity of the vascular damage, i.e. by the use of the Right Pulmonary Artery Distensibility (RPAD) Index. Read More

Parasitol Int 2019 Dec 20;73:101960. Epub 2019 Aug 20.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, Niš 18000, Serbia; Center of Microbiology and Parasitology, Public Health Institute Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, Niš 18000, Serbia.

When presented in unusual manner, human dirofilariosis is hard to recognize and often leads to misdiagnosis and unjustified use of various medications. Herein, we report a rare case of Dirofilaria infection localized in buccal mucosa. A 45-year-old male, residing in the Central Serbia, developed striking edema of buccal mucosa followed by leucocytosis, with both neutrophylia and eosinophylia. Read More

Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019 Oct 28;66:101326. Epub 2019 Jun 28.

Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata 98168 Messina, Italy. Electronic address:

This report describes an uncommon localization of Dirofilaria repens in the testicle of a nine-year-old dog from southern Italy. The dog underwent neutring and three adult nematodes were found in the tunica vaginalis. At gross anatomy, no pathological changes were observed on the tunica, in the testicle or epididymis. Read More