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AACN Adv Crit Care 2022 Jun;33(2):186-195

Laura Swoboda is Professor of Translational Science and Nurse Practitioner/Wound Care Coordinator, Froedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin Community Hospital Division, W180 N8085 Town Hall Rd, Menomonee Falls, WI 53051

SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause virus-mediated endothelial dysfunction, which in turn may lead to coagulopathy and ischemic microangiopathy. In the critical care population, cutaneous skin manifestations related to vascular compromise due to COVID-19 include livedo and purpura. These lesions can be difficult to differentiate from other dermatologic conditions seen in this population, including skin failure and deep-tissue pressure injuries. Read More

Rev Chilena Infectol 2021 12;38(6):745-753

Sección de Micología, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González" Ciudad de México, México.

Background: COVID-19 disease, besides presenting respiratory manifestations, can affect other organs such as kidneys, gastrointestinal system, heart, and skin. So far, five clinical variants of dermatoses have been described. Few reports discuss the severity associated with the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 and the prognosis. Read More

SN Compr Clin Med 2022 6;4(1):91. Epub 2022 Apr 6.

Union County College, Plainfield Campus, Plainfield, NJ USA.

In the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, varying degrees of clinical manifestations have been noticed in patients. Some patients who recovered from the infection developed long-term effects which have become of interest to the scientific and medical communities, as it relates to pathogenesis and the multidisciplinary approach to treatment. Long COVID (long-term or long-haul) is the collective term used to define recovered individuals of SARS-CoV-2 infection who have presented with persistent COVID symptoms, as well as the emergence of disorders and complications. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2022 May 25;33(6):622-624. Epub 2022 Mar 25.

Department of Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, 532719Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa,Istanbul, Turkey.

COVID-19 is a viral infection which can present with various clinical manifestations. While it primarily affects the respiratory tract, several other manifestations including skin involvements have been reported. Dermatologic manifestations are uncommon, and its prevalence is not well-known. Read More

Dermatol Ther 2022 Jun 11;35(6):e15461. Epub 2022 Apr 11.

Department of Dermatology, Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

With dermatologic side effects being fairly prevalent following vaccination against COVID-19, and the multitude of studies aiming to report and analyze these adverse events, the need for an extensive investigation on previous studies seemed urgent, in order to provide a thorough body of information about these post-COVID-19 immunization mucocutaneous reactions. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive electronic search was performed through the international databases including Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane, Web of science, and Google scholar on July 12, 2021, and all articles regarding mucocutaneous manifestations and considerations after COVID-19 vaccine administration were retrieved using the following keywords: COVID-19 vaccine, dermatology considerations and mucocutaneous manifestations. A total of 917 records were retrieved and a final number of 180 articles were included in data extraction. Read More

Hautarzt 2022 Apr 7;73(4):291-297. Epub 2022 Mar 7.

Klinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.

Background: The persistent global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can manifest on the skin in addition to the already known organ systems. Various clinical patterns of skin manifestations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been described. In view of the associated morbidity and mortality, knowledge of cutaneous manifestations in the setting of COVID-19 may be helpful in early detection, risk stratification, diagnosis and treatment. Read More

Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2022 17;13:20406223221076890. Epub 2022 Feb 17.

Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece. Department of Neurology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.

Accumulating evidence points toward a very high prevalence of prolonged neurological symptoms among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors. To date, there are no solidified criteria for 'long-COVID' diagnosis. Nevertheless, 'long-COVID' is conceptualized as a multi-organ disorder with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that may be indicative of underlying pulmonary, cardiovascular, endocrine, hematologic, renal, gastrointestinal, dermatologic, immunological, psychiatric, or neurological disease. Read More

P R Health Sci J 2021 12;40(4):174-179

Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, VA Caribbean Healthcare System, San Juan, PR.

Objective: Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic infection classified by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease. Although predominantly asymptomatic, it can become a life-threatening disease in an immunocompromised host. Epidemiologic studies in the Western Hemisphere are scarce, but even more scarce are descriptions of the natural course of this disease. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2022 Apr 2;21(4):1339-1346. Epub 2022 Feb 2.

Dermatology Unit, Spallanzani Hospital, Rome, Italy.

Emerging literature evidence shows that the manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, encompass alterations of the pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological system. Moreover, hematologic and dermatologic manifestations have been documented. The aim of this review is to summarize the dermatologic manifestations of COVID-19 involving the hair and nails in a narrative way. Read More

Clin Dermatol 2021 Sep-Oct;39(5):920-926. Epub 2020 Dec 14.

Dermatology Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Vita-Salute University and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

An increasing body of evidence has been produced in a very limited period to improve the understanding of skin involvement in the current coronavirus 2019 disease pandemic, and how this novel disease affects the management of dermatologic patients. A little explored area is represented by the therapeutic approach adopted for the different skin manifestations associated with the infection. An overview of the current scenario is provided, through review of the English-language literature published until October 30, 2020, and comparison with the personal experience of the authors. Read More

Viruses 2021 09 24;13(10). Epub 2021 Sep 24.

Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multisystem disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that primarily causes respiratory symptoms. However, an increasing number of cutaneous manifestations associated with this disease have been reported. The aim of this study is to analyze the scientific literature on cutaneous manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 by means of a narrative literature review until June 2021. Read More

J Cutan Med Surg 2022 Mar-Apr;26(2):189-197. Epub 2021 Oct 19.

Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) skin manifestations have been increasingly reported in medical literature. Recent discussions have identified a lack of images of skin of color (SOC) patients with COVID-19 related skin findings despite people with skin of color being disproportionately affected with the disease. There have been calls to prioritize the identification of COVID-19 skin manifestations in patients with SOC and disseminate these findings. Read More

Pediatr Dermatol 2021 Sep 30;38(5):1342-1344. Epub 2021 Sep 30.

West Virginia University Department of Dermatology, Morgantown, WV, USA.

BASCULE syndrome, characterized by Bier anemic spots, cyanosis, and an urticaria-like eruption, has been described as a benign vasomotor dermatosis that occurs in the setting of transient tissue hypoxia. It has been postulated that dermal ischemia triggers an exaggerated vasoconstrictive arteriolar reaction, which then causes a paradoxical urticarial rash by an unknown mechanism. In patients with COVID-19, there is evidence of angiocentric inflammation leading to vasoconstriction, endothelial damage, and thrombosis. Read More

Dermatol Clin 2021 Oct 29;39(4):569-574. Epub 2021 Jul 29.

Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., USA.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 disproportionately affects Black and Hispanic/Latino populations. Racial disparities inherently exist in dermatology because of underrepresentation of skin of color populations in literature, reduced access to care for minority populations, and low diversity within the specialty of dermatology itself. Lack of imagery in dermatology can have detrimental consequences for patients of color. Read More

Dermatol Clin 2021 Oct 28;39(4):521-532. Epub 2021 May 28.

Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address:

Cutaneous findings have increasingly been reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review discusses associated skin findings in patients with COVID-19 in the inpatient setting, ranging from vasculopathy-related lesions associated with high hospitalization rate and poor prognosis to inflammatory vesicular and urticarial eruptions that are rarely associated with prolonged hospitalization. We also discuss other reported COVID-19 cutaneous manifestations such as Sweet's syndrome, purpuric eruptions, and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Read More

Dermatol Clin 2021 Oct 31;39(4):505-519. Epub 2021 May 31.

Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address:

Children are a unique subset of patients in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, often presenting asymptomatically, mildly, or atypically. Manifestations of the skin may be a primary (or the only) presenting sign. Recognizing cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 in the pediatric population is important to guiding precautions, testing, and management for patients and close contacts. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2022 Jan 22;61(1):20-32. Epub 2021 Sep 22.

Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Koç University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which manifests as a flu-like respiratory infection affecting multiple organ systems, including the gastrointestinal system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, skin, and mucosa. In this review, we investigated the literature on specific manifestations of COVID-19 in the oral mucosa. An online literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Medline was conducted to retrieve relevant studies on confirmed COVID-19 patients with oral mucosa findings published between December 31, 2019, and April 07, 2021. Read More

J Cutan Pathol 2022 Feb 29;49(2):163-166. Epub 2021 Sep 29.

Section of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare and serious complication of Sars-Cov-2 infection. Dermatologic manifestations are present in the majority of patients. Skin lesions found in children with MIS-C are classified into four categories: morbilliform, reticulated, scarlatiniform, and urticarial lesions. Read More

Clin Dermatol 2021 May-Jun;39(3):418-423. Epub 2021 Feb 1.

Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. Electronic address:

Italy was among the world's earliest and most affected countries by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We report the Italian experience with the pandemic. The dermatologic community immediately reduced any type of activities to 80% to 90% of outpatient consultations, both in public hospitals and in private offices. Read More

Clin Dermatol 2021 May-Jun;39(3):359-368. Epub 2021 Feb 2.

Department of Dermatology, Rouen University Hospital and INSERM U905, Centre de référence des maladies bulleuses autoimmunes, Normandie University, Rouen, France.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, attention has gradually moved from the respiratory manifestations of the disease toward its dermatologic aspects. The need for wearing personal protective measures and their cutaneous side effects, detection of related or specific COVID-19 skin eruptions, and the evaluation of certain risk groups of immunosuppressed dermatologic patients have initiated significant discussions about various therapeutic interventions and, in particular, about biologic therapy for psoriasis and for autoinflammatory, orphan, or malignant cutaneous disorders. Autoimmune bullous dermatoses have been of concern due to their chronic course, at times life-threatening prognosis, and the need for prolonged and often aggressive immunomodulatory therapy. Read More

Pediatrics 2021 11 25;148(5). Epub 2021 Aug 25.

The Mission Hospital, Durgapur, India.

A term infant girl with uneventful antenatal history had an erythematous rash followed by fever from day 8. She was diagnosed with late-onset sepsis and was treated accordingly. She received immunoglobulin for persistent thrombocytopenia, after which there was transient improvement. Read More

Int J Clin Pract 2021 Dec 28;75(12):e14720. Epub 2021 Sep 28.

Department of Dermatology, Rasool Akram Medical Complex, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.

Objectives: Earlier diagnosis and the best management of virus-related, drug-related or mixed severe potentially life-threatening mucocutaneous reactions of COVID-19 patients are of great concern. These patients, especially hospitalised cases, are usually in a complicated situation (because of multi-organ failures), which makes their management more challenging. In such consultant cases, achieving by the definite beneficial management strategies that therapeutically address all concurrent comorbidities are really hard to reach or even frequently impossible. Read More

J Clin Pharmacol 2021 08;61 Suppl 2:S129-S141

Bertino Consulting, Schenectady, New York, USA.

Use of US Food and Drug Administration-approved substances of abuse has innate risks due to pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties of the medications, but the risk when using nonapproved drug products is much greater. Unbeknownst to the user, the dose of active ingredients in substances of abuse can vary substantially between different products because of manufacturing practices or improper storage. Even naturally occurring substances of abuse can have extensive dosage variability because of effects of the growing season and conditions, or differences in harvesting, storage, or manufacture of the finished products. Read More

Clin Dermatol 2021 Mar-Apr;39(2):337-343. Epub 2020 Nov 26.

Columbia University Medical Center, Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, New York, New York, USA.

As of May 2020, an emerging immune-mediated syndrome primarily affecting children has been detected primarily in Europe and the United States. The incidence of this syndrome appears to mirror the initial infectious assault with a delay of several weeks. This syndrome has been termed "multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children" (MIS-C) and is observed in association with the coronavirus disease 2019. Read More

Clin Dermatol 2021 Mar-Apr;39(2):329-333. Epub 2020 Nov 1.

Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA; Department of Dermatology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center/Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA. Electronic address:

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) affects a small percentage of pediatric patients infected with COVID-19 and is characterized by fever, laboratory evidence of inflammation, multisystem involvement, and severe illness necessitating hospitalization. Skin findings are often present in these patients, and when initially compared with Kawasaki disease, they likely represent distinct phenomena and overall remain poorly characterized. In this retrospective review of 34 case reports and series, we identified cutaneous manifestations documented in 417 of 736 patients (57%) with MIS-C associated with COVID-19. Read More

Clin Dermatol 2021 Mar-Apr;39(2):323-328. Epub 2020 Nov 1.

Department of Dermatology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a beta coronavirus with a characteristic S-glycoprotein spike on the cell surface. Initial reports did not include cutaneous manifestations as a feature of COVID-19; however, there is a growing repertoire of reports demonstrating an array of dermatologic manifestations on the skin in children and adults. Dermatologic afflictions have been summarized into different categories several times, with the most recent analysis identifying six clinical patterns: urticaria, maculopapular-morbilliform eruption, papulovesicular exanthem, chilblain-like acral pattern, livedo reticularis-livedo racemosa pattern, and purpuric vasculitic pattern. Read More

J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2021 07 1;60(4):380-387. Epub 2021 Jul 1.

Biologic Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

Thyroid diseases, associated with either increased or decreased concentrations of circulating thyroid hormones, are prevalent in both human and veterinary populations. Hypothyroidism is a differential diagnosis for many medical problems as the disease presents with nonspecific clinical signs that can include lethargy, weight gain, cold intolerance, and dermatologic manifestations such as alopecia. Alopecia is a frequently reported problem in captive nonhuman primates (NHP), and hypothyroidism is considered to be a differential diagnosis. Read More

Cureus 2021 May 31;13(5):e15358. Epub 2021 May 31.

Nephrology, Grand Strand Medical Center, Myrtle Beach, USA.

Due to its minimal side-effect profile, immunotherapy has become a popular choice for the treatment of advanced melanoma as compared to conventional chemotherapy. The most common side effects associated with immunotherapy include gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and dermatologic manifestations. However, there have been very few documented occurrences of nephrotoxic side effects. Read More

Liver Int 2021 09 11;41(9):1988-1998. Epub 2021 Jul 11.

Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified in Wuhan, China and has since resulted in a global pandemic in excess of 165 million reported infections and 3.4 million attributable deaths. COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory illness, which may be complicated by pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Read More