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Chest 2019 Jan 7;155(1):178-193. Epub 2018 Sep 7.

Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.

Lung transplant is now an established modality for a broad spectrum of end-stage pulmonary diseases. According to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Registry, more than 50,000 lung transplants have been performed worldwide, with nearly 11,000 recipients of lung transplants alive in the United States. With the increasing use of lung transplant, pulmonologists must be cognizant of the common as well as the unique posttransplant dermatologic complications. Read More

Adv Exp Med Biol 2018;1065:489-509

Department of Skin Diseases & Cosmetology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.

Cardiology, dermatology, and rheumatology form a fascinating triad. Many skin and joint disorders are associated with cardiovascular comorbidities because they share etiologic elements. Female predominance is often remarkable and likely related to autoimmune pathology. Read More

Pediatrics 2018 Apr;141(Suppl 5):S466-S469

Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine.

Lyme disease is caused by and can lead to dermatologic, neurologic, cardiac, and musculoskeletal manifestations. The arthritis of Lyme disease is typically monoarticular, with the knee being most commonly involved. Lyme arthritis of small joints has not previously been well described. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2019 Feb 25;18(1):204-211. Epub 2018 Mar 25.

Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Background: Dermatologic complications are common in patients with end-stage renal disease and also have a high diversity.

Objectives: This meta-analysis reviews prevalence of dermatological manifestations among hemodialysis patients in Iran.

Materials And Methods: Using PubMed and NLM Gateway (for MEDLINE), Institute of Scientific Information (ISI), and SCOPUS as the main international electronic data sources, and Iran-Medex, Irandoc, and Scientific Information Database, as the main domestic databases with systematic search capability, we systematically searched surveys, papers, and reports on the prevalence of dermatological manifestations (until February 2016). Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2018 03 21;78(3):498-505.e2. Epub 2017 Oct 21.

Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.

Background: The immune abnormalities underlying the ichthyoses are poorly understood.

Objective: To determine the immunophenotype of an ichthyosis resulting from mutations in the spectrin repeat 6 (SR6) domain of desmoplakin gene (DSP) and target therapy on the basis of molecular pathogenesis.

Methods: Immunophenotyping was performed by using the blood and skin of a girl with SR6 region DSP mutations causing erythroderma/ichthyosis and cardiomyopathy. Read More

Radiographics 2017 Jul-Aug;37(4):1135-1160. Epub 2017 May 26.

From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (J.D.O., S.E.S., L.E.J., M.R., A.M.S.), University of Utah, 30 North 1900 East, #1A71, Salt Lake City, UT 84132; and the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis (B.P.S.).

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing immune-mediated inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. IBD includes two major disease entities: Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and surveillance of these complex disorders. Read More

An Bras Dermatol 2016 Sep-Oct;91(5 suppl 1):92-94

Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE) - Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.

Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, infective endocarditis still shows considerable morbidity and mortality rates. The dermatological examination in patients with suspected infective endocarditis may prove very useful, as it might reveal suggestive abnormalities of this disease, such as Osler's nodes and Janeway lesions. Osler's nodes are painful, purple nodular lesions, usually found on the tips of fingers and toes. Read More

J Atr Fibrillation 2016 Feb-Mar;8(5):1378. Epub 2016 Feb 29.

James J. Peter VA Medical Center/The Mount Sinai Hospital.

Lyme disease is a multisystem disorder affecting dermatologic, cardiac, nervous and musculoskeletal systems. Cardiac manifestations occur in about 5% of Lyme infections and stem from the involvement of the cardiac conduction system, resulting in varying degrees of sino-atrioventricular block. Occasionally, Lyme infection may also present with myopericarditis. Read More

Surv Ophthalmol 2016 Nov - Dec;61(6):693-701. Epub 2016 Apr 1.

Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.

Parry-Romberg syndrome is a rare disease characterized by slowly progressive atrophy affecting facial subcutaneous tissues, including the underlying muscles and osteocartilaginous structures. Various periocular, ocular, and neuro-ophthalmological manifestations have been described in Parry-Romberg syndrome. The most common periocular disorders include enophthalmos, eyelid, and orbit alterations. Read More

Ther Apher Dial 2016 Oct 16;20(5):433-452. Epub 2016 Sep 16.

Inselklinik Heringsdorf GmbH, 17424, Seeheilbad Heringsdorf, Germany.

The process of curing a patient by removing his illness by extracting blood is a very old one. Many years ago, phlebotomy was practiced to cure illness. Now, this old process, placed on a rational basis with therapeutic apheresis (TA), is being followed in clinical practice. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2016 Aug;75(2):265-84

Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Otolaryngology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Electronic address:

While the overall incidence of emergencies in dermatologic surgery is low, emergent situations can occasionally pose a risk to patients undergoing such procedures. The clinical importance of several types of emergences related to systemic reactions, high energy systems, and trauma are reviewed, and relevant epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, work-up, management, and prevention are discussed. Early detection of surgical emergencies can mitigate any associated adverse outcomes, thereby allowing the outstanding record of safety of dermatologic surgery to continue. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2016 Aug;75(2):243-62

Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Otolaryngology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Electronic address:

While the overall incidence of emergencies in dermatologic surgery is low, emergent situations can occasionally pose a risk to patients undergoing such procedures. The clinical importance of several types of emergences related to vascular occlusion, hypertension, and hypotension are reviewed, and relevant epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, work-up, management, and prevention are discussed. Early detection of these emergencies can mitigate or forestall associated adverse outcomes, thereby allowing the outstanding record of safety of dermatologic surgery to continue. Read More

Semin Oncol 2016 06 23;43(3):335-40. Epub 2016 Feb 23.

Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.

The skin signs of benign and malignant endocrine and neuroendocrine tumors are manifold and early identification of these dermatologic features is crucial in initiating timely diagnosis and management. This article reviews the salient cutaneous features of these tumors that arise in the classic endocrine glands, lung and gastrointestinal tract either as individual neoplasms or as part of a syndrome. Read More

Cardiovasc Pathol 2016 May-Jun;25(3):195-199. Epub 2016 Jan 8.

University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA. Electronic address:

Hereditary sclerosing poikiloderma is a rare, familial disease with the primary clinical features being dermatologic. Widespread poikiloderma, as well as linear hyperkeratotic and sclerotic bands, tends to be the most common sign of this disease. It has been suggested that cardiac involvement may represent an important element of this disorder; however, this has not been well studied. Read More

Vnitr Lek 2015 Oct;61(10):886-95

For diagnosing of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) it is currently recommended to follow the ESHRE criteria. For diagnosis according to them two of the following three symptoms are sufficient: 1. morphology of polycystic ovaria, 2. Read More

J Autoimmun 2015 Feb 16;57:82-115. Epub 2014 Oct 16.

Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Electronic address:

Lyme disease was originally identified in Lyme, Connecticut, based upon an unusual cluster of what appeared to be patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. It was subsequently identified as a new clinical entity originally called Lyme arthritis based on the observation that arthritis was a major clinical feature. However, Lyme arthritis is now called Lyme disease based upon the understanding that the clinical features include not only arthritis, but also potential cardiac, dermatologic and neurologic findings. Read More

Acta Biomed 2014 May 9;85(1):81-4. Epub 2014 May 9.

Post-Graduate School of Neurology, University of Parma.

Fabry disease (angiokeratoma corporis diffusum universale) is a rare, progressive, X-linked lysosomal storage disease. Deficiency of the α-galactosidase A (α-gal A) enzyme leads to accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids within vascular endothelial lysosomes of various organs, including skin, kidneys, heart, and brain (1). We herein describe the case of a 30-year-old female presenting two classic signs of Fabry disease, angiokeratomas and episodic acroparesthesias, in the absence of other clinical manifestations. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2014 May;70(5):821.e1-19

Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Electronic address:

There are a multitude of diseases that commonly affect both the skin and the eye. Part II of this 2-part series reviews the oculocutaneous manifestations of neoplasms, both benign and malignant, and adverse drug reactions affecting the skin and the eye. Though rare, a number of neoplasms that primarily involve the skin, such as melanoma and basal cell carcinoma, can metastasize to the eye, leading to permanent damage if not properly treated. Read More

Adv Parasitol 2014 ;84:27-149

Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.

Fascioliasis is a food-borne parasitic disease caused by the trematode species Fasciola hepatica, distributed worldwide, and Fasciola gigantica, restricted to given regions of Africa and Asia. This disease in humans shows an increasing importance, which relies on its recent widespread emergence related to climate and global changes and also on its pathogenicity in the invasive, biliary, and advanced chronic phases in the human endemic areas, mainly of developing countries. In spite of the large neurological affection capacity of Fasciola, this important pathogenic aspect of the disease has been pronouncedly overlooked in the past decades and has not even appear within the numerous reviews on the parasitic diseases of the central nervous system. Read More

J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2013 ;43(4):334-8; quiz 339

AD Burden, Western Infirmary Dumbarton Road Glasgow G11 6NT, UK.

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease affecting 1.3-2.2% of the UK population. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2013 Oct;69(4):501.e1-11; quiz 511-2

Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.

Kawasaki disease, or mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, most commonly affects children between 6 months and 5 years of age. Approximately 90% of patients have mucocutaneous manifestations. This article will focus on the epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in the United States as it relates to other countries, the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease, its clinical course, and the currently accepted theories of pathogenesis. Read More

G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2013 Apr;148(2):175-84

Department of Dermatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.

Extra-intestinal manifestations are a relatively common complications of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) and skin is one of the organs most commonly affected. Cutaneous findings in IBD patients may be related to different pathogenetic mechanisms and in some cases the etiologic link has not been fully elucidated. In particular, this is the case of psoriasis and erythema nodosum, two of the most frequent skin diseases observed in IBD patients. Read More

J Clin Oncol 2012 Nov 8;30(33):4091-7. Epub 2012 Oct 8.

Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.

Purpose: Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. There is a need for multicenter trials involving defined patient populations using rigorous assessment criteria. We have investigated pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) in a clearly defined patient population with advanced MF. Read More

Curr Opin Pediatr 2012 Aug;24(4):487-93

Dartmouth Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.

Purpose Of Review: The diagnosis of many childhood endocrine disorders can be facilitated by an awareness of the associated dermatologic findings. In this review, we will survey examples of endocrine disorders in children that include a prominent or diagnostic dermatologic sign/symptom.

Recent Findings: A key concept is that skin findings often accompany hormonal conditions, both those of hormone excess and hormone deficiency/resistance. Read More

Med Trop (Mars) 2012 Mar;72 Spec No:88-93

Service de Réanimation Néonatale et Pédiatrique, CHR Félix Guyon, 97405 Saint-Denis, La Réunion.

Unlabelled: In 2005-2006, an unexpected, massive outbreak of chikungunya occurred on Reunion Island, a French overseas territory in the Indian Ocean. This arboviral infection transmitted by a mosquito of the Aedes genus is usually benign. A surprising feature of the Reunion Island epidemic was the occurrence of rare severe forms involving adults as well as children. Read More

Clin Dermatol 2011 Sep-Oct;29(5):531-40

Department of Dermatology, University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, 5th Ionos Dragoumi St, 16121 Athens, Greece.

The skin should not be considered as an isolated organ but rather as a definite functioning system that communicates with the internal environment. Skin signs of systemic diseases occur frequently and sometimes feature the first symptoms of an internal disease; furthermore, these manifestations may be the sole expressions of otherwise asymptomatic systemic disorders. A number of dermatologic signs, symptoms, and disorders can be invaluable as markers of systemic disease. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2011 Feb 26;64(2):290-5. Epub 2010 Nov 26.

Department of Dermatology, Université Versailles St-Quentin, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne, France.

Background: Marfan syndrome (MS) (OMIM 154700) has been associated with various skin manifestations.

Objective: We sought to clarify the value of skin signs in patients with MS.

Methods: This was a case-control study. Read More

Nephron Clin Pract 2011 11;118(1):c43-8. Epub 2010 Nov 11.

Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Tuscaloosa, AL 34294, USA.

Background/aims: Fabry disease is an X-linked disorder leading to abnormal accumulation of glycosphingolipids with multisystem involvement, including cardiac, renal, dermatologic and neurologic manifestations. Fabry nephropathy, specifically proteinuria and progressive chronic kidney disease, have taken center stage over the past decade, defining disease outcomes as well as mortality associated with Fabry disease. Systemic blood pressure among patients with Fabry disease is relatively low, compared to other forms of proteinuric chronic kidney disease. Read More

Clin Breast Cancer 2010 Feb;10(1):E3-5

Johns Hopkins University and Sinai Hospital Program in Internal Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Prostate adenocarcinoma can manifest as a fairly indolent tumor or as a very aggressive cancer with significant invasive and metastatic potential. Common metastatic sites include bone, liver, lymph nodes, and adrenal glands. Dermatologic manifestations are rare. Read More

Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009 Dec;133(12):1943-8

Department of Pathology, James Homer Wright Pathology Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.

Context: -Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a rare but serious disorder initially described as a purely dermatologic process. Isolated autopsy reports have described multiorgan involvement by this disease.

Objective: -To further illustrate the varied and systemic involvement of NSF by describing the autopsy experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Read More

J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2009 Feb;10(2):188-91

Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES) is a rare systemic disease with multiple clinical presentations including cardiac, pulmonary and dermatologic manifestations. Little is known about the pathophysiology and potential triggers of this condition. Approximately 40-70% of these cases have cardiac involvement, which is the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Read More

Clin Dermatol 2008 May-Jun;26(3):243-54

Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Cardiovascular diseases may affect multiple organ systems including the skin. By identification of specific cutaneous findings, dermatologists may be the first physician to diagnose an underlying cardiovascular disease. This article discusses a number of cardiac disorders with prominent skin findings in addition to general dermatologic signs suggestive of cardiovascular disease. Read More

Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007 Jul;37(4):709-22, vi

Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, VCS/LYNN, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.

Canine hypothyroidism may present with a wide range of clinical signs. The most common clinical signs are those of a decreased metabolic rate and dermatologic manifestations; however, many other clinical signs have been associated with hypothyroidism. There is strong evidence for a causal relation between hypothyroidism and a variety of neurologic abnormalities; however, the association between hypothyroidism and other manifestations, such as reproductive dysfunction, clinical heart disease, and behavioral abnormalities, is less compelling. Read More

Prim Care 2006 Sep;33(3):685-95, vi

Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, Sixth Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

Primary care physicians are the gatekeepers of the medical community. They are the physicians to whom patients first present, and they are often the physicians with whom patients have the longest lasting relationships. Primary care physicians, as a result of these long-term relationships, have been endowed with a unique responsibility to the health of their patients. Read More

Med Hypotheses 2006 ;67(6):1274-6

Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA.

Various mechanisms have been argued for skin wrinkling, one of the hallmarks of aging. We hypothesize that chronic sympathetic bias is a previously unrecognized mechanism for wrinkling. In the acute setting of water immersion, reversible skin wrinkling is a well-known reflex mediated by the autonomic nervous system. Read More

Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2005 Dec;149(2):257-9

Department of Immunology, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.

The recombinant Outer surface protein A (rOspA) from Borrelia burgdorferi is a possible immunogen for protection of infected humans and animals against development of Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease), a chronic tick-borne disease characterised by diverse dermatologic, neurologic, rheumatic, and cardiac manifestations. For several years, research and development have been directed towards a vaccine for the prevention of this debilitating disease. Numerous animal studies demonstrate that pre-existing antibodies against the outer surface proteins of B. Read More

Curr Infect Dis Rep 2006 Mar;8(2):96-102

Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.

Whipple's disease (WD) is a chronic debilitating disease caused by the bacillus Tropheryma whippleii. WD classically presents with the main clinical symptoms of polyarthralgias, chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Given its systemic involvement, it is common for WD to present with a multitude of other clinical scenarios--sometimes with predominant neurologic, cardiac, and dermatologic manifestations. Read More

Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005 Oct;11(10):773-80

Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after bone marrow transplantation. Well-documented manifestations of GVHD include dermatologic, gastrointestinal, hepatic, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, and hematologic manifestations and sicca syndrome. To date, the heart has only rarely been reported to be a target of GVHD. Read More

Arthritis Rheum 2005 Jun;52(6):1785-93

Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.

Objective: To describe dermatologic manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and to investigate possible correlations between livedo reticularis and other APS manifestations.

Methods: We conducted a single-center study of 200 consecutive patients with primary or systemic lupus erythematosus-related APS. To qualify for the study, patients had to fulfill clinical and laboratory criteria from the most recent international consensus statement on classification of definite APS. Read More

Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat 2005 Mar;14(1):15-9

Dermatology Service, General Hospital Slovenj Gradec, 2380 Slovenj Gradec, Slovenija.

Fabry disease is an under-recognized X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disorder resulting from the deficient activity of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A). The first case of Fabry disease in Slovenia was diagnosed in 1991. This 46 year-old male was referred for dermatologic evaluation of a purpura on his abdomen. Read More

Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi 2005 Feb;28(1):4-9

Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Japan.

Neonatal lupus syndrome is a passively acquired autoimmune syndrome in which pathogenic autoantibodies (anti-SSA/Ro, anti-SSB/La, and both, or rarely anti-U(1)RNP antibodies) are transmitted from a mother to her fetus through the placenta. The major clinical manifestations in the infants are cardiac (congenital heart block), dermatologic (skin lesion), hepatic (elevated hepatic enzymes), and hematologic (cytopenia). Congenital complete heart block (CCHB) is irreversible, while noncardiac manifestations are transient, resolving by one-year-old of age without specific treatments. Read More

Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2002 Dec;4(6):513-6

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, John Buhler Research Centre, 804F-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4.

There is a paucity of randomized, controlled therapy studies of the extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Most current therapeutic approaches are empiric or based on approaches to therapy in other settings. In the past year anecdotal evidence has emerged for the use of therapies that neutralize tumor necrosis factor-a in both ankylosing spondylitis and the dermatologic extraintestinal manifestations. Read More

Dermatol Clin 2000 Jul;18(3):405-15

Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA.

Erythroderma can be caused by a variety of underlying dermatoses, infections, and systemic diseases. Many of the findings on history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation are nondiagnostic. Distinctive clinical and laboratory features pointing to a specific disease may be evident, however. Read More

J Med Entomol 1998 May;35(3):324-6

Faculty of Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of Javeriana, Bogota D.C., Colombia.

Lyme disease is an infectious multisystemic illness with dermatologic, neurologic, cardiac, and rheumatic manifestations. A total of 4,355 ticks was collected in Colombia, of which 2,805 were identified as Ixodes spp. The midgut contents of 2,600 specimens were fixed on microscope slides and examined by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using monoclonal antibodies, anti-ospA H5332, and anti-flagellin 9724. Read More

Pol Tyg Lek 1996 Jun;51(23-26):326-8, 330

Kliniki Obserwacyjno-Zakaźnej AM w Białymstoku.

Lyme borreliosis (LB) caused the tick-borne spirochete B. burgdorferi, is associated with a wide variety of manifestations including dermatologic, rheumatologic, neurologic and cardiac abnormalities, that can differ from one region to another. To define clinical picture of LB in Poland, particularly in north-eastern region, we studied in 46 patients. Read More

Arch Pediatr 1995 Apr;2(4):343-6

Unité de dermatologie pédiatrique, hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, Bordeaux, France.

Background: Clinical manifestations of Lyme disease are mainly cutaneous, neurologic, cardiac and/or located joints. Some dermatologic manifestations are more specific.

Case Report: An eight year-old-girl was examined because she suffered from a nodular lesion located on the left breast areola which appeared 3 months earlier. Read More

Infect Dis Clin North Am 1994 Sep;8(3):637-54

Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.

Infection remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in cardiac transplant patients. Skin infections are not uncommon in these patients. Although usually caused by secondary dissemination after initial infection of another organ system, some skin infections may be primary infections, such as bacterial infections caused by the use of intravenous catheters or fungal infections in severely immunosuppressed patients. Read More

J Emerg Med 1994 Jul-Aug;12(4):491-7

Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego Medical Center 92103-8676.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects all organ systems. Infection of the heart can manifest with evidence of myocarditis, pericarditis, or cardiomyopathy. The most common gastrointestinal symptom is diarrhea, which can result from infection with a variety of bacterial, fungal, or protozoal organisms. Read More