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J Magn Reson Imaging 2017 10 20;46(4):1115-1127. Epub 2017 Feb 20.

Clinical Research Imaging Centre (CRIC), Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of warmup by application of the thermal agent Deep Heat (DH) on muscle mechanical properties using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) at 3T before and after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD).

Materials And Methods: Twenty male participants performed an individualized protocol designed to induce EIMD in the quadriceps. DH was applied to the thigh in 50% of the participants before exercise. Read More

J Cancer Res Ther 2016 Jul-Sep;12(3):1153-1159

Department of Small Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Veterinary Faculty, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary.

Aim Of Study: Is to show the intrahepatic temperature development in anesthetized pig.

Materials And Methods: Temperature development in the liver of anesthetized pig is measured to study the thermal effects of capacitive coupled energy transfer. The treatment was made by modulated electrohyperthermia (mEHT, trade name: oncothermia ®), controlled by a fluoroptical temperature sensing positioned by the ultrasound-guided process. Read More

Nat Commun 2016 Mar 30;7:10926. Epub 2016 Mar 30.

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, Washington 99354, USA.

Ocean heat uptake is observed to penetrate deep into the Atlantic and Southern Oceans during the recent hiatus of global warming. Here we show that the deep heat penetration in these two basins is not unique to the hiatus but is characteristic of anthropogenic warming and merely reflects the depth of the mean meridional overturning circulation in the basin. We find, however, that heat redistribution in the upper 350 m between the Pacific and Indian Oceans is closely tied to the surface warming hiatus. Read More

Photomed Laser Surg 2016 Feb 19;34(2):82-7. Epub 2016 Jan 19.

2 Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Lebanese University , Beirut, Lebanon .

Objective: The aim of our study is to evaluate the efficiency of a new therapeutic method using CO2 laser to avoid mutilation or total excision for the treatment of invasive, large and unexcisable oral lymphangiomas.

Background Data: Cystic lymphatic malformations, or lymphangiomas, are mature lymphatic malformations, consisting of abnormal lymphatic vessels. Surgical excision is considered by most surgeons to be the treatment of choice for lymphangioma. Read More

Adv Exp Med Biol 2016 ;876:435-441

Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.

We have previously developed a hybrid microwave-optical system to monitor microvascular changes in response to thermal provocation in muscle. The hybrid probe is capable of inducing deep heat from the skin surface using mild microwaves (1-3 W) and raises the tissue temperature by a few degrees Celsius. This causes vasodilation and the subsequent increase in blood volume is detected by the hybrid probe using near infrared spectroscopy. Read More

J Athl Train 2014 Nov-Dec;49(6):851-5

Exercise Science Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.

Context: Regaining full, active range of motion (ROM) after trauma to the elbow is difficult.

Objective: To report the cases of 6 patients who lacked full ROM in the elbow because of trauma. The treatment regimen was thermal pulsed shortwave diathermy and joint mobilizations. Read More

J Athl Train 2014 Oct 9. Epub 2014 Oct 9.

Exercise Science Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.

Context :  Regaining full, active range of motion (ROM) after trauma to the elbow is difficult. Objective :  To report the cases of 6 patients who lacked full ROM in the elbow because of trauma. The treatment regimen was thermal pulsed shortwave diathermy and joint mobilizations. Read More

J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2014 ;27(3):247-73

Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.

Background And Objective: Frozen shoulder is a common condition, yet its treatment remains challenging. In this review, the current best evidence for the use of physical therapy interventions (PTI) is evaluated.

Method: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, PEDro, ProQuest, Science Direct, and Sport Discus were searched for studies published in English since 2000. Read More

Spine J 2014 Aug 1;14(8):1712-21. Epub 2013 Nov 1.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital "San Agustín", Avenida de San Cristóbal, s/n, Linares, 23700 Jaén, Spain; University of Jaén, Campus de las Lagunillas, s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain.

Background Context: Although the use of deep heat therapy is widespread, there is scant literature available on its effectiveness in treating back or neck pain.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of microwave diathermy to treat nonspecific chronic neck pain.

Design: The study was designed as a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Read More

Sci Am 2013 Apr;308(4):92

Rev Enferm 2011 Apr;34(4):12-7

Servico Navarro de Salud, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra.

The application of heat or cold therapy is called thermotherapy Thermotherapy has been used since ancient times, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans used solar radiation or submersion in springs to apply heat and ice and snow for cold application. The first scientific references related to thermotherapy appear in late eighteenth century but the twentieth century when the introduction of new forms of deep heat therapy have expanded their capabilities and their operation with media surface more comfortable and effective. Thermotherapy although they require more experimentation to obtain a solid scientific proof that their use is raising great expectations in various fields such as oncology treatment, surgery neurology etc. Read More

Electromagn Biol Med 2011 Mar;30(1):21-45

Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

A number of electromagnetic field-based technologies are available for therapeutic medical applications. These therapies can be broken down into different categories based on technical parameters employed and type of clinical application. Pulsed radio frequency energy (PRFE) therapy is a non invasive, electromagnetic field-based therapeutic that is based on delivery of pulsed, shortwave radio frequency energy in the 13-27. Read More

Zhongguo Yi Liao Qi Xie Za Zhi 2010 May;34(3):198-201

School of Electronics and Information, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021.

Objective: A 2.45 GHz microstrip applicator using single rectangle sheet structure is presented.

Methods: Based on the radiant principle of microstrip antenna, the applicator's parameter is designed and the simulating model is set and optimized in HFSS. Read More

Mymensingh Med J 2008 Jul;17(2 Suppl):S32-8

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahabag, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

A randomized clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from 1st April 2006 to 31st March 2007. A total of 102 patients of Chronic LBP were included in the study. Out of them, 42 (41. Read More

Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008 Mar 13;148(1-3):71-81. Epub 2007 Nov 13.

Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 204 Seitz Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.

Radio-frequency (RF)-based dielectric heating was used in the alkali (NaOH) pretreatment of switchgrass to enhance its enzymatic digestibility. Due to the unique features of RF heating (i.e. Read More

J Strength Cond Res 2004 Feb;18(1):155-61

Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.

The effects of increased muscle temperature via continuous ultrasound prior to a maximal bout of eccentric exercise were investigated on the symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) of the elbow flexors. Perceived muscle soreness, upper arm circumferences, range of motion (ROM), and isometric and isokinetic strength were measured over 7 days on 14 college-aged men (n = 6) and women (n = 8). Ten minutes of continuous ultrasound (ULT) or sham-ultrasound (CON) were administered. Read More

Phys Ther 2001 Jun;81(6):1206-14

Albuquerque VA Medical Center and Lovelace Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.

Background And Purpose: Warm-up prior to static stretching enhances muscle extensibility. The relative effectiveness of different modes of warm-up, however, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of superficial heat, deep heat, and active exercise warm-up prior to stretching compared with stretching alone on the extensibility of the plantar-flexor muscles. Read More

J Altern Complement Med 1997 ;3(2):173-7

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johnson Memorial Hospital, Stafford Springs, CT, USA.

According to Krusen's Handbook of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, topical application of ultrasound exerts only an indirect and adjunctive effect as deep-heat treatment. In support of this idea the extensibility of an isolated tendon in a heated water bath is described. The significance of this experiment as a biological phenomenon has never been critically examined. Read More

Ann Intern Med 1994 Jul;121(2):133-40

Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.

Purpose: To review the efficacy of nonmedicinal, noninvasive therapies in hip and knee osteoarthritis.

Data Sources: Search of English-language literature from 1966 through 1993 using MEDLINE by cross-referencing "osteoarthritis" (therapy subheadings) with "controlled trial," "comparative study," or "trial(s)."

Study Selection: Fifteen controlled trials of diathermy (deep heat), exercise, acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, topically applied capsaicin, low-energy laser, and pulsed electromagnetic fields were found. Read More

Phys Sportsmed 1994 Feb;22(2):76-88

In brief Ultrasound and electromagnetic diathermy (both shortwave and microwave) have useful roles in treating sports injuries. Ultrasound can control inflammation, improve collagen elasticity, and deliver medication to selected tissues. Electromagnetic diathermy is an alternative to ultrasound for alleviating muscle or joint contractures, muscle spasm, and pain. Read More

J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 1993 Jan;3(4):24-31

Physical Therapy Orthopaedic Specialists, Inc., Minneapolis, MN.

Plain x-rays of the lumbar spine are not helpful in diagnosing most known causes of low back pain but can reveal structural changes such as disc space narrowing, scoliosis, lumbarization or sacralization, spondylolysis, and spondylolisthesis. Spondylolisthesis is defined as the forward displacement of one vertebrae upon another, usually at the L5-S1 level, but also occurring at L4-5. For spondylolisthesis to occur there must be an anatomical change in the structures which normally resist the anterior displacement of one vertebrae upon the other. Read More

Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1991 May;69(5):704-12

Ecole de réadaptation, Département de physiologie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.

Physical modalities, including cold and heat, are widely used in the conservative management of pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders. This review has critically appraised the literature supporting the use of these modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. It was concluded that, apart from a few exceptions and in a few types of disorders, existing evidence does not support the use of these modalities in long-term pain control. Read More

Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1991 ;63(3-4):205-9

Laboratoire de Physiologie et Explorations vasculaires, CHRU Angers, France.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of controlled hypotension on subcutaneous and cutaneous haemodynamics in humans. Moderate hypotension was achieved with nitroglycerin (NTG) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) infusion during narconeuroleptanalgesia in seven patients. Subcutaneous and cutaneous blood flow were measured by a superficial and deep heat clearance (HC) technique. Read More

J Epidemiol Community Health 1990 Sep;44(3):196-201

Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.

Study Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate whether occupational exposure among physiotherapists is associated with spontaneous abortion or congenital malformation in the offspring.

Design: The study was a retrospective nested case-control study, where the pregnancy outcome data were based on the medical registers.

Setting: All registered physiotherapists in Finland who had become pregnant during the study period were included in the study. Read More

Med Hypotheses 1988 Apr;25(4):231-3

Dept. of Medicine D, Beilinson Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel.

There is now a growing body of clinical evidence suggesting a therapeutic approach to cancer and prostatic hypertrophy by using hyperthermia. It is proposed that such a hyperthermic modality can produce thermal synovectomy in inflammatory arthritis. Heating the joint cavity up to 42 deg C can inhibit the enzymatic effect of collagenase, oxygenase, and other enzymes playing a role in the inflammatory process. Read More

Clin Sports Med 1985 Jul;4(3):431-8

The competitive athlete's motivation to return to activity following injury presents a challenge to the sports medicine specialist to utilize the most effective rehabilitation procedures available. Safe return to competition necessitates maximal restoration of those components of physical fitness affected by injury (such as muscular strength, power, endurance). Various forms of superficial heat and cold application, deep heat modalities, and electrical currents have been used to supplement therapeutic exercise in this process. Read More

Clin Podiatry 1984 Aug;1(2):301-13

Therapeutic cold, or cryotherapy, has the cooling of the tissues as its primary effect. Based on the mode of application and duration of exposure, the basic physiologic effects are sedation, refrigeration, and the possibility of tissue destruction, Therapeutic heat is usually applied for two physical effects: superficial heat and deep heat. Hyperemia, sedation, and analgesia are the primary effects. Read More

Ann Rheum Dis 1984 Jun;43(3):411-5

A topically applied rubifacient delivered by aerosol (Deep-Heat) was studied. After spray application to the forearms of volunteers, without massage, the erythema produced was measured by thermography and correlated with the concentration of 2 salicylate components of the mixture found in local and systemic venous blood. Maximum erythema occurred at about 30 minutes, while blood salicylate levels were maximal between 20 and 30 minutes after application. Read More

Phys Ther 1978 May;58(5):543-6

The effect of a 20-minute treatment of short-wave diathermy on isometric strength of the quadriceps muscle group was studied in 12 subjects over a 2-hour period. The heat treatment caused an initial decrease in isometric strength followed by an increase 30 minutes after the heat was terminated. Strength remained significantly above the control level for two hours following heat. Read More

Clin Orthop Relat Res 1976 Jun(117):74-9

Spondylolisthesis occurs mainly at the L5-S1 interval, thus involving the dynamic segment. The general incidence is between 2 and 5 per cent, but about half of these patients are asymptomatic. The conservative therapy for the asymptomatic patients includes preventive measures such as correction of poor posture, elimination of stressful occupational requirements, avoidance of certain spine movements, and special sport activities. Read More

Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1948 Jan;29(1):12-7

Cal West Med 1927 Aug;27(2):227