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J Cancer Res Ther 2018 Jul-Sep;14(5):1054-1058

Department of Radiation Oncology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Introduction: Cystosarcoma phyllodes of the breast, an uncommon sarcoma found primarily in women of the age group of 35-55 years, constitutes <1% of all breast neoplasms. These tumors are resistant to chemotherapy and hormonal therapies and often recur aggressively after initial surgery. Limited research is available about the role and effectiveness of adjuvant radiotherapy in reducing recurrences. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Aug;97(31):e11412

Breast Unit, Department of Surgery.

Phyllodes tumor or cystosarcoma phyllodes is a rare fibroepithelial neoplasm which arises from the periductal stroma of the breast. They are classified as benign, borderline, and malignant based on the histologic features. However, all phyllodes tumor (PT) subtypes are regarded as having malignant potential and correct diagnosis is important for surgical management and optimal care. Read More

Case Rep Oncol Med 2018 27;2018:6491675. Epub 2018 Jun 27.

Pathology Services Division, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

Phyllodes tumor (PT) is a rare tumor of the breast accounting for approximately 1% of all breast neoplasms. In 1838, J. Muller coined the term "cystosarcoma phyllodes" based on the leaf-like projections of the tumor extending into the cystic spaces and sarcomatous stromal growth. Read More

World J Surg Oncol 2018 Jul 24;16(1):153. Epub 2018 Jul 24.

Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness and safety in patients with benign phyllodes after performing local excision and following with intra-operative breast flap reconstruction.

Methods: Patients (n = 32) with eligible breast cystosarcoma phyllodes underwent wide local excision followed by intra-operative breast flap reconstruction. Primary outcome measures included average operative time, length of in-hospital stay, postoperative recurrence, and intra-operative and postoperative complications. Read More

Perm J 2018 07;22

Oncosurgeon at the University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital in Shahdara, Delhi, India.

Introduction: Local treatment of metastatic cystosarcoma phyllodes is classically viewed with skepticism because it does not provide survival benefit. When these advanced tumors ulcerate, they reduce quality of life dramatically because of associated pain, infection, malodor, massive discharge, and bleeding.

Case Presentations: Two patients with metastatic cystosarcoma phyllodes presented to our hospital with recurrent disease featuring foul-smelling, ulcerated chest wall masses that caused physical pain and social exclusion. Read More

Chin Med J (Engl) 2018 Mar;131(6):751-752

Department of Ultrasound, Wuhan General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.

APMIS 2017 Jan 16;125(1):32-37. Epub 2016 Nov 16.

Department of Histopathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

Primary giant cell tumor of the female breast is extremely rare. Major diagnostic difficulty is encountered not only by the surgeon but also by the radiologist and pathologist. Pathologically, it is similar to the bone and soft tissue counterparts. Read More

Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2016 10 30;25(4):713-20. Epub 2016 Jul 30.

Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, D2105, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address:

Breast sarcomas are a diverse group of neoplasms arising from the nonepithelial and mesenchymal tissues of the breast. Their behaviors vary from the more indolent tumors like cystosarcoma phyllodes to the extremely aggressive angiosarcoma. They should be approached in a similar fashion to their soft tissue sarcoma counterparts in other locations and managed by multidisciplinary sarcoma specialists with attention to wide-margin surgical excision. Read More

Isr Med Assoc J 2016 Jun;18(6):368-9

Int Med Case Rep J 2016 22;9:35-7. Epub 2016 Feb 22.

Division of Head, Neck and Breast, Department of Surgery, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Phyllodes tumor or cystosarcoma phyllodes is a rare disease and is usually seen in middle-aged patients. Ruptured phyllodes tumor is a very rare condition. Our study reports patient presentation, diagnosis method, and treatment of an unusual case. Read More

Indian J Cancer 2015 Jul-Sep;52(3):365-8

Department of Surgery, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Purpose: Phyllodes tumor (PT) is a rare fibroepithelial neoplasm comprising <1% of all breast tumors. Clinical spectrum ranges from benign (B), borderline (BL), and locally recurrent to malignant (M) and metastatic type. The aim of our study was to analyze the clinicopathological factors, compare treatment options, and evaluate outcome in patients with PT. Read More

J Cancer Res Ther 2015 Oct-Dec;11(4):1032

Department of Surgery, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a benign breast entity described first by Vuitch et al., in 1986. PASH is a benign stromal lesion containing complex anastomosing channels lined by slender spindle cells. Read More

Indian J Cancer 2015 Jan-Mar;52(1):105

Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Acta Chir Belg 2015 May-Jun;115(3):256-9

Department of Pediatric Surgery, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Phyllodes tumor is a rare primary tumor of the breast. In children and adolescents, it is even rarer with only 20 cases, treatment of which vary in the literature. Herein we report the case of a 13-year-old female patient with a giant benign phyllodes tumor eroding the bottom of the breast skin and causing nipple retraction. Read More

Indian J Surg 2015 Apr 26;77(2):161-3. Epub 2013 Jun 26.

Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India.

Phyllodes tumour is a rare benign neoplasm of the breast. It is a mixed tumour of epithelial and mesenchymal origin. The epithelial element is characterized by proliferation of ductolobular units. Read More

Am J Surg 2015 Jul 24;210(1):74-9. Epub 2015 Mar 24.

Avon Breast Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Background: Phyllodes is a rare tumor accounting for less than 1% of all breast neoplasms. Studies defining clinical predictors of malignant phyllodes (MP) are rare and inconsistent. Furthermore, MP occurrence in African American (AA) women has never been analyzed. Read More

Adv Anat Pathol 2015 Mar;22(2):113-20

*Department of Medicine, University of Calgary †Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary and Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.

In contrast to the common tumors of the prostate, seminal vesicle demonstrates low potential for neoplastic proliferation. Of the rare primary seminal vesicle tumors, adenocarcinoma is the most common, but there are also rare seminal vesicle neoplasms which demonstrate epithelial and stromal components. These neoplasms have been described in the literature under various names, including "epithelial-stromal tumor," "cystic epithelial-stromal tumor," "cystadenoma," "cystomyoma," "mesenchymoma," "Müllerian adenosarcoma-like tumor," "phyllodes tumor," and "cystosarcoma phyllodes. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2015 12;6C:84-7. Epub 2014 Dec 12.

Breast Surgery Section, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address:

Introduction: Cystosarcoma phyllodes (CP) is a rare breast tumor occurring most often in females in their fifth decade. While usually benign, some CP tumors exhibit aggressive growth patterns and extensively invade chest wall structures; resecting these tumors to negative surgical margins can be challenging. We present a case of malignant CP involving the chest wall where using a negative pressure vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) system after resection enabled complete histopathologic margin assessment prior to reconstruction. Read More

J Clin Neurosci 2015 Jan 18;22(1):226-7. Epub 2014 Oct 18.

Department of Pathology, L25, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Electronic address:

Brain metastases from malignant phyllodes tumors of the breast are a rare occurrence. We report a patient with a malignant phyllodes tumor of the right breast which subsequently metastasized to the right lower lobe of the lung 1 year after initial presentation, and to the right cerebellar hemisphere 2 years after diagnosis of her breast mass. After both chemotherapy and whole brain radiotherapy the patient is tumor free at most recent follow-up, 116 months after the breast tumor diagnosis was made. Read More

J Indian Med Assoc 2013 Sep;111(9):618, 620

Phyllode tumour is a rare fibro-epithelial lesion that accounts for less than 1% of all neoplasms. It occurs in females in the 3rd and 4th decades. In 15% of patients local recurrence occurs and in 20% of patients distal metastasis is seen. Read More

Case Rep Urol 2014 2;2014:302708. Epub 2014 Jan 2.

Department of Urology, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25100 Brescia, Italy.

Cystosarcoma of the seminal vesicle is a very rare malignant tumor; in the literature only four cases are reported. We present a case of cystosarcoma phyllodes arising in the right seminal vesicle of a 49-year-old man without any urinary symptom but with persistent constipation. Ultrasound examination showed a mass at the right superior base of the prostate subsequently studied with CT and MRI. Read More

Indian J Surg 2013 Jun 7;75(Suppl 1):54-6. Epub 2011 Aug 7.

Department of General Surgery, J.S.S Medical College, J.S.S University, Mysore, Karnataka India.

Giant Fibroadenoma is commonly seen in young women. Here, we are reporting the case of an elderly lady who was diagnosed with Cystosarcoma Phylloides clinically and by FNAC. Simple mastectomy was performed and histopathology revealed a Giant Fibroadenoma. Read More

Indian J Surg 2013 Feb 18;75(1):39-42. Epub 2012 Apr 18.

Department of Surgery, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, India.

Cystosarcoma phyllodes is an uncommon neoplasm of the breast, constituting 0.3-0.9 % of all breast tumors. Read More

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013 Sep;17(18):2495-8

Department of Obstetric Gynecological and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.  

Introduction: Cystosarcoma phyllodes are very rare tumors and may be difficult to diagnose clinically.

Background: Fibroadenomas have long been considered benign hyperplastic lesions rather than true neoplastic processes. However, previous clonality studies have shown differing results. Read More

Indian J Surg 2012 Oct 14;74(5):418-9. Epub 2012 Mar 14.

Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Circular Road, Amritsar, 143001 Punjab India.

Sarcomas of the breast are relatively rare and account for 1% of all primary malignant tumors of the breast. Pure and primary chondrosarcoma of the male breast is an extremely rare tumor. It may arise either from the breast stroma itself or from underlying bone or cartilage. Read More

Malays J Med Sci 2013 Mar;20(2):67-9

Department of General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India.

Benign phyllodes tumour is a rare non-cancerous growth of the breast characterized by a solitary unilateral tumour in one breast, or rarely multifocal in one or both breasts. It is diagnosed on the basis of physical examination, imaging studies, and fine-needle aspiration cytology. In this report, we present a case of benign phyllodes tumour with an unusual presentation of recurrent attacks of hypoglycemia, which can be attributed to secretion of insulin-like growth factor II from the tumour. Read More

J Radiol Case Rep 2013 Feb 1;7(2):24-37. Epub 2013 Feb 1.

Department of Radiology, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL 33136, USA.

For the year of 2012, it has been estimated that breast cancer will account for the greatest number of newly diagnosed cancers and the second highest proportion of cancer related deaths among women. Breast cancer, while often lumped together as one disease, represents a diverse group of malignancies with different imaging findings, histological appearances and behavior. While most invasive primary breast cancers are epithelial derived adenocarcinomas, rare neoplasms such as the phyllodes tumor may arise from mesenchymal tissue. Read More

Clin Nucl Med 2014 Mar;39(3):e233-5

From the *Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Centre, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland; and †School of Medicine, †Institute of Nuclear Medicine, and §Institute of Radiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.

We describe a pulmonary metastasis of a cystosarcoma phyllodes of the breast (CPB) detected by F-FDG PET/CT. A 65-year-old female patient previously operated on for a cystosarcoma phyllodes of the left breast underwent F-FDG PET/CT for restaging. F-FDG PET/CT showed an area of increased F-FDG uptake corresponding to a 2-cm right pulmonary nodule. Read More

J Clin Pathol 2013 Jun 26;66(6):465-70. Epub 2013 Mar 26.

Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.

In the 4th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Breast, myoepithelial lesions are retitled myoepithelial and epithelial-myoepithelial lesions in order to better reflect the dual participation of luminal and myoepithelial compartments in some key entities. Malignant myoepithelioma, described as a section within the chapter on myoepithelial lesions in the 3rd edition, is recognised in the 4th edition as part of metaplastic carcinoma. Adenomyoepithelioma with malignancy is categorised in terms of the cellular component undergoing malignant transformation. Read More

Jpn J Radiol 2013 May 6;31(5):342-8. Epub 2013 Feb 6.

Department of Biomedical Imaging, University Malaya Research Imaging Centre (UMRIC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Phyllodes tumour or cystosarcoma phyllodes is a rare stromal breast tumour that is usually benign but on rare occasions can turn malignant. Non-specificity of the imaging features on sonography and mammography makes it difficult to distinguish malignant from benign counterparts solely based on imaging. The final diagnosis is still highly dependent on histopathological assessment. Read More

Indian J Surg Oncol 2011 Jun 15;2(2):141-4. Epub 2011 Jul 15.

This is an article reporting the largest phyllodes tumor and the role of radiotherapy in patients of phyllodes tumor of breast, based on Medline search for articles in English language using keywords "role of radiotherapy in phyllodes tumor of breast". 32 years female presented with a lump in right breast since last 4 months. This was the second recurrence of similar lump in last 6 years. Read More

Ann Ital Chir 2012 Nov-Dec;83(6):547-9

Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy.

Sarcoma of the breast is a rare condition, with one possible meaning of relapse ad metastastasize, and behaves biologically as a stromal tumor. Surgery is the first choise and mastectomy is the best procedure adopted in these tumors. The aim of our study was to assess diagnostic and treatment options for PT, based on a review of the literature and our experience with a case of breast sarcoma arising from a phyllodes tumor. Read More

Ann Ital Chir 2012 Jul-Aug;83(4):331-6

Department of Endocrine Surgery, University of Perugia, Italy.

Background: Phyllodes tumors are biphasic fibroepithelial neoplasms of the breast. While the surgical management of these relatively uncommon tumors has been addressed in the literature, few reports have commented on the surgical approach to tumors greater than ten centimeters in diameter - the giant phyllodes tumor.

Case Report: We report a case of a 45-year-old woman who presented with a large lump in her right breast, involvement of multiple ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes and pectoralis major muscle. Read More

Am Surg 2012 Feb;78(2):109-11

Department of Surgery, Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, NY 10457, USA.

Fertil Steril 2011 Nov 13;96(5):1126-7. Epub 2011 Sep 13.

University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy.

Objective: To evaluate the possible malignant transformation of fibroadenoma of the breast in patients undergoing an IVF cycle.

Design: Case report.

Setting: Assisted reproduction center. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2011 7;5:293. Epub 2011 Jul 7.

Department of Surgery, Bronx Lebanon Hospital Centre, Bronx, NY 10457, USA.

Introduction: Primary tumors of the breast containing bone and cartilage are extremely rare, and an osteogenic sarcoma arising from a cystosarcoma phyllodes is exceptional.

Case Presentation: A 40-year-old Indian woman presented with a breast mass which was diagnosed as osteosarcoma of the breast on biopsy. Our patient was treated with a simple mastectomy after excluding the presence of skeletal primary and extra-mammary metastases. Read More

Klin Onkol 2010 ;23(6):446-8

Onkologické oddelení, Fakultní Thomayerova nemocnice a 1. lékarská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, Praha.

Cystosarcoma phyllodes is an uncommon type of breast tumour. Benign, borderline, and malignant subtypes have been described. Central nervous system metastases of the malignant subtype of cystosarcoma phyllodes are rare and associated with poor prognosis. Read More

J Cytol 2010 Oct;27(4):149-51

Department of Pathology, VIMS, Bellary, India.

Osseous differentiation within a phyllodes tumor is extremely rare. Cytological and histological findings of a case of malignant phyllodes tumor with osseous differentiation are presented. A 45-year-old female had a malignant phyllodes tumor with osseous stroma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. Read More

Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011 Mar 11;283(3):591-6. Epub 2010 Nov 11.

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Prittwitzstraße 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany.

Introduction: Cystosarcoma phylloides (CSP) is a fibro-epithelial neoplasm of the breast. Not all CSP cases present as malignant tumors; they are therefore classified as benign, malignant, and borderline subtypes according to the WHO classification. The classification is based on several histopathological features of the neoplasm, such as mitosis rate or invasive growth of the tumor. Read More

Clin Transl Oncol 2010 Oct;12(10):704-6

Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.

Breast tumors in adolescents are very rare and mostly benign. Fibroadenomas are the most frequent, but within the extensive differential diagnosis, the phyllodes tumor must be mentioned, which accounts for about 1% of breast tumors and the diagnosis of which is very rare in patients younger than 20 years. There are no specific symptoms or radiological images to distinguish phyllodes tumor from fibroadenoma; therefore, histological examination is mandatory for diagnosis. Read More

Indian J Plast Surg 2010 Jan;43(1):88-91

Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.

We present a massive 25 cm × 20 cm chest wall defect resulting from resection of recurrent cystosarcoma phyllodes of the breast along with six ribs exposing pleura. The chest wall was reconstructed with a Prolene mesh-methylmethacrylate cement sandwich while soft tissue reconstruction was carried out using a combined free anterolateral-anteromedial thigh musculocutaneous flap with two separate pedicles, anastomosed to the thoracodorsal and thoracoacromial vessels respectively. We explain our rationale for and the advantages of combining the musculocutaneous anterolateral thigh flap with the anteromedial-rectus femoris thigh flap. Read More

Am Surg 2010 Mar;76(3):302-5

Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.

Malignant phylloides tumors are exceedingly rare with few cases being reported in pregnancy. We describe the first case ever reported of a malignant phylloides tumor presenting in the first trimester of pregnancy and provide insight into the complexities of management as well as a review of the known literature. An extensive PubMed literature search for "cystosarcoma," "phylloides," and "pregnancy" was performed. Read More

J Ark Med Soc 2009 Dec;106(7):134-6

This is a case report and literature review of a 30.8 pound cystosarcoma phyllodes tumor resected in a 54-year-old female. Starting at age 19, the patient had noted a small breast tumor that continued to grow over the years. Read More

Clin Breast Cancer 2009 Aug;9(3):193-5

National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Cystosarcoma phyllodes is an important but relatively uncommon fibroepithelial breast neoplasm that accounts for 0.5%-1.0% of female breast carcinomas. Read More

Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2009 ;47(1):105-10

Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland.

The aim of this study was assessment of possible effects of loss of heterozygosity on human genetic identification of histolopathogical tissue sections. DNA templates were extracted from tumour tissue specimens excised from oncological patients and from reference blood samples. AmpFlSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit and ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applera) were used to obtain genetic profiles. Read More

Chir Ital 2008 Nov-Dec;60(6):867-72

S.C. Chirurgia Generale e Oncologica, Dipartimento Scienze Chirurgiche, Radiologiche, Odontostomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia.

Phylloides tumours are unusual neoplasms, accounting for less than 0.5% of breast tumours and approximately 2.5% of fibro-epithelial tumours. Read More

Int Semin Surg Oncol 2009 Feb 20;6. Epub 2009 Feb 20.

Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Background: Cystosarcoma phylloides (CP) is an extremely rare form of breast cancer with an unpredictable clinical course. The histological characteristics of this neoplasm have not proved to offer much in the estimation of prognosis of these patients.

Patients And Methods: In our clinics, in a time period of 38 years, 22 patients with cystosarcoma phylloides were treated. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2009 Feb;123(2):72e-73e

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Marche Polytechnical University Medical School, Ancona, Italy.

Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch 2009 19;49(4):320-5. Epub 2010 May 19.

Abteilung für Senologie, Frauenklinik, Marienhospital Herne, Herne, Germany.

The phylloid tumor (PT, formerly called cystosarcoma phylloides) is a rare neoplasia of the female breast. Usually the PT is treated with breast-conserving surgery. In spite of progress in early diagnosis, PTs recur frequently--independently of tumor's degree of malignancy. Read More

Breast Cancer 1998 ;5(3):301-7

Department of Surgery II, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.

Background: Cystosarcoma phyllodes (CP) is a rare neoplasm of the breast. Many studies of the histology of CP have been reported. However, few reports have included an evaluation of the histologic appearance of pulmonary metastases, or the change in histologic grade as a function of time in patients with recurrent tumors. Read More