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J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2018 Jun;28(6):S135-S136

Department of Emergency Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi.

Baker's cysts or popliteal cysts are common cystic lesions surrounding the knee joint. These are prevalent among the adult population but rare in children. These are asymptomatic in majority of cases, and are identified incidentally by the parent or physician. Read More

Can Assoc Radiol J 2018 May;69(2):197-214

Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Republic of Singapore.

While interpreting routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee joint, a radiologist may encounter various cystic lesions such as ganglion, synovial, and meniscal cysts, among others. In some cases, MRI may demonstrate cystlike lesions around the knee due to fluid distention of normal bursa and recesses, the diagnosis of which should not be difficult if a radiologist is familiar with their characteristic location and MRI appearance. In addition, there are cyst mimickers such as hematomas, abscesses, vascular lesions, and neoplasms around knee joint that may pose a diagnostic challenge on routine MRI. Read More

Biomed Res Int 2017 31;2017:4634350. Epub 2017 May 31.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Kawahara-cho 54, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.

Chronic expanding hematoma is characterized by continuous growth of a blood collection. We analyzed the clinical features of 7 patients with chronic expanding hematomas in the extremities, with an average age of 65.6 years. Read More

Virchows Arch 2016 Jun 22;468(6):741-55. Epub 2016 Mar 22.

Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.

Defining giant cell-rich osteosarcoma (GCRO) as "an osteosarcoma in which more than 50% of the tumor consists of numerous uniformly distributed osteoclastic giant cells amidst oval or spindle mononuclear cells embedded in a fibrovascular stroma," eight such cases identified among 265 cases of osteosarcoma were analysed. Their age ranges from 11 to 33 years, with peak incidence in the second decade and equal sex distribution. Seventy-five percent presented with pain, commonest in the knee, affecting the metaphysis. Read More

Knee 2016 Jun 24;23(3):436-41. Epub 2016 Feb 24.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia.

Background: The purpose of this study was to review the clinical results of irradiated fresh frozen osteochondral allografts for large osteochondral defects of the knee using the Mega-OATS technique.

Methods: Nine patients with a mean age of 32.1±6. Read More

Autops Case Rep 2015 Oct-Dec;5(4):71-6. Epub 2015 Dec 30.

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology - School of Medicine - Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul - Turkey .

A ganglion cyst (GC) is a mucinous or gelatinous-filled benign tumor overlying a joint or tendon sheath, which commonly arises in the dorsal and volar wrist side but may occur anywhere in the body. Although cystic lesions around the knee are common, the occurrence of GCs are rare. Ganglia may arise from intra or extra-articular, soft tissue, intraosseous, or periosteal location. Read More

Knee Surg Relat Res 2015 Dec 1;27(4):255-62. Epub 2015 Dec 1.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report clinical results of open excision of extra-articular ganglion cysts around the knee joint combined with arthroscopic management of intra-articular pathologies if present.

Materials And Methods: Of the total 107 cases of cystic lesions around the knee, 23 cases of extra-articular ganglion cysts were reviewed between January 2006 and July 2011. There were 13 males and 10 females with a mean age of 48 years (range, 30 to 73 years). Read More

BJR Case Rep 2016 10;2(1):20150231. Epub 2015 Sep 10.

Department of Pathology, Apollo Hospitals, Bangalore, India.

Cystic ganglionosis is an unusual benign condition, which presents as multiple ganglion cysts involving multiple joints. The case we report here is probably the first case of an adult reported in the literature. The only other case of multiple ganglion cysts reported in the literature is that of an 11-year-old child with ganglion cysts in multiple joints. Read More

J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2014 Dec 25;58(6):674-8. Epub 2014 Sep 25.

National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Introduction: This study aimed to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of giant-cell tumours of bone.

Methods: We analysed the clinical and MRI features of patients diagnosed with giant-cell tumours of bone confirmed by histopathology at our institution between 2010 and 2012.

Results: The peak incidence was between the second and third decades of life. Read More

Indian J Radiol Imaging 2014 Apr;24(2):182-91

Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston MA 02215, USA.

Cysts and cystic-appearing lesions around the knee are common and can be divided into true cysts (synovial cysts, bursae, ganglia, and meniscal cysts) and lesions that mimic cysts (hematomas, seromas, abscesses, vascular lesions, and neoplasms). The specific anatomic location of the cystic lesion often permits the correct diagnosis. In difficult cases, identifying a cystic mass in an atypical location and/or visualizing internal solid contrast enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should raise concern for a neoplasm and the need for further evaluation and intervention. Read More

Nervenarzt 2014 Jun;85(6):749-52

Orthopädisch-Unfallchirurgisches Zentrum, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland,

Cystic formations around the knee are a common object of orthopedic treatment. When associated with neurological or vascular deficits further diagnostic imaging is required. This case study demonstrates the appearance of an intramuscular ganglion causing drop foot, arising from the tibio-fibular joint. Read More

Radiol Clin North Am 2013 May 12;51(3):433-54. Epub 2013 Jan 12.

University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA.

Cystic lesions are common around the knee and are often encountered as an incidental finding on routine magnetic resonance imaging examinations. The clinical presentation of cysts and other fluid collections is variable, depending on their size, location, and relationship to adjacent anatomic structures. This article reviews the anatomy, etiology, clinical presentation, and imaging features of commonly occurring cystic lesions around the knee and discusses some of the potential pitfalls that may be encountered in clinical practice. Read More

Insights Imaging 2013 Jun 12;4(3):257-72. Epub 2013 Mar 12.

Department of Radiology, 412 General Military Hospital-212 Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, Terma Lefkou Pyrgou, Xanthi, 67100, Greece,

Objectives And Methods: A variety of benign cystic or "cyst-like" lesions may be encountered during a routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee. These lesions comprise a diverse group of entities from benign cysts to complications of underlying diseases. In addition, normal anatomic bursae and recesses may be misdiagnosed as an intra-articular cystic lesion when they are distended. Read More

Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012 Oct-Dec;25(4):1131-6

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a rare condition, most commonly involving the knee joint. PVNS is locally aggressive and can invade and destroy surrounding soft tissue and bone, leading to anatomical and functional deterioration of the affected joint. Localized PVNS is an unusual presentation of the disease, generally consisting of a nodular lesion protruding into the articular cavity. Read More

Knee Surg Relat Res 2012 Dec 29;24(4):249-53. Epub 2012 Nov 29.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.

Baker's cysts are one of the most common cystic lesions around the knee joint and mainly caused by fluid distension of the gastrocnemius-semimembranous bursa that is situated along the medial side of the popliteal fossa. Typically, a Baker's cyst extends along the intermuscular planes around the knee joint and may enlarge any direction. However, it is mostly located in the inferomedial or superficial layers of the knee joint and less commonly extends laterally or proximally. Read More

Orthopedics 2012 Jul;35(7):e1122-4

Department of Orthopaedics, 800 Washington St, Tufts Medical Center #306, Boston, MA 02111, USA.

Ganglion cysts are lesions resulting from the myxoid degeneration of the connective tissue associated with joint capsules and tendon sheaths. Most common around the wrist joint, ganglion cysts may be found elsewhere in the body, including in and around the knee joint. Uncommonly, ganglion cysts can present intramuscularly. Read More

Int J Rheumatol 2012 14;2012:843970. Epub 2012 Apr 14.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Unit West, Lægårdvej 12, 7500 Holstebro, Denmark.

Objective. To determine the risk of intra- and periarticular cyst-like lesions of the knee joint in occupational kneeling. Methods. Read More

Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2012 Apr;25(2):132-5

Department of Radiology, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas.

Cystic lesions around the knee are a relatively common occurrence. Several types of cysts have been reported, including synovial, bursal, and ganglion. Ganglion cysts are not lined by synovial cells. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2011 Aug 4;5:351. Epub 2011 Aug 4.

General Hospital "Asclepeion Voulas", 1, Macedonias Street, Anixi, Attica, 14569, Greece.

Introduction: Large ganglionic cystic formations arising from the infrapatellar fat pad are quite uncommon and only a few are mentioned in the literature. An open excision in these cases is mandatory.

Case Presentation: We report the case of a large infrapatellar fat pad ganglion in a 37-year-old Greek man with chronic knee discomfort. Read More

Eur J Radiol 2013 Jan 10;82(1):38-50. Epub 2011 May 10.

Service de Radiologie et Imagerie Musculosquelettique, Centre de Consultation et Imagerie de l'Appareil Locomoteur, CHRU de Lille, 59037 Lille, France.

Neoplasms of neurogenic origin account for about 12% of all benign and 8% of all malignant soft tissue neoplasms. Traumatic neuroma, Morton neuroma, lipomatosis of a nerve, nerve sheath ganglion, perineurioma, benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNST) are included in this group of pathologies. Clinical and radiologic evaluation of patients with neurogenic tumors and pseudotumors often reveals distinctive features. Read More

Arthritis Res Ther 2010 15;12(5):R172. Epub 2010 Sep 15.

Quantitative Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, FGH Building 3rd Floor, 820 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA.

Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of cystic lesions and cyst-like bursitides in subjects with frequent knee pain and to assess their relation to radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) severity; to describe bilaterality and size fluctuation of the lesions over 6 months; and to assess relations between the prevalence of synovium-lined lesions communicating with the joint capsule and severity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected effusion and synovitis.

Methods: One hundred and sixty-three subjects (total 319 knees) aged 35 to 65 with chronic, frequent knee pain were included. Imaging with 3 Tesla MRI was performed at baseline and 6-month follow-up with the same protocols as those used in the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Read More

J Clin Rheumatol 2010 Aug;16(5):209-14

Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.

Objective: To evaluate the locations and associated erosions of tophaceous gout in the knee and to reevaluate its characteristic magnetic resonance imaging features.

Materials And Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the magnetic resonance (MR) images of the knees of 30 patients with histopathologically confirmed gouty tophi. Each tophaceous lesion was evaluated for location, morphology, signal intensity, and associated bone erosion or intraosseous involvement. Read More

J Clin Ultrasound 2010 Jul;38(6):305-8

Department of Radiology, Myoungji Hospital, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Koyang, Korea.

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of preoperative localization of cystic lesions in the knee using ultrasound-guided indigo carmine injection.

Method: Twenty-three cysts in the knee in 23 patients (M:F = 15:8, mean age, 42 years) were localized preoperatively by ultrasound-guided indigo carmine injection. These included 12 meniscal cysts, 7 popliteal cysts, and 4 ganglion cysts. Read More

Acta Ortop Mex 2009 Jul-Aug;23(4):223-7

Instituto Universitario Dexeus, ICATME, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.

Background: The cystic lesions seen around the knee are usually meniscal or popliteal cysts. Cysts inside the articular cavity of the knee are rare and they are usually detected as incidental MRI findings. The ganglions originating in the cruciate ligaments or the infrapatellar fat have rarely been reported. Read More

Orthopedics 2009 Jul;32(7):527

Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0165, USA.

This article presents the case of a 63-year-old man who noted painless swelling within the suprapatellar pouch, which he attributed to an effusion. Small-magnet, lower-extremity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and subsequent arthroscopy missed the lesion. On MRI with gadolinium contrast, the lesion was defined but misdiagnosed as a suprapatellar pouch ganglion cyst. Read More

J Ultrasound 2009 Jun 28;12(2):53-60. Epub 2009 Apr 28.

Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Rheumatology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.

The aim of this article is to review the sonographic appearances of common disorders involving the knee joint. Ultrasound is a sensitive method for diagnosis of tendon injuries. Injured ligaments appear swollen with mixed echogenicity. Read More

Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009 Sep 31;17(9):1115-31. Epub 2009 Mar 31.

Quantitative Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Objective: To discuss terminology, radiological differential diagnoses and significance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected subchondral bone marrow lesions (BMLs) of the knee joint.

Methods: An overview of the published literature is presented. In addition, the radiological appearance and differential diagnosis of subchondral signal alterations of the knee joint are discussed based on expert consensus. Read More

Knee 2008 Dec 17;15(6):423-38. Epub 2008 Jun 17.

Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, FGH Building, 3rd Floor, 820 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118, United States.

Cystic lesions around the knee are a diverse group of entities, frequently encountered during routine MRI of the knee. These lesions range from benign cysts to complications of underlying diseases such as infection, arthritis, and malignancy. MRI is the technique of choice in characterizing lesions around the knee: to confirm the cystic nature of the lesion, to evaluate the anatomical relationship to the joint and surrounding tissues, and to identify associated intra-articular disorders. Read More

J Knee Surg 2008 Jan;21(1):27-33

Department of Orthopedics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knees of asymptomatic National Basketball Association (NBA) players via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and confirm or dispute findings reported in the previous literature. It is thought that a variety of significant abnormalities affecting the knee exist in asymptomatic patients and that these findings can be accurately identified on MRI. Two months prior to the 2005 season, bilateral knee MRI examinations of 14 asymptomatic NBA players (28 knees) were evaluated for abnormalities of the articular cartilage, menisci, and patellar and quadriceps tendons. Read More

Radiol Clin North Am 2007 Nov;45(6):969-82, vi

Center Radiology, PC, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.

Cystic lesions around the knee comprise a diverse group of entities, ranging from benign cysts to complications of underlying diseases such as infection, arthritis, and malignancy. Their diverse causes result in varied prognoses and therapeutic options. Although the presentation of cystic masses may be similar, their management may differ, thus highlighting the importance of appropriate categorization. Read More

Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2008 Feb 26;16(2):175-8. Epub 2007 Sep 26.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, South Korea.

Synovial cysts are well-defined fluid filled cysts that can extend for a variable distance outside the joint space. These cysts can sometimes grow to a large size making its treatment challenging especially when associated with intra-articular pathologies. We describe a case of giant synovial cyst arising from the left knee and extending to the medial proximal calf in a 77-year old female who presented with knee joint pain, episodes of locking and calf mass occurring within 2 months of onset. Read More

J Magn Reson Imaging 2007 Sep;26(3):768-72

Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.

For some atypical para-articular ganglia, the presence of a joint connection is highly controversial. The proper preoperative diagnosis and identification of this joint connection for ganglion cysts is important for patient treatment and outcome. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when evaluating such lesions, but the detection of subtle joint connections remains difficult with conventional MR protocols. Read More

Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2007 Feb;15(1):39-52

Center Radiology, PC, Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.

Cystic lesions around the knee comprise a diverse group of entities, ranging from benign cysts to complications of underlying diseases such as infection, arthritis, and malignancy. Their diverse causes result in varied prognoses and therapeutic options. Although the presentation of cystic masses may be similar, their management may differ, thus highlighting the importance of appropriate categorization. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2007 Apr;46(4):388-92

Pathology Services Division, Dhahran Health Center, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

Background: Mycotic cysts are subcutaneous cystic granulomas caused by either dematiaceous (pigmented) fungi (pheomycotic cysts) or eumycotic (nonpigmented fungi) present in soil, wood, and decaying plant material. These fungi gain access to the tissues via a wooden splinter or thorn. No deep tissue involvement or extension to bone is known to occur. Read More

Knee 2007 Jan 17;14(1):55-8. Epub 2006 Nov 17.

Department of Orthopedics, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, 520-2, Daehung-Dong, Jung-Gu, Daejeon, 301-723 Korea.

Cystic lesions arising in relation to the cruciate ligaments of the knee joint may become symptomatic and they can cause restriction of joint movement. We report here on a case of haemorrhagic synovial cyst arising from the posterior cruciate ligament with extension into the posterior compartment of the knee joint. We treated this lesion using the arthroscopic posterior-posterior triangulation technique. Read More

Radiologe 2006 Nov;46(11):948-54

Klinische Abteilung für Angiographie und Interventionelle Radiologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.

Although angioplasty and stent applications in the iliac vessels and the superficial femoral artery have become routine procedures, their usefulness for the treatment of lesions of the popliteal artery and the lower leg arteries is still under discussion. For the popliteal artery, limitations are mainly due to the high mechanical stress in this area, causing high traction forces. Moreover, beyond the occlusive atherosclerotic changes, specific pathological entities such as aneurysms, emboli, entrapment syndromes, and cystic adventitial disease have to be differentiated. Read More

Acta Radiol 2006 Jul;47(6):581-4

Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Radiological Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.

Purpose: To identify and compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics, with and without intravenous contrast medium, of cavernous synovial hemangiomas and cystic synovial hyperplasia.

Material And Methods: Four cases of cavernous synovial hemangioma and five of cystic synovial hyperplasia of the knee were studied retrospectively. The patients (5 F and 4 M; 15-25 years of age) all had long-standing knee pain. Read More

Arthroscopy 2005 Nov;21(11):1362-5

Second Orthopaedic Department, Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Purpose: Intra-articular ganglia of the knee are rare and usually incidental findings of little clinical significance. Nevertheless some are large, symptomatic, and require treatment. We report on 3 patients with an intra-articular knee ganglion and an extrasynovial extension that was contained within the joint capsule. Read More

Arthroscopy 2004 Jul;20 Suppl 2:54-9

Division of Sports Medicine, Saitama Medical School, Saitama, Japan.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an effective method to evaluate cystic lesions of the knee. Intra-articular ganglia of the knee joint was considered to be rare before the advent of MRI. However, because an MRI is often used to diagnose knee pathology, the reported prevalence of intra-articular ganglia has increased. Read More

Skeletal Radiol 2004 Apr 27;33(4):187-209. Epub 2004 Feb 27.

Department of Radiology, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Windmill Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK.

This review presents a comprehensive illustrated overview of the wide variety of cystic lesions around the knee. The aetiology, clinical presentation, MRI appearances and differential diagnosis are discussed. Bursae include those related to the patella as well as pes anserine, tibial collateral ligament, semimembranosus-tibial collateral ligament, iliotibial and fibular collateral ligament-biceps femoris. Read More

JBR-BTR 2003 Sep-Oct;86(5):302-4

Department of Radiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.

Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2003 Feb;2(1):32-7

Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, People's Hospital, Qingdao 266001, China.

A possible link is suggested between hepatic diseases and rheumatic disease. Polyarthralgia and polyarthritis may be seen during the prodromal period of acute viral hepatitis, especially in hepatitis B virus (HBV). The symptoms of arthritis, mild, localized or generalized, mostly involve the small joints of hands. Read More

Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2004 Mar 18;12(2):123-9. Epub 2003 Sep 18.

Marienhospital, Von-Doste-Strasse 14, 59597, Erwitte, Germany.

Intra-articular ganglia and cysts of the knee joint are rare and mostly incidental findings in MRI and arthroscopy. During a period of 15 years, nearly 8000 knees were arthroscopically examined. In total, 85 intra-articular soft tissue masses were found within the knee cavity. Read More

Eur Radiol 2004 Jan 25;14(1):106-11. Epub 2003 Jun 25.

Department of Radiology, St Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 93-6 Ji-dong, Paldal-ku, Suwon, 442-723, Kyounggi-do, South Korea.

The aim of this study was to evaluate MR imaging findings of the associated findings in surrounding tissues of the extra-articular soft tissue ganglion cysts around the knee. We retrospectively reviewed MR images of 30 patients who had surgically confirmed extra-articular soft tissue ganglion cysts around the knee with focus on the associated findings in surrounding tissues, such as muscle, subcutaneous fat, bone, and nerve. The most common associated finding was the visualization of channel between ganglion cyst and the joint, which was demonstrated in 20 cases (continuous type in 12 cases and discontinuous type in 8 cases). Read More

Neuroradiology 2003 Mar 19;45(3):166-70. Epub 2003 Feb 19.

Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Bicêtre, 78 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 94275, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.

Our aim is to illustrate the contribution of MRI to diagnosis of lesions of the lower-limb nerve trunks. We report six patients who had clinical and electrophysiological examination for a peroneal or tibial nerve palsy. MRI of the knee showed in three cases a nonenhancing cystic lesion of the peroneal nerve suggesting an intraneural ganglion cyst, confirmed by histological study in one case. Read More

Singapore Med J 2002 Sep;43(9):485-91

Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital.

Many cystic lesions occur around the knee and may produce overlapping clinical features, rendering the clinical diagnosis difficult. A 50-year-old woman presented with a soft tissue swelling on the medial aspect of her right knee. The diagnosis of pes anserine bursitis was made, based on typical MR imaging features. Read More

Clin Imaging 2002 Sep-Oct;26(5):299-301

Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.

Meniscal cysts are uncommon cystic lesions around the knee, and pericruciate meniscal cysts are the most rare types. Here we present an unusual case of a pericruciate meniscal cyst located laterally to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), causing erosion of the adjacent tibial plateau. Read More

J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001 Jan;83-A(1):53-64

Orthopaedic Research Institute, Southern California Center for Sports Medicine, Long Beach 90806, USA.

Background: Full-thickness defects measuring 3 mm in diameter have been commonly used in studies of rabbits to evaluate new procedures designed to improve the quality of articular cartilage repair. These defects initially heal spontaneously. However, little information is available on the characteristics of repair of larger defects. Read More

Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001 Jan;26(2):230-232

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan.

Study Design: A case report of primary pelvic hydatid cyst causing sciatica and foot drop.

Objective: To document the occurrence of primary pelvic hydatid cyst as one of the hidden causes of lower limb weakness and foot drop, and to recommend inclusion of the pelvic cavity when assessing sciatica and foot drop.

Summary Of Background Data: It is common to see foot drop caused by peripheral lesions around the knee or disc herniation in the lumbar spine, but if these sites were excluded, the pelvic cavity must be examined for hidden disease that may explain the cause of foot drop and sciatica. Read More

Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2000 May;8(2):349-70

Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

Many synovial-lined cavities occur around the knee, and MR imaging is capable of demonstrating the precise anatomic relationships of these spaces. Knowledge of normal anatomy, however, is necessary to accurately assess abnormal, fluid-filled structures. This article reviews the MR imaging appearance of normal and pathologic bursae and joint recesses, and the appearance of common cystic masses. Read More