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Arthroscopy 2021 03;37(3):998-999

Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (E.B.).

Osteochondral lesions of the talus occur with relatively frequency, often as the sequelae of benign ankle sprains, and are only surpassed by the knee and elbow as more common locations. While microfracture of the talus is the most common first-line surgical treatment performed at the time of ankle arthroscopy, marrow stimulation alone results in fibrocartilaginous repair tissue rather than true hyaline-like articular cartilage. In addition, the benefits of bone marrow stimulation for the treatment of large (>150 mm), deep (>7 mm), or cystic lesions is limited. Read More

Arthrosc Tech 2020 Sep 29;9(9):e1375-e1379. Epub 2020 Sep 29.

Section of Young Adult Hip Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush Medical College of Rush University, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

Subchondral acetabular edema and cysts, as a consequence of degenerative changes of the hip, are associated with disability, pain, and worsened function in this joint. The arthroscopic treatment of intra-articular pathologies, such as femoroacetabular impingement syndrome and labral tears, when associated with those alterations, has been suggested to provide inferior outcomes to those in patients without subchondral changes. Yet, the direct treatment of subchondral pathology has been limited. Read More

J Orthop Case Rep 2020 ;9(6):36-39

Department of Orthopaedics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, SaritaVihar, New Delhi - 110076, India.

Introduction: The ganglion cysts are benign fluid-filled sacs, which often arise from a tendon sheath or a joint capsule. Their origin from the fat pad of the knee is rare. Several studies have described intra-articular ganglion cysts in detail; however, extra-articular soft-tissue ganglion cysts have been reported sparingly. Read More

Arthrosc Tech 2020 May 25;9(5):e669-e674. Epub 2020 Apr 25.

Knee Surgery Center of the National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Parameniscal cysts are usually small cystic lesions, less than 2 cm in size, found along the meniscal periphery. They are rarely associated with extra-articular palpable mass. Magnetic resonance imaging is the diagnostic method of choice; giant meniscal cysts (>5 cm at its greatest diameter) are very rare, with few cases described in the literature. Read More

Arthrosc Tech 2019 Dec 9;8(12):e1495-e1499. Epub 2019 Nov 9.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku Orthopaedic Clinic, Kamiyagari, Izumi-ku, Sendai-city, Japan.

We orthopaedic surgeons are not familiar with the popliteus bursa. It is defined as the expansion in the synovial membrane of the posterolateral part of the knee that lies between the lateral meniscus and the tendon of the popliteus muscle. The popliteus bursa extends approximately 1 cm distal to the joint line and has 4 borders; the medial border is the peripheral margin of the lateral meniscus, the lateral border is the popliteus tendon, and the superior and inferior borders are formed by 2 fascicles. Read More

World Neurosurg 2019 Sep 8;129:170-171. Epub 2019 Jun 8.

Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Electronic address:

Intraneural hematomas are an uncommon cause of a focal mononeuropathy. When they do occur, it is usually in the setting of inherited or iatrogenic coagulopathies or as a consequence of injections targeting nerves. We report a man aged 68 years on warfarin therapy for a prior pulmonary embolism who presented with a 6-month history of progressive weakness of knee flexion and ankle movement, excruciating pain, and dense numbness in his posterior left thigh and below the knee, consistent with a severe high sciatic palsy. Read More

Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2019 Aug 9;29(6):1355-1358. Epub 2019 Apr 9.

Department of Special Surgery, Division of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.

Epidermoid cysts are asymptomatic, slowly enlarging, firm to fluctuant, dome-shaped lesions. Epidermoid cysts frequently appear on the trunk, neck, face, and scrotum, behind the ears and in the palmoplantar region. We review all the cases of epidermoid cyst of the knee and present a case of non-traumatic-induced epidermal cyst in the popliteal fossa of a 66-year-old male with 10-year history of right knee swelling, which appeared firstly as a small mass 2 × 2 cm in the popliteal aspect of the knee. Read More

Orv Hetil 2019 Apr;160(15):593-599

Ortopédiai Klinika, Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar, Klinikai Központ Pécs, Akác utca 1., 7632.

Soft tissues detected on the lateral side of the knee joint may have differential diagnostic difficulties. Although most of these are benign, mostly cystic in appearance, they may raise the clinical suspicion of tumors due to their increased growth. The authors describe two rare soft tissue changes in three patients. Read More

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2018 Jun;28(6):S135-S136

Department of Emergency Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi.

Baker's cysts or popliteal cysts are common cystic lesions surrounding the knee joint. These are prevalent among the adult population but rare in children. These are asymptomatic in majority of cases, and are identified incidentally by the parent or physician. Read More

Can Assoc Radiol J 2018 May;69(2):197-214

Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Republic of Singapore.

While interpreting routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee joint, a radiologist may encounter various cystic lesions such as ganglion, synovial, and meniscal cysts, among others. In some cases, MRI may demonstrate cystlike lesions around the knee due to fluid distention of normal bursa and recesses, the diagnosis of which should not be difficult if a radiologist is familiar with their characteristic location and MRI appearance. In addition, there are cyst mimickers such as hematomas, abscesses, vascular lesions, and neoplasms around knee joint that may pose a diagnostic challenge on routine MRI. Read More

Biomed Res Int 2017 31;2017:4634350. Epub 2017 May 31.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Kawahara-cho 54, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.

Chronic expanding hematoma is characterized by continuous growth of a blood collection. We analyzed the clinical features of 7 patients with chronic expanding hematomas in the extremities, with an average age of 65.6 years. Read More

Virchows Arch 2016 Jun 22;468(6):741-55. Epub 2016 Mar 22.

Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.

Defining giant cell-rich osteosarcoma (GCRO) as "an osteosarcoma in which more than 50% of the tumor consists of numerous uniformly distributed osteoclastic giant cells amidst oval or spindle mononuclear cells embedded in a fibrovascular stroma," eight such cases identified among 265 cases of osteosarcoma were analysed. Their age ranges from 11 to 33 years, with peak incidence in the second decade and equal sex distribution. Seventy-five percent presented with pain, commonest in the knee, affecting the metaphysis. Read More

Knee 2016 Jun 24;23(3):436-41. Epub 2016 Feb 24.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia.

Background: The purpose of this study was to review the clinical results of irradiated fresh frozen osteochondral allografts for large osteochondral defects of the knee using the Mega-OATS technique.

Methods: Nine patients with a mean age of 32.1±6. Read More

Autops Case Rep 2015 Oct-Dec;5(4):71-6. Epub 2015 Dec 30.

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology - School of Medicine - Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul - Turkey .

A ganglion cyst (GC) is a mucinous or gelatinous-filled benign tumor overlying a joint or tendon sheath, which commonly arises in the dorsal and volar wrist side but may occur anywhere in the body. Although cystic lesions around the knee are common, the occurrence of GCs are rare. Ganglia may arise from intra or extra-articular, soft tissue, intraosseous, or periosteal location. Read More

Knee Surg Relat Res 2015 Dec 1;27(4):255-62. Epub 2015 Dec 1.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report clinical results of open excision of extra-articular ganglion cysts around the knee joint combined with arthroscopic management of intra-articular pathologies if present.

Materials And Methods: Of the total 107 cases of cystic lesions around the knee, 23 cases of extra-articular ganglion cysts were reviewed between January 2006 and July 2011. There were 13 males and 10 females with a mean age of 48 years (range, 30 to 73 years). Read More

BJR Case Rep 2016 10;2(1):20150231. Epub 2015 Sep 10.

Department of Pathology, Apollo Hospitals, Bangalore, India.

Cystic ganglionosis is an unusual benign condition, which presents as multiple ganglion cysts involving multiple joints. The case we report here is probably the first case of an adult reported in the literature. The only other case of multiple ganglion cysts reported in the literature is that of an 11-year-old child with ganglion cysts in multiple joints. Read More

J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2014 Dec 25;58(6):674-8. Epub 2014 Sep 25.

National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Introduction: This study aimed to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of giant-cell tumours of bone.

Methods: We analysed the clinical and MRI features of patients diagnosed with giant-cell tumours of bone confirmed by histopathology at our institution between 2010 and 2012.

Results: The peak incidence was between the second and third decades of life. Read More

Indian J Radiol Imaging 2014 Apr;24(2):182-91

Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston MA 02215, USA.

Cysts and cystic-appearing lesions around the knee are common and can be divided into true cysts (synovial cysts, bursae, ganglia, and meniscal cysts) and lesions that mimic cysts (hematomas, seromas, abscesses, vascular lesions, and neoplasms). The specific anatomic location of the cystic lesion often permits the correct diagnosis. In difficult cases, identifying a cystic mass in an atypical location and/or visualizing internal solid contrast enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should raise concern for a neoplasm and the need for further evaluation and intervention. Read More

Nervenarzt 2014 Jun;85(6):749-52

Orthopädisch-Unfallchirurgisches Zentrum, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland,

Cystic formations around the knee are a common object of orthopedic treatment. When associated with neurological or vascular deficits further diagnostic imaging is required. This case study demonstrates the appearance of an intramuscular ganglion causing drop foot, arising from the tibio-fibular joint. Read More

Radiol Clin North Am 2013 May 12;51(3):433-54. Epub 2013 Jan 12.

University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA.

Cystic lesions are common around the knee and are often encountered as an incidental finding on routine magnetic resonance imaging examinations. The clinical presentation of cysts and other fluid collections is variable, depending on their size, location, and relationship to adjacent anatomic structures. This article reviews the anatomy, etiology, clinical presentation, and imaging features of commonly occurring cystic lesions around the knee and discusses some of the potential pitfalls that may be encountered in clinical practice. Read More

Insights Imaging 2013 Jun 12;4(3):257-72. Epub 2013 Mar 12.

Department of Radiology, 412 General Military Hospital-212 Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, Terma Lefkou Pyrgou, Xanthi, 67100, Greece,

Objectives And Methods: A variety of benign cystic or "cyst-like" lesions may be encountered during a routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee. These lesions comprise a diverse group of entities from benign cysts to complications of underlying diseases. In addition, normal anatomic bursae and recesses may be misdiagnosed as an intra-articular cystic lesion when they are distended. Read More

Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012 Oct-Dec;25(4):1131-6

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a rare condition, most commonly involving the knee joint. PVNS is locally aggressive and can invade and destroy surrounding soft tissue and bone, leading to anatomical and functional deterioration of the affected joint. Localized PVNS is an unusual presentation of the disease, generally consisting of a nodular lesion protruding into the articular cavity. Read More

Knee Surg Relat Res 2012 Dec 29;24(4):249-53. Epub 2012 Nov 29.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.

Baker's cysts are one of the most common cystic lesions around the knee joint and mainly caused by fluid distension of the gastrocnemius-semimembranous bursa that is situated along the medial side of the popliteal fossa. Typically, a Baker's cyst extends along the intermuscular planes around the knee joint and may enlarge any direction. However, it is mostly located in the inferomedial or superficial layers of the knee joint and less commonly extends laterally or proximally. Read More

Orthopedics 2012 Jul;35(7):e1122-4

Department of Orthopaedics, 800 Washington St, Tufts Medical Center #306, Boston, MA 02111, USA.

Ganglion cysts are lesions resulting from the myxoid degeneration of the connective tissue associated with joint capsules and tendon sheaths. Most common around the wrist joint, ganglion cysts may be found elsewhere in the body, including in and around the knee joint. Uncommonly, ganglion cysts can present intramuscularly. Read More

Int J Rheumatol 2012 14;2012:843970. Epub 2012 Apr 14.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Unit West, Lægårdvej 12, 7500 Holstebro, Denmark.

Objective. To determine the risk of intra- and periarticular cyst-like lesions of the knee joint in occupational kneeling. Methods. Read More

Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2012 Apr;25(2):132-5

Department of Radiology, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas.

Cystic lesions around the knee are a relatively common occurrence. Several types of cysts have been reported, including synovial, bursal, and ganglion. Ganglion cysts are not lined by synovial cells. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2011 Aug 4;5:351. Epub 2011 Aug 4.

General Hospital "Asclepeion Voulas", 1, Macedonias Street, Anixi, Attica, 14569, Greece.

Introduction: Large ganglionic cystic formations arising from the infrapatellar fat pad are quite uncommon and only a few are mentioned in the literature. An open excision in these cases is mandatory.

Case Presentation: We report the case of a large infrapatellar fat pad ganglion in a 37-year-old Greek man with chronic knee discomfort. Read More

Eur J Radiol 2013 Jan 10;82(1):38-50. Epub 2011 May 10.

Service de Radiologie et Imagerie Musculosquelettique, Centre de Consultation et Imagerie de l'Appareil Locomoteur, CHRU de Lille, 59037 Lille, France.

Neoplasms of neurogenic origin account for about 12% of all benign and 8% of all malignant soft tissue neoplasms. Traumatic neuroma, Morton neuroma, lipomatosis of a nerve, nerve sheath ganglion, perineurioma, benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNST) are included in this group of pathologies. Clinical and radiologic evaluation of patients with neurogenic tumors and pseudotumors often reveals distinctive features. Read More

Arthritis Res Ther 2010 15;12(5):R172. Epub 2010 Sep 15.

Quantitative Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, FGH Building 3rd Floor, 820 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA.

Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of cystic lesions and cyst-like bursitides in subjects with frequent knee pain and to assess their relation to radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) severity; to describe bilaterality and size fluctuation of the lesions over 6 months; and to assess relations between the prevalence of synovium-lined lesions communicating with the joint capsule and severity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected effusion and synovitis.

Methods: One hundred and sixty-three subjects (total 319 knees) aged 35 to 65 with chronic, frequent knee pain were included. Imaging with 3 Tesla MRI was performed at baseline and 6-month follow-up with the same protocols as those used in the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Read More

J Clin Rheumatol 2010 Aug;16(5):209-14

Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.

Objective: To evaluate the locations and associated erosions of tophaceous gout in the knee and to reevaluate its characteristic magnetic resonance imaging features.

Materials And Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the magnetic resonance (MR) images of the knees of 30 patients with histopathologically confirmed gouty tophi. Each tophaceous lesion was evaluated for location, morphology, signal intensity, and associated bone erosion or intraosseous involvement. Read More