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Cutis 2019 Jan;103(1):38-42

Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare, poorly understood condition that presents as inflammatory nodules of the breast. It is often initially misdiagnosed as furunculosis or cellulitis. Despite the painful, scarring, and debilitating nature of the disease, patients often have a delay in accurate diagnosis and treatment. Read More

Infect Genet Evol 2019 Feb 6. Epub 2019 Feb 6.

Immunogenetics Research Center, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.

There is a need for new, effective, and less expensive and toxic treatment for Leishmaniasis. It seems that the use of a suitable adjuvant and a delivery system is effective in inducing immune reactions for protection. Liposomes can be applied as immunoadjuvants to trigger immune reactions to different antigens. Read More

An Bras Dermatol 2019 Jan-Feb;94(1):102-104

Discipline of Dermatology, Medicine Course, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis (MG), Brazil.

Cutaneous tuberculosis is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, comprising 1-2% of cases. Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or related strains, it presents a wide range of clinical manifestations, mimicking other chronic dermatoses and leading to delayed diagnosis. A case of scrofuloderma is reported, whose diagnosis and treatment were only made six years after onset of the disease. Read More

N Engl J Med 2019 Jan;380(3):275-283

From the Departments of Medicine (S.T.C., E.T.R.), Dermatology (S.T.C.), Radiology (A.M.C.), and Pathology (R.K.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Departments of Dermatology (S.T.C.), Medicine (E.T.R.), Radiology (A.M.C.), and Pathology (R.K.F.), Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (E.T.R.) - all in Boston.

Int J Dermatol 2019 Jan 8. Epub 2019 Jan 8.

Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.

AAPS PharmSciTech 2019 Jan 2;20(1):33. Epub 2019 Jan 2.

Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.

Vesicles are widely investigated as carrier systems for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). For topical delivery, they are especially effective since they create a "depot-effect" thereby concentrating the APIs in the skin. Artemisone, clofazimine and decoquinate were selected as a combination therapy for the topical treatment of cutaneous tuberculosis. Read More

J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec 2017 21;9(1-3):35-38. Epub 2018 Jun 21.

Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultan Abdul Halim, 08000 Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia.

A 72-year-old man presented with a chronic scaly verrucous plaque over his right knee for nine months. The lesion was preceded by a well healed scar sustained five years back from a road traffic accident. He was given multiple courses of systemic antibiotic and antifungal medications but to no avail. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2018 Dec 25. Epub 2018 Dec 25.

Department of Dermatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.

Background: Unfamiliarity with the presentation, diagnostic process, and treatment of cutaneous non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infection leads to poorer outcomes. We describe our experience with managing cutaneous NTM infection in a regional hospital in Singapore from 2005 to 2014.

Methods: Adult patients with cutaneous NTM infections were identified through positive skin tissue cultures in this retrospective case series. Read More

Med Mal Infect 2018 Dec 21. Epub 2018 Dec 21.

Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 73013 Paris, France. Electronic address:

Background: Diphtheria is re-emerging in Europe. A total of 36 cases were reported in Europe in 2015 versus 53 cases between 2000 and 2009.

Patients: We report two cases of Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection in a French hospital in 2016: a cutaneous infection with negative toxin testing in a French traveller, and a respiratory diphtheria carriage with positive toxin testing in an Afghan refugee diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Read More

Diagn Cytopathol 2018 Dec 24. Epub 2018 Dec 24.

Department of Dermatology and STD, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India.

Objectives: The diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis is challenging due to its diverse clinical manifestations, paucibacillary state and lack of proper diagnostic tests. Clinico-pathological correlation is still frequently used for diagnosis. There is paucity of literature on cytomorphological features. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Dec 19;11(1). Epub 2018 Dec 19.

General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global disease and if not adequately treated can lead to morbidity and mortality. Though genitourinary TB is common and only next to pulmonary TB, cutaneous 'ulcerative' tuberculosis of the scrotum is not reported so far in the literature. We present a 32-year-old man with a non-healing scrotal ulcer and underwent excision. Read More

J Atheroscler Thromb 2019 Feb 15;26(2):121-127. Epub 2018 Dec 15.

Diabetes and Lifestyle-related Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association.

Pharmacological treatments to decrease low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C) have limited effects on patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH). Since LDL receptors are located mainly in the liver, liver transplantation is considered to be the only way to correct the hepatic cholesterol metabolism abnormalities in HoFH. Liver transplantations, including those combined with heart transplantation, for HoFH have been increasing since 1984, making this a globally established therapeutic option for HoFH. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2018 Dec 17;12(1):371. Epub 2018 Dec 17.

Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.

Background: Cutaneous tuberculosis represents only 1-2% of extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis. Scrofuloderma is an endogenous form of cutaneous tuberculosis and can present as isolated or coexist with pulmonary and disseminated forms of tuberculosis. Pathologically confirmed scrofuloderma coexisting with disseminated tuberculosis with a good treatment response is presented and discussed. Read More

JAAD Case Rep 2019 Jan 27;5(1):1-4. Epub 2018 Nov 27.

Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.

Am J Dermatopathol 2018 Nov 27. Epub 2018 Nov 27.

Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, México.

The role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the etiology and pathogenesis of cutaneous tuberculosis is controversial because of the difficulties associated with demonstrating the presence of these mycobacteria in tuberculid cutaneous lesions by routinely available microbiological and histological techniques. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the presence of M. tuberculosis in cutaneous tuberculosis. Read More

Lancet Infect Dis 2018 Dec;18(12):1410

Department of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.

An Bras Dermatol 2018 Nov/Dec;93(6):887-889

Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hospital Santo António dos Capuchos, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.

Nodular vasculitis is an uncommon type of panniculitis. It was firstly associated to the infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and named erythema induratum of Bazin, however nowadays it has been associated with several other underlying disorders and it is better described as nodular vasculitis. Concerning its relationship with malignant conditions, there is only one reported case, in association with metastatic colon adenocarcinoma. Read More

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2019 Jan;11(1):90-103

Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.

Purpose: Although there have been reported cases of drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome caused by antituberculosis drugs, there has been no research to examine its prevalence. This study assessed the prevalence and clinical characteristics of DRESS syndrome caused by antituberculosis drugs.

Methods: The electronic medical records of a cohort consisting of adult patients diagnosed with tuberculosis between July 2006 and June 2010 were reviewed and retrospectively inspected. Read More

Clin Microbiol Rev 2018 01 14;32(1). Epub 2018 Nov 14.

Servicio de Dermatología y Departamento de Micología, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico.

Humans encounter mycobacterial species due to their ubiquity in different environmental niches. In many individuals, pathogenic mycobacterial species may breach our first-line barrier defenses of the innate immune system and modulate the activation of phagocytes to cause disease of the respiratory tract or the skin and soft tissues, sometimes resulting in disseminated infection. Cutaneous mycobacterial infections may cause a wide range of clinical manifestations, which are divided into four main disease categories: (i) cutaneous manifestations of infection, (ii) Buruli ulcer caused by and other related slowly growing mycobacteria, (iii) leprosy caused by and , and (iv) cutaneous infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. Read More

Skinmed 2018 9;16(5):301-303. Epub 2018 Nov 9.

Dermato-Venereology (Skin/VD) Center, Sehgal Nursing Home, Panchwati, Delhi, India;

The clinical diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis (CT) was based on criteria of reinfection and reactivation. Laboratory tests are mandatory but have limitations, thus demanding continuous innovation. In our study, we took punch biopsies from lesions on 48 patients. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2019 Feb 1;58(2):e29-e30. Epub 2018 Nov 1.

Department of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2018 Sep-Oct;29(5):1199-1202

Department of Dermatology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Center, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Zinc deficiency is an uncommon condition, known to occur in two forms: inherited type, known as Acrodermatitis enteropathies and the acquired type. Cutaneous clinical manifestations observed include characteristic dermatitis on acral, periorificial, and anogenital areas through an unknown mechanism. The patient had a combination of causes which lead to a state of zinc deficiency. Read More

Iran J Kidney Dis 2018 Oct;12(5):312-314

Infectious Diseases and Tropical Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Mycobacterium haemophilum is a fastidious nontuberculosis Mycobacterium that must be considered in the differential diagnosis of infections in immunocompromised patients. Mycobacterium haemophilum typically is a pathogen of the cutaneous or subcutaneous tissue and also presents as septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, pulmonary disease, and lymphadenitis. We report a 32-year-old man with past medical history of kidney transplantation, endocarditis, gastrointestinal bleeding, and hypertension, complaining of multiple painful nodular lesions since 3 months earlier. Read More

J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2018 Sep 1;11(9):42-46. Epub 2018 Sep 1.

Drs. Kaur, Kucheria, and Thami are with the Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprosy and the Government Medical College and Hospital in Chandigarh, India.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is uncommon and has an insidious onset with slow evolution and a paucibacillary nature. Here, we present a case of disseminated tuberculosis in an adult immunocompetent man presenting with morphologically different types of cutaneous lesions (i.e. Read More

J Inflamm Res 2018 28;11:377-388. Epub 2018 Sep 28.

Department of Dermatology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India,

Background: The clinical forms of cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) consist of a spectrum that reflects the host's immune response to ; it provides an ideal model to study the immunological dysregulation in humans. IL-17 plays an important role in initial immune response and is involved in both immune-mediated protection and pathology during infection. TGF-β producing regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are high in leprosy patients and responsible for immune suppression. Read More

BMC Clin Pathol 2018 1;18. Epub 2018 Oct 1.

3Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Medicine, Grande International Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Background: The cutaneous nocardiosis remains a diagnostic challenge: similar clinical presentations as of cutaneous diseases with different etiology-and the inherent difficulty in cultivating the pathogen.

Case Presentation: Herein, we describe a case of primary cutaneous nocardiosis in a renal transplant recipient; treated with anti-tubercular drugs due to misdiagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis. On clinical examinations, a few red erythematous papules with erosions and crusting seen, over prior surgery scar of renal transplant. Read More

Dermatology 2018 2;234(5-6):220-225. Epub 2018 Oct 2.

Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Background: Micropapular cutaneous sarcoidosis (MPCS) is a rare variant of sarcoidosis. Herein we review the literature and include a recent case of MPCS discussing pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

Method: A review was conducted using the terms "micropapular sarcoidosis" and "micropapular sarcoid. Read More

World J Pediatr 2018 Dec 29;14(6):548-554. Epub 2018 Sep 29.

Department of Pediatrics and Department of Dermatology and Skin Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Background: Erythema nodosum can be associated with a number of systemic diseases. There is, however, a paucity of information in the pediatric literature on this condition. The purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of erythema nodosum. Read More

Urol J 2018 09 22. Epub 2018 Sep 22.

Faculty of Medicine,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

The presented case concerns a 53-year-old male who had been treated for nonspecific cutaneous lesions for two months without any improvement. After developing an erosive penile ulcer he was referred to our department. Investigation for sexually transmitted diseases and Mycobacterium tuberculosis ended with negative results. Read More

Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2018 09 19;143(19):1361-1362. Epub 2018 Sep 19.

HEIDELBERGHISTO, Heidelberg.

BMC Res Notes 2018 Sep 14;11(1):667. Epub 2018 Sep 14.

Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Lomé, Lomé, Togo.

Objective: The purpose of our study was to describe the histological diagnosed of the Basidiobolomycosis cases from 1990 to 2017 (28 years) in the only Pathology Anatomy Laboratory in Togo.

Results: A total of 12 cases of suspected Basidiobolomycosis have been identified. The sex ratio (M/F) was 2. Read More

Semin Cutan Med Surg 2018 Sep;37(3):134-142

Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α has been identified as a key cytokine mediating cutaneous inflammation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The TNF inhibitors (TNFi's) infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept are efficacious, Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Each drug has a unique pharmacological profile that can have therapeutic implications when choosing a particular TNFi for a patient. Read More

J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018 Sep 8. Epub 2018 Sep 8.

Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India. Electronic address:

Background: Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) are presumed to represent 2 distinct manifestations of Aspergillus species in the lung.

Objective: To investigate any possible overlap of the immunological tests used for diagnosing ABPA in proven cases of CPA.

Methods: In consecutive subjects with CPA, we calculated the proportion of subjects who tested positive for all the immunological investigations used to diagnose ABPA (Aspergillus fumigatus specific IgE >0. Read More

Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018 Nov 11;68(11):3557-3562. Epub 2018 Sep 11.

3​Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.

Two mycobacterial strains with close similarity to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) were isolated from cutaneous lesions of patients in the USA and Italy. At the phenotypic level, similarities to the MTBC included slow growth rate, rough morphotype of the unpigmented colonies and nearly identical high-performance liquid chromatography profiles of mycolic acids. In contrast to the MTBC, the strains were niacin- and nitrate-negative, and catalase-positive both at 68 °C and in semi-quantitative tests. Read More

Am J Med 2019 Jan 7;132(1):52-54. Epub 2018 Sep 7.

Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven. Electronic address:

Dermatol Clin 2018 Oct 2;36(4):369-375. Epub 2018 Aug 2.

Department of Medical Area, Institute of Dermatology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.

Although diagnosis of cutaneous granulomatous disorders (CGDs) is usually suspected based on morphologic findings, localization, and anamnestic data, clinical differentiation from each other and from similar dermatoses may be challenging. Recently, dermatoscopy has been demonstrated to be a useful tool for assisting the recognition of several CGDs. This article provides a current overview of the dermatoscopic features of the main noninfectious and infectious CGDs, including sarcoidosis, necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare, rheumatoid nodules, and leishmaniasis. Read More

Int J Mycobacteriol 2018 Jul-Sep;7(3):288-291

Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.

Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) has several clinical manifestations. The most common forms include cervical scrofuloderma and plaque type of lupus vulgaris (LV), otherwise the rare cases including inguinal scrofuloderma, ulcerative LV, and acute miliary TB. The highlight of this case series was to report various rare clinical manifestations of cutaneous TB. Read More

Int J Mycobacteriol 2018 Jul-Sep;7(3):203-211

Department of Dermatology, Mohammed V Military Hospital, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.

Tuberculous gummas are an unusual form of tuberculosis (TB) accounting for 1%-2% of all cutaneous TB cases. The aim of this article was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, bacteriological, immunological, and therapeutic features of this form upon a case report and a literature review. Forty-eight case reports were identified through a PubMed and Google Scholar search using the following keywords: "tuberculous gumma" and "metastatic tuberculous abscesse. Read More

Med Mal Infect 2018 Dec 5;48(8):554-556. Epub 2018 Sep 5.

Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, AP-HP, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Laboratoire INSERM "HIV Pathogenesis and Immune Aging", Immunity and Infectious Diseases Research Center, INSERM U1135, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France. Electronic address:

Biomedica 2018 08 1;38(0):87-94. Epub 2018 Aug 1.

Grupo de Micobacterias, Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.

Introduction: In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of mycobacterioses caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria, which are considered as emerging pathogens. Their presence depends on several factors such as the clinical history, the health status of the affected person, and the presence of these microorganisms in the water, the soil, and the animals, among others. Objective: To describe the mycobacteria and the etiological agent identified in isolates received at the Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Micobacterias of the Instituto Nacional de Salud between 2012 and 2016. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2018 Dec 31;29(14):1454-1456. Epub 2018 Aug 31.

Dermatology Unit, Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.

We report a case of secondary syphilis mimicking lupus vulgaris in an HIV-infected patient. A 21-year-old Brazilian man presented with a two-month history of asymptomatic cutaneous lesions accompanied by fever and fatigue. Dermatological evaluation revealed an erythematous, crusted, large plaque on the neck with the 'apple jelly' sign on diascopy and two smaller scaly elements on the trunk and left palm. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2018 Aug 29;18(1):431. Epub 2018 Aug 29.

TB Supranational Reference Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in immune-compromised hosts.

Case Presentation: We present a rare case of cutaneous tuberculosis after orthotopic liver transplantation without involvement of any other organs.

Conclusion: TB risk-factors assessment, careful LTBI screening and treatment according to national guidelines, as well as a reduction in missed opportunity for prevention are necessary to avoid MTB related disease in fragile patients. Read More

An Bras Dermatol 2018 Sep-Oct;93(5):766-768

Department of Dermatology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India.

An Bras Dermatol 2018 Sep-Oct;93(5):743-745

Infectious Diseases Clinic, Hospital da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brazil.

Atypical mycobacterial infections are caused by mycobacteria other than those from the M. tuberculosis complex and M. leprae. Read More

J Vis Exp 2018 08 11(138). Epub 2018 Aug 11.

Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut.

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model offers accessibility to rare populations of antigen-specific T-cells representative of the cellular memory response as well as the cytokine microenvironment in situ. This report describes the practical procedure of a cutaneous recall, an SB induction, and a harvest of antigen-specific T-cells. Read More

IDCases 2018 3;13:e00433. Epub 2018 Aug 3.

Children's Lung Specialists, Las Vegas, NV, USA.

Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) makes up a small proportion of the 10.4 million cases around the world. Although it is more commonly found in the developing world, cutaneous TB is rarely reported in the developed countries. Read More

Trop Doct 2018 Oct 16;48(4):313-316. Epub 2018 Aug 16.

1 Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Lome, Lome, Togo.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a real public health concern in Africa; thyroid localisation of the disease is a very rare form of extrapulmonary TB. We conducted a descriptive and cross-sectional study on all histologically proved cases of thyroid TB diagnosed in Togo over the last 20 years. Eleven cases of TB of the thyroid were identified, of which nine were in women, with an average age of 29. Read More

Dermatol Res Pract 2018 9;2018:7201973. Epub 2018 Jul 9.

M.Sc. Medical Microbiology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal.

The clinicopathological manifestations of cutaneous tuberculosis are diverse. The precise diagnosis is often overlooked, due to clinical presentations as those of cutaneous diseases with different etiology and the relative paucity of the pathogens in the lesions. Meanwhile, almost all of the diagnostic methods confer lower sensitivity and specificities which augments further diagnostic challenges. Read More

Infect Genet Evol 2018 Nov 7;65:283-287. Epub 2018 Aug 7.

Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Electronic address:

Background: Malaria is still a major public health problem in subtropical and tropical regions. The rapid and accurate diagnosis of malaria remains a challenge in most of the endemic areas. The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of multiplex/nested PCR in detecting Plasmodium falciparum at low parasite densities and mixed infection. Read More

Pharm Res 2018 Aug 7;35(10):186. Epub 2018 Aug 7.

Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to formulate nano-emulsions comprising natural oils and the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) clofazimine (CLF), artemisone (ATM) and decoquinate (DQ) in order to determine effectiveness of the nano-emulsions for topical delivery of the APIs. The APIs alone do not possess suitable physicochemical properties for topical drug delivery.

Methods: Nano-emulsions were formulated with olive and safflower oils encapsulating the APIs. Read More