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Theriogenology 2019 Mar 10;126:206-213. Epub 2018 Dec 10.

Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address:

β-Nerve Growth Factor (β-NGF) is a neurotrophin which acts through its receptors TrkA and p75, performing important actions in male reproductive physiology and its presence in seminal plasma (SP) has been related to male fertility. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the gene expression profile and the immunolocalization of β-NGF and its high-affinity receptor TrkA in sex organs in rabbits during sexual maturation period. β-NGF concentration for both SP and blood plasma (BP) and BP testosterone levels were determined as well as the seminal parameters during such period. Read More

Basic Clin Androl 2018 4;28. Epub 2018 Jun 4.

1Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R Embau, 231, Sao Paulo, SP 04039-060 Brazil.

Seminal plasma is a complex fluid comprised of secretions from the seminal vesicles, the prostate, bulbourethral glands and from the seminiferous tubule lumen / epididymides / . While it has been established that seminal plasma serves not only as a medium to carry, protect, and nourish sperm after ejaculation up to fertilization, but also as a functional modulator of sperm function, there is still a need to properly characterize the molecular make-up of seminal plasma in fertile men, and to understand how this is altered in different causes of male infertility. The main purpose of this manuscript was to review articles that studied the human seminal plasma proteome, ranging from characterizing a fertile seminal plasma proteomic map to studies comparing seminal plasma from fertile and infertile men, and comparing seminal plasma of fertile or normozoospermic men to a diverse range of biological causes for male infertility. Read More

J Morphol 2018 Feb 21;279(2):228-241. Epub 2017 Oct 21.

Center of Biological and Health Science, UFOB - Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.

Bats are distributed worldwide from tropical to temperate regions. Despite their wide geographical radiation and advances in studies using evolutionary approaches, aspects related to the reproduction of these animals remain poorly explored, especially those related to the male reproductive accessory glands (RAGs). Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the morphophysiology of the male RAGs in the bat Artibeus lituratus. Read More

Anim Reprod Sci 2017 Sep 23;184:29-35. Epub 2017 Jun 23.

Department of Preventative Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14.884-900, Brazil. Electronic address:

The aim of the present study was to determine and compare ultrasonographic characteristics of accessory sex glands and spectral Doppler indices of the internal iliac arteries in peri- and post-pubertal rams raised in a subtropical climate. Forty-five Dorper rams were examined (24 rams aged 8-11 months and 21 rams aged 12-24 months). Digital images of all accessory sex glands were subjected to morphometric and echotextural analyses, the latter using commercially available image analytical software Image ProPlus. Read More

Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2018 27;77(1):36-43. Epub 2017 Jun 27.

Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

Hedgehogs are small spiny-coated insectivores. Due to their low body weight, calm character, and easy maintenance, they are kept as pets. It is therefore worthwhile to care about hedgehogs' health problems and to provide pet owners with information about their reproduction. Read More

Reproduction 2017 09 13;154(3):237-243. Epub 2017 Jun 13.

Department of Medicine and AnimalSurgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.

The paraoxonase type 1 (PON1) is an enzyme with antioxidant properties recently identified in the seminal plasma (SP) of several species, including the porcine. The aims of the present study were to (1) describe the immunohistochemical localisation of PON1 in the genital organs of fertile boars and (2) evaluate the relationship among PON1 activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration in fluids of the boar genital organs. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that PON1 was present in testis (specifically in Leydig cells, blood vessels, spermatogonia and elongated spermatids), epididymis (specifically in the cytoplasm of the principal epithelial cells, luminal secretion and in the surrounding smooth muscle) and the lining epithelia of the accessory sexual glands (cytoplasmic location in the prostate and membranous in the seminal vesicle and bulbourethral glands). Read More

Mol Reprod Dev 2017 Jul 16;84(7):576-584. Epub 2017 May 16.

INSIBIO (Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.

The oviductal sperm reservoir of South American camelids is formed when sperm bind to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) on the surface of oviductal epithelium. The aim of this study was to characterize the GalNAc-binding proteins on llama sperm, and to establish their origin. Sperm-adsorbed proteins were extracted with 0. Read More

J Vet Diagn Invest 2017 Jan;29(1):35-40

Histopathology Department (Zanardello, Vascellari), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy.

We investigated the immunohistochemical expression of progesterone receptors (PRs) in the prostate and bulbourethral glands of thirty-two 10-14-mo-old Charolais bulls following treatment with a low dosage of estrogens. Animals were divided into 2 groups: 16 animals (group T) were treated for 71 d with a therapeutic dose of trenbolone acetate and estradiol by subcutaneous implant, 16 animals (group C) received no treatment. Urine samples were collected both at the beginning of the trial and 9 times during the study. Read More

J Morphol 2016 11 1;277(11):1459-1468. Epub 2016 Aug 1.

Department of Biology, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil.

In eutherian mammals, the male reproductive accessory glands (RAGs) comprise the prostate, bulbourethral glands, ampullary glands, and the seminal vesicles. Their composition, anatomy and function vary widely between species. This study aimed to characterize histologically and compare the RAGs of bats. Read More

Acta Histochem 2016 Jul 15;118(6):640-651. Epub 2016 Jul 15.

Department of Biology, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil.

The male reproductive accessory glands (RAGs) are important organs that contribute to the secretion of different substances that composed the ejaculate. Despite this important function, their composition, anatomy and function vary widely between species. Thus, the RAGs of three species of phyllostomid bats were morphologically and ultrastructurally characterized and compared in this study. Read More

Vet World 2016 Apr 6;9(4):346-50. Epub 2016 Apr 6.

Department of Livestock Products Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.

Aim: The present study was undertaken to study growth pattern of accessory sex glands in prepubertal kids from 2 weeks to 6 months of age using two-dimensional ultrasonography.

Materials And Methods: The study was conducted on six Beetal kids. The scanning of accessory sex glands was done in standing position using rectal probe and measurements were recorded. Read More

J Agric Food Chem 2015 Jun 8;63(23):5702-6. Epub 2015 Jun 8.

Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy.

It has been previously demonstrated that sex steroid hormone treatment down-regulates regucalcin gene expression in the accessory sex glands and testis of prepubertal and adult male bovines. The aim of this study was to investigate whether low doses of sex steroid hormones combined with other drugs significantly affect regucalcin gene expression in the accessory sex glands and testis of veal calves. The regucalcin expression was down-regulated in the bulbo-urethral glands of estrogen-treated calves, whereas it was up-regulated in the prostate of estrogen-treated calves. Read More

Reprod Fertil Dev 2014 Oct;26(8):1188-97

Department of Biology, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, R. Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jd. Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000, Brazil.

Chiroptera are one of the most diverse orders of mammals and a unique group within Mammalia that posses a wide geographic distribution and considerable variability in reproductive strategies. The aims of the present study were to characterise the male prostatic complex of the bat Myotis nigricans (Vespertilionidae) and evaluate seasonal variations in the prostatic complex of M. nigricans specifically. Read More

Ann Pathol 2013 Aug 31;33(4):237-46. Epub 2013 Jul 31.

Service d'anatomie pathologique, hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, UMPC Paris VI, Paris, France.

The diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa), especially limited adenocarcinoma on needle biopsy, is often challenging. Before making diagnosis of PCa, it is prudent for the pathologist to consider different benign patterns that may lead to a false positive interpretation. Histoanatomic structures such as seminal vesicles, Cowper's glands and paraganglia along with hyperplasia, atrophy with its different patterns and adenosis may generate difficulties in differential diagnosis. Read More

Pathologe 2013 Sep;34(5):429-35

Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Strempelstrasse 14, Rostock, Germany.

Non-neoplastic changes in the prostatic gland include inflammatory, atrophic, hyperplastic and metaplastic reaction patterns of the glandular epithelium and the fibromuscular stroma. Furthermore, histoanatomical structures from outside the prostatic gland are sometimes included in biopsy material. Knowledge of the morphological appearance of benign, reactive lesions is important in order to differentiate them from malignancies. Read More

Theriogenology 2013 Apr 5;79(7):1054-64. Epub 2013 Mar 5.

Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.

The anatomy and histology of the reproduction organs of the male Babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis) were studied in 21 specimens collected between birth and approximately 17 years of age. In adult animals the testes were located in a subanal position against the caudal surface of the thigh musculature. Average adult testis length was 68. Read More

Microsc Res Tech 2013 Apr 30;76(4):388-97. Epub 2013 Jan 30.

Morphology Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine College, UNIFEOB, São João da Boa Vista, Brazil.

This study aims to describe the morphology of Didelphis sp. male genital organs (penis, testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate, and bulbourethral gland). Ten male animals were used, eight for macroscopic and light microscopy analysis, and two for scanning electron microscopy. Read More

Reprod Fertil Dev 2013 ;25(3):558-69

Univ. Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Biologia. Rua Cristóvão Colombo no 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.

Chiroptera, the second largest mammalian order, presents different reproductive strategies and unique reproductive features. However, there are few reports regarding male reproductive accessory glands (RAGs) in Chiroptera. Thus, the aim of the present study was to characterise the RAGs of the exclusively neotropical bat Artibeus planirostris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) macroscopically, microscopically and ultrastructurally. Read More

Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012 1;29(5):727-35. Epub 2012 Feb 1.

RIKILT Institute for Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.

The effect of 17β-19-nortestosterone (17βNT) treatment of barrows on residue levels and growth was evaluated. Five barrows were treated three times during the fattening period with 17βNT phenylpropionate (Nandrosol, nandrolone phenylpropionate 50 mg/ml,1 mg/kg body weight). Another five barrows were untreated and five boars (untreated) were kept as positive control. Read More

Reprod Fertil Dev 2012 ;24(2):362-9

Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.

The viscous nature of alpaca semen limits its use in cryopreservation and other assisted reproductive technologies. The cause and source of this viscosity is unknown although it has been postulated, but never proven, that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) secreted by the bulbourethral gland are responsible. The present study investigated the concentration and composition of GAGs in alpaca seminal plasma, testes, bulbourethral gland and prostate gland and compared them to those in the ram to determine the relationship between seminal plasma GAGs and viscosity and to identify the source of seminal plasma GAGs. Read More

Theriogenology 2012 Jan 4;77(2):459-65. Epub 2011 Nov 4.

Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.

The aim of the present study was to characterize the dynamic changes of the testes and the pelvic genitalia in vivo in male dromedary. Eighty-one clinically healthy male dromedaries aged 1.5 to 12 years were assigned for the present study. Read More

Prostate 2012 Feb 10;72(3):326-37. Epub 2011 Jun 10.

Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.

Background: Neuroendocrine (NE) cells are frequently present in the human prostate and urethra, whereas they are lacking in the other urogenital organs. This study was undertaken as there are only few detailed studies available on the distribution, form and function of NE cells and the structure of excretory ducts of the accessory sex organs in the male rat.

Methods: Systematic gross anatomical dissections were combined with immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies of the excretory ducts of the urogenital glands in male rats, with particular focus on the distribution and ultrastructure of the NE cells. Read More

Cell Tissue Res 2011 May 8;344(2):341-53. Epub 2011 Mar 8.

Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, vvi, Prague, Czech Republic.

Beta-microseminoprotein (MSP) is a predominant protein of human seminal plasma and originates from prostate secretions. MSP from boar seminal plasma has been sequenced and shows only 50%-52% homology with that of human. Porcine MSP is synthesized by the post-natal prostate gland and is identical with the sperm motility inhibitor. Read More

Anat Histol Embryol 2011 Feb 31;40(1):11-20. Epub 2010 Aug 31.

Cátedra de Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Av. Ejército de los Andes 950 - 2° Piso. 5700, San Luis, Argentina.

The anatomy, histology and androgen receptor immunohistochemistry of the prostate (P), seminal vesicles (SV), bulbourethral and coagulant gland (CG) were studied in male viscacha, a seasonally reproductive wild rodent. Two histologically well-defined zones, peripheral and central, were identified in the prostate, according to their relationship with the urethra. The epithelial cells were periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive in the central zone and alcian blue negative in the two zones. Read More

Vet Rec 2010 Aug;167(8):291-6

Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Via L da Vinci, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.

This study investigated progesterone receptor (PR) cDNA expression in the testes, prostate and bulbourethral glands of prepubertal calves treated experimentally with high and low doses of 17beta-oestradiol and with testosterone. Tissue samples were examined histologically and immunohistochemically for PR. Western blot analysis and quantitative PCR against PR was performed on cDNA and protein extracted from the same tissues. Read More

Theriogenology 2010 Mar 25;73(5):551-9. Epub 2010 Jan 25.

College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.

Spermadhesins, a novel protein family identified in the reproductive tract of ungulates, have important roles in reproduction. In this study, the expression of pig (Sus domesticus) spermadhesion genes in seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands from birth to sexual maturity and the spatial expression in adult male and female genital tracts and ejaculated sperm of Meishan pigs were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In general, all spermadhesin genes increased from Days 1 to 150 in the seminal vesicle and bulbourethral gland. Read More

Asian J Androl 2009 Jul 18;11(4):484-91. Epub 2009 May 18.

Systems Biology Division, Zhejiang-California Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI) Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.

Asthenozoospermia (AS) is a common cause of human male infertility. In one study, more than 80% of the samples from infertile men had reduced sperm motility. Seminal plasma is a mixture of secretions from the testis, epididymis and several male accessory glands, including the prostate, seminal vesicles and Cowper's gland. Read More

Theriogenology 2009 Jul 18;72(1):22-31. Epub 2009 Mar 18.

Leibniz Institute of Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.

The application of real-time-B-mode ultrasonography to wild and zoo animal medicine has been shown to improve the understanding of reproductive physiology in many species. Ultrasound technology is especially helpful for monitoring urogenital health, which in turn has advantages for giraffe breeding and welfare in captivity. This study aimed to ultrasonographically describe the genital organs of reproductively healthy male and female giraffes. Read More

J Vet Med Sci 2007 Nov;69(11):1109-16

Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Via L. da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Italy.

Boldenone and its precursor Boldione are illegally used for anabolic purposes in humans, horses and cattle. To develop more effective policies and programs to maximize food security, Italian Public Health Services investigate all indicators capable of assisting the recognition of treated animals, and prioritize research and the formulation of action strategies for the promotion of healthy eating. Thus, an experimental administration of boldenone and boldione at anabolic dosages in veal calves was carried out to evaluate the changes in target organs by qualitative and semi-quantitative morphological analysis. Read More

Proteomics Clin Appl 2007 Aug 13;1(8):861-75. Epub 2007 Jul 13.

Proteomics Group, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA.

Semen is a complex fluid comprising sperm and other products of the testes together with secretions from the accessory sex glands including the prostate, seminal vesicles, and the bulbourethral gland. Studies of the protein components of seminal fluid, with or without the sperm present, can improve our understanding of reproductive biology; have potential clinical applications in the assessment and treatment of infertility; can assist with the diagnosis and management of urological diseases; and, at times, can offer important forensic insights. This review examines the application of proteomic methods to the study of spermatozoa and seminal fluid and highlights some of the unique challenges associated with the collection, fractionation, and analysis of this fluid. Read More

J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2007 Jun;54(5):238-46

RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.

An animal experiment has been performed with 42 veal calves, 21 males and 21 females, which were fed and housed according to European regulations for veal calves. The animals were kept in six groups of seven animals and fed milk replacer supplemented with three different levels of lactulose (0%, 1% and 3%) and some roughage. At the start of the experiment the animals were 1-3 weeks of age and they were slaughtered at 26 weeks. Read More

Acta Vet Hung 2006 Mar;54(1):71-83

Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University, 20-033 Lublin, Akademicka 12, Poland.

Immunohistochemistry was applied to determine the distribution patterns of nerve fibres containing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in the prostate, seminal vesicle (SV) and bulbourethral glands (BU) of male sheep. In all organs studied, cholinergic innervation was more developed than noradrenergic innervation. Numerous VAChT-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres were found in the muscular layer and mucosa of the SV and BU as well as in the prostate. Read More

Int J Androl 2006 Feb;29(1):186-92

Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Søborg, Denmark.

Prochloraz is an imidazole fungicide that is widely used in Europe, Australia, Asia and South America within gardening and agriculture. Screening studies have shown that prochloraz elicits multiple mechanisms of action in vitro, as it antagonizes the androgen and the oestrogen receptor, agonizes the Ah receptor and inhibits aromatase activity. In vivo prochloraz acts as an antiandrogen in the Hershberger assay by reducing weights of reproductive organs, affecting androgen-regulated gene expressions in the prostate and increasing luteinizing hormone levels. Read More

Anat Histol Embryol 2006 Feb;35(1):47-52

Department of Food Production, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, The University of the West Indies (UWI), St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.

The literature available on the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) is very limited. The agouti is a Neotropical rodent found in Trinidad and Tobago, Central and South America. This study focuses on one of the many unexplored areas relating to the species, the male reproductive system. Read More

Dev Dyn 2005 Dec;234(4):961-73

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 21250, USA.

Loss of Nkx3.1 function in mice results in defects in prostate development and epithelial hyperplasia, indicating that this gene plays important roles in both the initiation and maintenance of prostate differentiation. In humans, decreased NKX3. Read More

Int J Toxicol 2005 May-Jun;24(3):157-64

Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Korea Food and Drug Administration, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Eunpyng-ku, Seoul, Korea.

The typical strategy used in analysis of antiandrogens involves the morphological changes of a marker in castrated rats Hershberger assay for the prostate, seminal vesicle, levator ani plus bulbocavernosus muscles (LABC), Cowper's gland, and glans penis. However, there are disadvantages to this approach, such as the time required, and the results may not correspond to those in actual human exposure. To evaluate its ability for detecting antiandrogens, in vivo the dose effect of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and time effect of five antiandrogens, DEHP, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), linuron (3-(4-dichlorophenyl)-methoxy-1-methylurea), and 2,4'-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-(o-chlorophenyl)ethylene), were investigated using humanized transgenic mice coexpressing tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA) and the human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme CYP1B1 (hCYP1B1). Read More

Int J Androl 2005 Apr;28(2):74-7

Department of Urology, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.

Cowper's glands are pea sized glands present inferior to the prostate gland in the male reproductive system. They produce thick clear mucus prior to ejaculation that drains into the spongy urethra. Though it is well established that the function of the Cowper's gland secretions is to neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra, knowledge regarding the various lesions and associated complications of this gland is scarce. Read More

Pol J Vet Sci 2004 ;7(2):129-42

Division of Animal Anatomy, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.

In the male pig, the bulbourethral gland (BG) is a particulary well developed accessory genital gland (AGG) which produces complex secretion contributing to the fluid component of semen. The secretory and motor function of AGGs is thought to be under the autonomic nervous system control. Although relatively much is known about the innervation of the prostate gland and, to a lesser degree, of the seminal vesicle, the paucity of data dealing with the innervation of BG is striking. Read More

Anat Histol Embryol 2004 Jun;33(3):146-50

Institute of Science, Nigde University, 51200 Nigde, Turkey.

In this study, the histo-anatomy of the accessory reproductive glands of the Anatolian souslik (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) is investigated, using 102 males of the vouchers which were captured from central Anatolia and eastern Mediterranean regions. Averages of measurements taken from each part of the accessory reproductive glands were as follows: length of vesicular gland [right: 3.96 (+/-0. Read More

Mod Pathol 2004 Mar;17(3):328-48

Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

The diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma, especially when present in small amounts, is often challenging. Before making a diagnosis of carcinoma, it is prudent for the pathologist to consider the various benign patterns and processes that can simulate prostatic adenocarcinoma. A useful method of classifying benign mimickers is in relationship to the major growth patterns depicted in the classical Gleason diagram. Read More

Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2003 Aug;68(4):363-74

Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, USA.

Background: The Hershberger and male pubertal onset assays have been identified as possible Tier I screening tests to detect endocrine-active compounds (EACs). Both tests rely on changes in reproductive and/or accessory sex gland (ASG) weights in young animals. Because chemical treatment may affect growth rate, the relationship between body weight and reproductive/ASG weights was examined using feed restriction (FR) to produce a targeted 10% decrease in body weight. Read More

Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2003 Dec;15(1):9-17

Reproductive Toxicology Laboratory, Post-graduate Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India.

Mancozeb, a fungicide of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate group was orally administered at 800 mg/kg body weight to male Swiss albino mice for 5, 10, 20 and 30 days. Daily body weight of the mice were recorded. The mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after 24 h of terminal exposure of mancozeb. Read More

J Anat 2003 May;202(5):431-44

Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.

The urethra is the main place of entry for sexually transmitted pathogens. However, there is little literature on the morphology of the urogenital system, principally the urethra and ducts of the sex accessory glands. The Mongolian gerbil is an insectivorous, herbivorous and monogamous rodent with nocturnal habits; it has been used successfully as a laboratory animal since the 1960s. Read More

Theriogenology 2002 May;57(8):2003-13

Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802, USA.

Thorough examinations of the reproductive system of boars are generally not performed on normal boars to be used for breeding; only boars with problems undergo a form of a breeding soundness examination. In order for veterinarians to identify pathological conditions, the normal architecture of the accessory sex glands needs to be described. The purpose of this study was to use B-mode ultrasonography to describe the accessory sex glands in the boar and to see if transrectal ultrasonography would be a viable option in which to obtain this data. Read More

Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2002 Apr;35(2 Pt 1):280-5

Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK.

The effects of the concomitant oral administration of a potent reference androgen (17alpha-methyltestosterone) and both a potent (flutamide) and a weak (p,p'-DDE) antiandrogen on intact weanling male rats are described. This protocol resulted in the inhibition by the antiandrogens of the increase in sex accessory tissue weights induced by coadministration of 17alpha-methyltestosterone. Although both flutamide and p,p'-DDE inhibited the androgen-induced growth of the levator ani/bulbocavernosus muscle complex, the Cowper's glands, and the seminal vesicles, the growth of the prostate gland was unaffected by either antiandrogen. Read More

J Reprod Fertil 2000 Nov;120(2):303-9

Department of Dairy and Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA.

The aim of this study was to localize expression of the prostaglandin D synthase gene in the reproductive tracts of Holstein bulls using northern blotting and in situ hybridization. For northern blotting, a digoxigenin-labelled prostaglandin D synthase cDNA probe was used to probe blots containing RNA isolated from the testes, epididymides, vas deferens, ampullae, seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands of bulls. The digoxigenin-labelled cDNA for the bovine homologue of prostaglandin D synthase hybridized to a single band (approximately 0. Read More

Mech Dev 2000 Jul;95(1-2):163-74

Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.

To investigate functions of the homeodomain-containing transcription factor Nkx3.1 a null mutation was generated by targeted gene disruption introducing the bacterial LacZ gene as reporter into the locus. In addition to defects in duct morphogenesis of the prostate and bulbourethral gland displaying progressive epithelial hyperplasia and reduced ductal branching (Bhatia-Gaur, R. Read More

Analyst 1998 Dec;123(12):2665-70

RIKILT-DLO, DLO-State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

To investigate the possibilities for screening and confirmation methods when the 'pour on' method of application is used for administration of growth promoters, an animal experiment was performed using a cocktail of a combination of growth promoters derived from (illegal) practice. Two cocktails were used, cocktail A consisting of stanozolol and estradiol benzoate and cocktail B consisting of stanozolol, estradiol benzoate and beclomethasone dipropionate. The intended dose per animal was 110 mg stanozolol, 25 mg estradiol and 10 mg beclomethasone. Read More

Genes Dev 1999 Apr;13(8):966-77

Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854 USA.

In aging men, the prostate gland becomes hyperproliferative and displays a propensity toward carcinoma. Although this hyperproliferative process has been proposed to represent an inappropriate reactivation of an embryonic differentiation program, the regulatory genes responsible for normal prostate development and function are largely undefined. Here we show that the murine Nkx3. Read More