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Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2019 Apr 9. Epub 2019 Apr 9.

Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Background: Advances in radiation technology have transformed treatment options for patients with localized prostate cancer. The evolution of three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) have allowed physicians to spare surrounding normal organs and reduce adverse effects. The introduction of proton beam technology and its physical advantage of depositing its energy in tissue at the end-of-range maximum may potentially spare critical organs such as the bladder and rectum in prostate cancer patients. Read More

ESMO Open 2019 12;4(Suppl 1):e000471. Epub 2019 Mar 12.

Department of Urology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.

Oligometastatic disease was proposed by Hellman and Weichselbaum in 1995 as an intermediate tumour state between localised lesions and widespread metastases, characterised by the limited number and size of metastases in specific organs such as lung, liver, bone or even brain. The oligometastatic state has increasingly been recognised as a unique clinical state during which local ablative treatment can be effective in several types of cancer, including prostate cancer. However, the role of systemic therapy, such as hormone therapy and chemotherapy, is not yet well known. Read More

Cell Calcium 2019 Mar 6;80:8-17. Epub 2019 Mar 6.

Departments of Pediatrics, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. Electronic address:

The TRP ion channel TRPM2 has an essential function in cell survival and protects the viability of a number of cell types after oxidative stress. It is highly expressed in many cancers including breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancer, melanoma, leukemia, and neuroblastoma, suggesting it promotes cancer cell survival. TRPM2 is activated by production of ADP-ribose (ADPR) following oxidative stress, which binds to the C-terminus of TRPM2, resulting in channel opening. Read More

Urologe A 2019 Mar 11. Epub 2019 Mar 11.

Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.

In the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era, most prostate cancers (PCa) are diagnosed in a localized stage and a plethora of therapeutic options are warranted in different clinical settings and disease stages of localized PCa. In the current narrative review, we give an overview of the current controversies in the therapeutic landscape of localized PCa and focus on organ-sparing approaches, percutaneous radiotherapy, brachytherapy as well as retropubic and robot-assisted prostatectomy by summarizing studies that have been published within the last two years. Read More

Pathol Int 2019 02 9;69(2):67. Epub 2019 Feb 9.

Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan.

Pathol Int 2019 Feb 29;69(2):55-66. Epub 2019 Jan 29.

Aquesta Uropathology and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Histological grading of prostate cancer is one of the most important tissue-based parameters for prediction of outcome and treatment response. Gleason grading remains the foundation of prostate cancer grading, but has undergone a series of changes in the past 30 years, often initiated by consensus conference decisions. This review summarizes the most important modifications that were introduced by the 2005 and 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) revisions of Gleason grading and discusses the impact that these have had on current grading practices. Read More

World J Urol 2019 Feb 4;37(2):277-287. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Purpose: To review the evidence addressing current controversies around prostate biopsy. Specific questions explored were (1) mpMRI targeted (TgBx) alone versus combined with systematic (SBx) biopsy; (2) cognitive versus software-based targeted biopsy; (3) transrectal or transperineal route (TP).

Methods: We performed a literature search of peer-reviewed English language articles using PubMed and the words "prostate" AND "biopsy". Read More

Urol Oncol 2019 Mar 19;37(3):219-226. Epub 2018 Dec 19.

The Smith Institute for Urology, Zucker School of Medicine Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY. Electronic address:

Lymph node dissection is part of the standard treatment protocol for various cancers, but its role in prostate cancer has been debatable for some time. Pelvic lymphadenectomy has been shown to better help stage prostate cancer patients, but has yet to be definitively proven to be of any benefit for survival. Various templates for lymph node dissections exist, and though some national guidelines have endorsed an extended pelvic node dissection, the choice of template is still controversial. Read More

Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2018 Dec;61(12):1544-1550

Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in industrialized countries. The annual incidence rate in Germany is about 60,000. Every year, 13,000 men die of this disease. Read More

Adv Exp Med Biol 2018;1096:87-98

Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Purpose of this chapter To demonstrate the timing, benefits, limitations and current controversies of multiparametric magnet resonance imaging (mpMRI) combined with fusion guided biopsy and consider how additional incorporation of multivariable risk stratification might further improve prostate cancer (PC) diagnosis. Recent findings MpMRI has been shown to add important information to the diagnostic pathway for prostate cancer. Fusion biopsy has also shown advantages in comparison to standard practice for biopsy-naïve men and men with previous biopsy in large prospective studies providing level 1b evidence. Read More

Mo Med 2018 Mar-Apr;115(2):151-155

Jennifer K. Sehn, MD, is Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.

Prostate cancer is common, and recent efforts in clinical management have focused on identifying patients who could be candidates from less aggressive management or who could benefit from more aggressive therapy. As prostate cancer histology, especially Gleason score, plays a critical role in predicting patient outcomes, attempts have been made to refine histologic classification and reporting in prostate cancer to facilitate patient risk stratification. This review discusses recent updates in prostate cancer grading and reporting. Read More

Curr Med Chem 2018 09 13. Epub 2018 Sep 13.

Department of Urology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome. Italy.

Objective: In recent years, several biomarkers alternative to standard prostate specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis have become available. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the current knowledge about alternative serum and urinary biomarkers for the diagnosis of PCa. Material and Methods A research was conducted in Medline, restricted to English language articles published between December 2014 and June 2018 with the aim to update previously published series on PCa biomarkers. Read More

Urol Oncol 2018 09 6;36(9):401.e1-401.e9. Epub 2018 Aug 6.

Department of Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.

Objectives: Magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound (MRI/TRUS) fusion-guided focal high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy of the prostate has recently been developed as a selective HIFU-therapy technique to enable targeted ablation of prostate cancer. Here we report a series of patients treated with focal HIFU therapy, discuss its potential pitfalls, and address controversies concerning the indications.

Materials And Methods: This single-center prospective study reports outcomes of patients treated from September 2014 to March 2016. Read More

Transl Androl Urol 2018 Jun;7(3):399-413

Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.

While radical prostatectomy (RP) has provided long-term disease control for the majority of patients with localized prostate cancer (CaP), nearly 30% of all surgical patients have disease progression. For high-risk patients, more than half of men experience disease recurrence within 10 years. Postoperative radiotherapy is the only known potentially curative treatment for a large number of patients following prostatectomy. Read More

Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2018 09;12(3):334-338

Département De Médecine Oncologique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.

Purpose Of Review: Until 2015, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) alone was the standard-of-care for metastatic hormone-naïve prostate cancer (mHNPC). In the last decade, important landmark therapeutic advances occurred in the management of these patients permitting improvement of their survival.

Recent Findings: At least two prospective randomized trials proved upfront docetaxel (DOC) + ADT benefit consequently providing strong evidence for guidelines modifications. Read More

Clin Transl Med 2018 Jul 9;7(1):18. Epub 2018 Jul 9.

Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Nils Hasselmo Hall 3-104, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.

Despite the abundant ongoing research efforts, cancer remains one of the most challenging diseases to treat globally. Due to the heterogenous nature of cancer, one of the major clinical challenges in therapeutic development is the cancer's ability to develop resistance. It has been hypothesized that cancer stem cells are the cause for this resistance, and targeting them will lead to tumor regression. Read More

AJR Am J Roentgenol 2018 Aug 12;211(2):379-382. Epub 2018 Jun 12.

4 Department of Urology, Clinica Castelli, Bergamo, Italy.

Objective: We describe our institutional experience using a simplified Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) based on biparametric prostate MRI. We discuss two important controversies: the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents and the management of PI-RADS category 3 lesions.

Conclusion: Our simplified PI-RADS identifies four categories and suggests management strategies for each. Read More

Sex Med Rev 2018 Apr 13. Epub 2018 Apr 13.

Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Introduction: Testosterone therapy has been controversial since its synthesis in the 1930s to the present day. Testosterone's history provides depth and context for current controversies.

Aim: To review the history of testosterone therapy from its initial synthesis in the 1930s to the modern day. Read More

World J Urol 2018 05;36(5):685-686

Department of Urology, Diakonissenkrankenhaus Flensburg, University Teaching Hospital of the Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Flensburg, Germany.

Chin Med J (Engl) 2017 Dec;130(24):2991-2995

Department of Urology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China.

Objective: The optimal management strategy for prostate cancer (PCa) remains controversial. We performed a systemic review of current progress and controversies regarding the diagnosis and treatment of PCa.

Data Sources: We searched PubMed for recently published articles up to July 2017 using the following key words: "prostate cancer," "progress," "controversy," "immunotherapy," and "prevention. Read More

Front Oncol 2017 23;7:275. Epub 2017 Nov 23.

Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes, France.

PLoS One 2017 28;12(11):e0188258. Epub 2017 Nov 28.

Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

Background: Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-skin cancer in men. Screening for prostate cancer is widely accepted; however concerns regarding the harms outweighing the benefits of screening exist. Although patient's play a pivotal role in the decision making process, men may not be aware of the controversies regarding prostate cancer screening. Read More

Oncology (Williston Park) 2017 11;31(11):794-802

Cancer progresses in a stepwise fashion. Oligometastatic cancer is an intermediate stage of tumor spread between localized disease and disseminated metastases. Oligometastatic prostate cancer is defined as up to five extrapelvic lesions on conventional imaging. Read More

Oncotarget 2017 Oct 27;8(47):83261-83269. Epub 2017 Jun 27.

MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.

Recent studies suggested that the tumour associated macrophages may be associated with prostate cancer outcome. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the prognostic value of tumor associated macrophages and macrophage scavenger receptor 1, marker for a subset of macrophages, by pooled hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals from qualified studies following a systemic search. The results indicate that higher infiltration of tumor associated macrophages predicts poor overall survival (HR=1. Read More

Evid Based Med 2017 12 9;22(6):198. Epub 2017 Nov 9.

Curr Opin Urol 2018 Jan;28(1):42-45

CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Medical Center Hospital, CHRISTUS Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA.

Purpose Of Review: We review the concepts surrounding prostate cancer prevention strategies with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) and the controversies associated with their use.

Recent Findings: Updated data have shown no increased risk of death from the diagnosis of higher risk cancer; however, 5-ARIs remain controversial and not approved for prostate cancer prevention.

Summary: The main theme of the review identifies the success of reducing insignificant prostate cancer and the controversy with the increased association of higher risk prostate cancer by approximately 20%. Read More

Curr Opin Urol 2018 03;28(2):172-177

Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Purpose Of Review: To discuss the timing, benefits, limitations and current controversies of multiparametric magnet resonance imaging (mpMRI) combined with fusion-guided biopsy and consider how additional incorporation of multivariable risk stratification might further improve prostate cancer diagnosis.

Recent Findings: MpMRI has been proven advantageous over standard practice for biopsy-naïve men and men with previous biopsy in large prospective studies providing level 1b evidence. Upfront multivariable risk stratification followed by or combined with mpMRI further improves diagnostic accuracy. Read More

Nat Rev Urol 2017 Oct 16;14(10):620-629. Epub 2017 Aug 16.

Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region (Ancona), School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Via Conca 71, 60126 Torrette, Ancona, Italy.

Radical cystoprostatectomy (RCP) followed by bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and urinary diversion remains the gold-standard therapy for men with localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Prostate cancer might be incidentally detected at the time of RCP with a reported prevalence of 24-51%. Typically, these patients are considered to have clinically insignificant disease, but data from emerging series challenge this assumption and suggest that some of these tumours might be aggressive, or somehow increase the aggressiveness of the associated MIBC, and can negatively influence the patient's overall survival outcomes. Read More

Int J Biol Sci 2017 1;13(6):772-781. Epub 2017 Jun 1.

Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province ,710061, P.R. China.

Angiomotin (Amot) family contains three members: Amot (p80 and p130 isoforms), Amot-like protein 1 (Amotl1), and Amot-like protein 2 (Amotl2). Amot proteins play an important role in tube formation and migration of endothelial cells and the regulation of tight junctions, polarity, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in epithelial cells. Moreover, these proteins regulate the proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Read More

Can Urol Assoc J 2017 Jun;11(6):210-211

Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.

The paper by Shayegan et al in this issue of represents an important initial step in establishing recommendations for hormonal monitoring in men with prostate cancer on androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). As with most subjects related to the actions of testosterone, the survey adds to the controversies, but also opens the opportunity to explore several of the concerns relevant to the hormonal management of prostate cancer. Read More

Front Oncol 2017 31;7:108. Epub 2017 May 31.

Department of Radiotherapy, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.

For pathological high-risk prostate cancer, adjuvant irradiation has shown a survival benefit. Phase III studies have highlighted that half men would face biochemical relapse and would be candidate for radiotherapy at adjuvant or salvage times. Despite at least four published international contouring guidelines from different collaborative groups, discrepancies remain for volumes, delineation, and margins to be considered in order to optimize radiotherapy planning. Read More

Curr Urol Rep 2017 Jul;18(7):50

Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, 5758 South Maryland Avenue MC 9006, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.

Purpose Of Review: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is an important adjunctive therapy to external beam radiation therapy (RT) for the definitive management of prostate cancer. The role of ADT is well-established for locally advanced or high-risk disease in conjunction with standard doses of RT, but less defined for intermediate-risk disease or with dose-escalated RT. The goal of this review is to summarize evidence evaluating the combination of ADT/RT, focusing on recent trials and current controversies as they pertain to the practicing clinician. Read More

Ann Oncol 2017 02;28(2):421-426

Department of Medical Imaging, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Toulouse, France.

Innovative cancer therapies and advances in drug development have created new hopes for patients and health providers. The purpose of this article was to evaluate the discrepancies in the assessment of the magnitude of benefit of four new drugs (abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, cabazitaxel, radium-223 dichloride) for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The comparison was done among three European countries (UK, Germany and France) and Canada, according to the statement of each country and to the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale. Read More

Rev Med Chil 2016 Dec;144(12):1584-1590

Departamento de Dermatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Finasteride is a 5-α reductase inhibitor that is widely used in the management of benign prostate hyperplasia and male pattern hair loss. It is well known that these agents improve the quality of life in men suffering from these conditions. However, they are associated with some transient and even permanent adverse effects. Read More

World J Urol 2017 04 1;35(4):493-495. Epub 2017 Mar 1.

Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Transl Androl Urol 2017 Feb;6(1):28-36

Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most common male sexual dysfunction, and shares many risk factors with systemic conditions including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). ED is considered to be an independent risk factor for CVD and can be a harbinger of future cardiovascular events. Given this relationship, each encounter for ED should be viewed by healthcare providers as an opportunity to screen for CVD and other comorbid conditions, including the MetS, that can significantly affect a man's overall health. Read More

Prostate Int 2016 Dec 8;4(4):125-129. Epub 2016 Oct 8.

University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.

Background: Prostate cancer remains the most common non-skin cancer malignancy in men. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is recognized as a biomarker for the diagnosis, monitoring, and risk prediction of prostate cancer. Its use in the setting of prostate cancer screening has been controversial due to the risk of over diagnosis and over treatment. Read More

Semin Radiat Oncol 2017 01 31;27(1):50-66. Epub 2016 Aug 31.

Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA. Electronic address:

A total of 3 randomized clinical trials have demonstrated a significant clinical benefit with adjuvant radiation in patients with high-risk prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy, with each showing improved biochemical control outcomes, and one trial (SWOG 8794) also demonstrating increased overall survival. How broadly these results have informed clinical practice has evolved over time, given the widespread availability of ultrasensitive prostate-specific antigen level testing and increased awareness that the high-risk patients are not a uniform cohort. In this review, we discuss the evidence from published and ongoing trials as well as current controversies, focusing on unanswered questions such as when postoperative radiation should be offered and whether the inclusion of androgen-deprivation therapy improves clinical outcomes. Read More

BMC Cancer 2016 12 3;16(1):933. Epub 2016 Dec 3.

Cancer Survival Group, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.

Background: The relative survival field has seen a lot of development in the last decade, resulting in many different and even opposing suggestions on how to approach the analysis.

Methods: We carefully define and explain the differences between the various measures of survival (overall survival, crude mortality, net survival and relative survival ratio) and study their differences using colon and prostate cancer data extracted from the national population-based cancer registry of Slovenia as well as simulated data.

Results: The colon and prostate cancer data demonstrate clearly that when analysing population-based data, it is useful to split the overall mortality in crude probabilities of dying from cancer and from other causes. Read More

Cancer Treat Rev 2016 Dec 18;51:27-34. Epub 2016 Jul 18.

Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.

Radical treatments such as prostatectomy and radiotherapy have demonstrated success in terms of biochemical and disease-specific survival for localised prostate cancer. However, whilst the end goal of any cancer treatment is to control or cure disease it must also do so by minimising any side effects that may be experienced by the patient. Focal therapy as a concept aims to redress this established therapeutic ratio by treating areas of the prostate affected by significant disease as opposed to treating the entire gland. Read More

Transl Androl Urol 2016 Oct;5(5):633-635

Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Onco Targets Ther 2016 9;9:5577-86. Epub 2016 Sep 9.

Department of Radiation Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore.

Proton-beam therapy (PBT) for prostate cancer has been in used for several decades, with its technique evolving significantly over this period. A growing number of centers now routinely utilize pencil-beam scanning as an advanced technique of PBT. Interest and controversy concerning its use have recently come under scrutiny. Read More

Chin Clin Oncol 2016 Aug;5(4):55

Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Proton therapy (PT) for prostate cancer has been a subject of controversy over the past two decades. Because of its dosimetric advantages when compared to conventional radiation, PT has the potential to improve the therapeutic ratio in the management of prostate cancer by decreasing toxicity and improving disease control. Nevertheless, its higher costs and the current lack of level I evidence documenting improved clinical outcomes have led some to question its cost-effectiveness. Read More

Int J Urol 2016 09 26;23(9):726-33. Epub 2016 Jun 26.

British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Incorporation of docetaxel into metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer treatment has added a new treatment option to a disease state that had previously not seen change for decades. Early attempts of a chemo-hormonal approach for castration-sensitive prostate cancer were not successful. With the demonstration of survival benefits using docetaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, this encouraged continued research with docetaxel given earlier in the disease course. Read More

Prostate Cancer 2016 23;2016:2420786. Epub 2016 May 23.

Cleveland Clinic, Taussig Cancer Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland, OH, USA.

High-risk prostate cancer is an aggressive form of the disease with an increased risk of distant metastasis and subsequent mortality. Multiple randomized trials have established that the combination of radiation therapy and long-term androgen deprivation therapy improves overall survival compared to either treatment alone. Standard of care for men with high-risk prostate cancer in the modern setting is dose-escalated radiotherapy along with 2-3 years of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Read More

Cancer Manag Res 2016 10;8:45-7. Epub 2016 May 10.

Department of Forensic Medicine and Human Genetics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.

The discoveries and application of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) have been much appreciated because PSA-based screening has saved millions of lives of prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Historically speaking, Flocks et al first identified antigenic properties in prostate tissue in 1960. Then, Barnes et al detected immunologic characteristics in prostatic fluid in 1963. Read More

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016 ;17(4):1625-30

Department of Radiation Oncology, Matsusaka Central Hospital, Matsusaka, Japan E-mail :

Prostate cancer is the secondary most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world. Although numerous prospective randomized trial have been conducted to guide the management of patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer, few clinical trials targeting node-positive prostate cancer have been reported. Therefore, there are still controversies in the optimal management of node-positive prostate cancer. Read More

Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2016 08 20;28(8):479-81. Epub 2016 May 20.

Department of Clinical Oncology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. Electronic address:

Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016 Jun 27;102:118-24. Epub 2016 Apr 27.

School of Clinical Sciences & Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. Electronic address:

Docetaxel (DTX) is a standard chemotherapeutic agent for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, given a number of toxicities associated with DTX, considerable debate exists regarding the optimal number of DTX cycles to be administered in this setting. In clinic, it is a usual practice to continue DTX until toxicities or disease progression precludes its administration. Read More

Rejuvenation Res 2017 Feb 3;20(1):9-14. Epub 2016 Jun 3.

Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy .

The mean age of the world population has steadily increased in the last decades, as a result of increased life expectancy and reduced birth rate. Global aging has led to a greater worldwide cost for healthcare: hormonal alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of several conditions and might cause a significant reduction in the perceived sense of well-being. Menopause is archetypal of hormonal alterations occurring during aging: in males, sex hormones do not decrease abruptly, yet testosterone levels decrease steadily and continuously during aging, ultimately resulting in late-onset hypogonadism. Read More