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J Paediatr Child Health 2021 06 13;57(6):786-790. Epub 2021 May 13.

The Welsh Centre of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom.

The aim of this article is to provide an overview on paediatric facial paralysis, looking into aetiology, epidemiology, assessment and investigation and subsequent treatment options available. Facial paralysis describes the inability to activate the muscles of fascial expression. Overall, it affects 2. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2021 May 28;82:105916. Epub 2021 Apr 28.

Medical Research Center, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan. Electronic address:

Introduction: Cholesteatoma is a benign tumoral lesion of squamous epithelial cells in middle ear that can exist as congenital or acquired forms.

Presentation Of Cases: A 35-year-old housewife presented to ENT clinic of a private hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan, with a complete facial nerve paralysis in the right side. In her antecedents, there is a tympanomastoidectomy due to chronic middle ear infection. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2021 May 4;14(5). Epub 2021 May 4.

Opthalmology, Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, Delhi, Delhi, India.

J Int Adv Otol 2021 Mar;17(2):186-189

Departmenf of Otolaryngology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.

Aural atresia is a congenital disease that is characterized by an embryologic developmental defect of the external auditory canal (EAC). There is an erythematous, bulging tympanic membrane by otoscope in physical examination of acute otitis media (AOM). Children with aural atresia experience AOM as children have normal anatomy. Read More

Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021 Apr 7;16(1):158. Epub 2021 Apr 7.

Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

There is a broad differential for patients presenting with congenital facial weakness, and initial misdiagnosis unfortunately is common for this phenotypic presentation. Here we present a framework to guide evaluation of patients with congenital facial weakness disorders to enable accurate diagnosis. The core categories of causes of congenital facial weakness include: neurogenic, neuromuscular junction, myopathic, and other. Read More

Acta Otolaryngol 2021 Jun 6;141(6):572-578. Epub 2021 Apr 6.

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Institute of Otology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Background: Congenital microtia-atresia affects patients in two specific ways: severe conductive hearing loss and difficulty in integrating into social environments due to auricle malformation.

Aims/objectives: To investigate the safety and efficacy of single-stage auricular reconstruction and hearing rehabilitation in children with microtia and external auditory canal atresia.

Material And Methods: From January 2016 to December 2019, we included 32 patients with microtia and external canal atresia who received auricle reconstruction with high-density polyethylene (Medpor) framework and three different hearing rehabilitation approaches at the Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. Read More

Cureus 2021 Jan 25;13(1):e12905. Epub 2021 Jan 25.

Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, MYS.

Acute mastoiditis in a newborn complicated by the presence of facial nerve palsy is an alarming finding requiring rapid assessment and further investigation. Such an early presentation should point the clinician towards an underlying systemic pathology or congenital anatomical abnormality. Facial nerve involvement indicates severe infection and possible dehiscence of the facial canal. Read More

Hand (N Y) 2021 Mar 1:1558944721994265. Epub 2021 Mar 1.

Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.

Background: Moebius syndrome is a disorder characterized by facial and abducens nerve paralysis. Patients can present a wide range of upper extremity malformations. Literature focused on orthopedic manifestations of Moebius syndrome shows variability in the prevalence and clinical presentation of upper extremity anomalies. Read More

J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021 Jan 31. Epub 2021 Jan 31.

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; Professor at University College of London, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, London, United Kingdom.

Background: Pediatric facial palsy represents a rare multifactorial entity. Facial reanimation restores smiling, thus boosting self-confidence and social integration of the affected children. The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic review of microsurgical workhorse free functional muscle transfer procedures with emphasis on the long-term functional, aesthetic, and psychosocial outcomes. Read More

Ann Plast Surg 2021 Feb 19. Epub 2021 Feb 19.

From the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.

Background: Facial plastic surgeons often encounter patients experiencing untreated long-standing facial paralysis who are unaware that their condition can be managed by facial reconstructive procedures. To promote timely admission of patients with facial paralysis for facial plastic surgery, factors associated with late admission should be elucidated.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients admitted to our facial paralysis clinic. Read More

Acta Otolaryngol 2021 Apr 13;141(4):321-327. Epub 2021 Jan 13.

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Background: Implantable bone-conduction hearing aids (BCHA) are effective in patients with congenital ear malformations.However, there is no large sample study to verify the efficacy of Bonebridge in patients with congenital oval window atresia.

Objectives: To investigate efficiency of implantable bone-conduction hearing aids in Mandarin-speaking patients with congenital oval window atresia. Read More

Qual Health Res 2021 05 11;31(6):1019-1028. Epub 2021 Jan 11.

University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom.

Congenital facial palsy is a rare medical condition that causes paralysis of the facial muscles, lack of facial expression, and an unusual appearance. Findings from developmental psychology suggest that the face plays a central role in the construction of self. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 adults born with congenital facial palsy. Read More

J Cogn Neurosci 2021 Apr 8;33(4):611-621. Epub 2021 Jan 8.

Harvard University.

All it takes is a face-to-face conversation in a noisy environment to realize that viewing a speaker's lip movements contributes to speech comprehension. What are the processes underlying the perception and interpretation of visual speech? Brain areas that control speech production are also recruited during lipreading. This finding raises the possibility that lipreading may be supported, at least to some extent, by a covert unconscious imitation of the observed speech movements in the observer's own speech motor system-a motor simulation. Read More

Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021 06 5;45(3):1127-1136. Epub 2021 Jan 5.

Department of Otolaryngology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.

Background: Nasal valve collapse is relatively common with a lifetime prevalence of up to 13%. Etiologies include prior rhinoplasty, other surgical procedures, facial paralysis, congenital defects, trauma, and aging. Internal nasal valve collapse leads to impairment of nasal breathing, which significantly disturbs quality of life. Read More

Muscle Nerve 2021 04 19;63(4):516-524. Epub 2021 Jan 19.

Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Introduction: Congenital facial weakness (CFW) can result from facial nerve paresis with or without other cranial nerve and systemic involvement, or generalized neuropathic and myopathic disorders. Moebius syndrome is one type of CFW. In this study we explored the utility of electrodiagnostic studies (EDx) in the evaluation of individuals with CFW. Read More

Turk J Pediatr 2020 ;62(6):1021-1027

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey.

Background: Idiopathic facial paralysis or Bell`s palsy is the most common type of peripheral facial paralysis. Children with Bell`s palsy is an uneasy situation for the family and physician with questions about the etiology, treatment options and the healing process. Here, we aimed to compare the epidemiologic features and prognostic factors of patients with Bell`s palsy aged < 18 years. Read More

Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2020 Oct;34(10):941-944

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery，Children's Hospital of Shanghai，Shanghai Jiaotong University，Shanghai，200062，China.

To observe the disease spectrum of the parotid region lesions in children, and clarify the outcome and prognosis of the disease by analyzing of clinical data. The basic information, clinical symptoms, diagnosis results, treatment, prognosis and follow-up of 170 cases with parotid region lesions were analyzed. Among 170 cases of the parotid region lesions, 83 cases（48. Read More

Cureus 2020 Sep 2;12(9):e10215. Epub 2020 Sep 2.

Pediatrics, Ascension Sacred Heart Hospital, University of Florida, Pensacola, USA.

Poland-Mobius syndrome is a rare congenital disorder that includes features of Poland and Mobius syndromes. It is characterized by unilateral or bilateral congenital facial weakness, impairment of abduction of eyes, associated limb anomalies, and aplasia or hypoplasia of the pectoralis muscle. We describe a case of Poland-Mobius syndrome in a neonate associated with unilateral vocal cord immobility. Read More

Arch Plast Surg 2020 Sep 15;47(5):382-391. Epub 2020 Sep 15.

Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.

Facial palsy has a broad clinical presentation and the effects on psychosocial interaction and facial functions can be devastating. Pediatric facial palsy, in particular, introduces unique familial and technical considerations as anatomy, future growth potential, and patient participation influence treatment planning. Though some etiologies of pediatric facial palsy are self-limiting, congenital and long-standing facial palsies pose difficult challenges that require a combination of surgical, adjunctive, and rehabilitative techniques to achieve facial reanimation. Read More

Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021 04 10;58(4):518-524. Epub 2020 Sep 10.

Pos-Graduated Program in Dentistry, 67823Federal University of Piauí, UFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.

The oromandibular limb hypogenesis syndromes (OLHS) represent a group of rare conditions characterized by congenital malformations involving the tongue, mandible, and limbs. In this report, we describe a newborn girl with paralysis of abducens and facial nerves, transverse agenesis of the distal segments of the limbs, micrognathia, cleft lip and palate, and ankyloglossia superior. This observation confirms an overlap between Moebius syndrome and ankyloglossia superior syndrome with severe limb defects. Read More

Harefuah 2020 Aug;159(8):612-617

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Microsurgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.

Introduction: Paralysis of the facial mimetic muscles causes loss of voluntary and non-voluntary muscle function, as well as facial tone. This is a devastating condition with profound functional, aesthetic and psychological consequences. Etiologies include congenital paralysis and acquired paralysis following viral infection, trauma, head and neck tumors, iatrogenic damage and more. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2020 Aug;99(34):e21665

Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Background: Facial palsy involves paralysis of any structure affected by the facial nerve and affects facial appearance. Face palsy can result from congenital, idiopathic, neoplastic, infection-related, traumatic, malignant, diabetic, iatrogenic, and other inflammatory causes. Numerous studies have suggested that laser treatment is beneficial for managing facial palsy. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020 Nov 15;138:110316. Epub 2020 Aug 15.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address:

Background: Moebius syndrome (MS) is characterized by congenital bilateral paralysis of the facial and abducens nerves. Clinical features include feeding problems, dysarthria, dysphagia, sialorrhea, strabismus, and lack of facial expression. Patients with MS frequently present with dysphagia during infancy. Read More

J Peripher Nerv Syst 2020 12 4;25(4):429-432. Epub 2020 Sep 4.

Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of distal symmetric polyneuropathies due to progressive and length-dependent degeneration of peripheral nerves. Cranial nerve involvement has been described in association with various CMT-genes mutations, such as GDAP1, TRPV4, MFN2, MTMR2 and EGR2. Compound heterozygous mutations in the TRIM2 gene, encoding an E3 ubiquitin ligase, were previously identified in two patients with early-onset axonal CMT (CMT2). Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2020 Jul 21;8(7):e2724. Epub 2020 Jul 21.

Department of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Hemifacial myohyperplasia (HMH) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by the unilateral enlargement of facial muscles and unilateral hypoplasia of the skeletal structures. The causes, risk of recurrence in subsequent offspring, and pathogenesis of HMH remain unclear, and the condition can involve a number of features. Among them are pronounced facial asymmetry and changes to both hard and soft tissue structures, as well as facial hemiparesis. Read More

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020 07 30;17(15). Epub 2020 Jul 30.

Oxford Facial Palsy Service, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.

Introduction: Facial palsy is often associated with impaired facial function and altered appearance. However, the literature with regards to the psychological adjustment of children and adolescents with facial palsy has not been systematically reviewed to date. This paper aimed to review all published research with regards to psychosocial adjustment for children and adolescents with facial palsy. Read More

Turk J Med Sci 2021 04 30;51(2):473-482. Epub 2021 Apr 30.

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Meram Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey

Background/aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the course and possible variations of the sural nerve with all anatomical details in human fetal cadavers.

Materials And Methods: This study was performed on 60 fetal cadavers. Formation type and level of the sural nerve was detected. Read More

Ann Rehabil Med 2020 Jun 30;44(3):256-259. Epub 2020 Jun 30.

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.

Internal auditory canal (IAC) stenosis with hypoplasia of the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves is a rare cause of congenital facial palsy. In this case report, a 3-month-old female infant was referred for a neurological developmental assessment for developmental delay and congenital facial palsy. Upon evaluation of developmental delay, hearing loss was detected. Read More

Radiol Case Rep 2020 Aug 14;15(8):1225-1230. Epub 2020 Jun 14.

Radiology Department, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia.

Moebius sequence is one of the rarest congenital cranial nerve abnormalities. Approximately 300 cases have been recorded in medical literature usually from single case report. Frequently characterized by either partial or complete agenesis of the VI and VII cranial nerves, Moebius sequence is also accompanied by vascular abnormalities and other alterations such as an aberrant or hypoplastic posterior fossa. Read More