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J Clin Med 2019 Feb 13;8(2). Epub 2019 Feb 13.

Dobry Wzrok Ophthalmological Clinic, Kliniczna 1B/2, 80-402 Gdansk, Poland.

Subthreshold micropulse laser treatment has been intensively used for selected retinal diseases in the last decade; however, the exact mechanism of the action of lasers in the subthreshold micropulse mode is not yet fully understood. This kind of treatment is safe and cheap, and contrary to classic laser photocoagulation, it leaves the retinal cells intact. A modern theory of micropulse laser interaction with retinal tissue and a possible explanation of this mechanism are presented in this review. Read More

Clin Ophthalmol 2019 1;13:233-241. Epub 2019 Feb 1.

Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway,

Purpose: To evaluate the use of aflibercept, triamcinolone acetonide, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of avascular pigment epithelium detachments (aPEDs).

Patients And Methods: Patients with treatment-naïve aPEDs ≥1,500 µm in diameter were randomized to treatment or observation. Treatment consisted of 6 monthly intravitreal injections of aflibercept. Read More

Korean J Ophthalmol 2019 Feb;33(1):63-69

Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.

Purpose: To evaluate the changes of axial length (AXL) in eyes with unilateral idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) after resolution of serous retinal detachment.

Methods: A total of 31 patients diagnosed with idiopathic unilateral CSC were included in this study. The changes of AXL according to serous retinal detachment were examined. Read More

Optom Vis Sci 2019 Feb 7. Epub 2019 Feb 7.

Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.

Significance: During the acute stage of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) with retinal elevation, the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) estimate of ganglion cell layer complex thickness is reduced. Thickness returns to normal after resolution of the event. Measurement error is at least partially responsible for this effect. Read More

Curr Pharm Des 2019 Feb 5. Epub 2019 Feb 5.

Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong.

Background: Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in adults is most commonly associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and pathologic myopia. Though less common, CNV can also develop from other conditions such as uveitis, central serous chorioretinopathy, angioid streaks, intraocular tumors, hereditary chorioretinal dystrophies, or can be idiopathic in origin. If left untreated, CNV may cause visual loss because of exudation of intraretinal or subretinal fluid, retinal or subretinal hemorrhage, or fibrosis involving the macula. Read More

Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019 Feb 6:e576. Epub 2019 Feb 6.

Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Background: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a chorioretinal disease characterized by fluid accumulation between the neuroretina and retinal pigment epithelium with unknown etiology. Family studies have suggested a heritable component for CSC with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Therefore, exome sequencing was performed on familial cCSC to indentify the genetic components contributing to familial cCSC. Read More

Vestn Oftalmol 2018 ;134(6):15-24

S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Chair of Ophthalmology, 5 Klinicheskaya St., Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 194044.

Purpose: To identify the signs of leakage points in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) patients using optical coherence tomography (OCT) allowing focal laser photocoagulation (FLP) to be performed without the need for fluorescein angiography (FA) in their treatment; to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the approach.

Material And Methods: The retrospective part of the study included 54 patients (54 eyes) with distinctive signs of CSC further confirmed by the presence of a leakage point as could be seen with FA. The number of pigment epithelial detachments (PED), the thickness of the photoreceptor outer segments (PROS) layer, maximum horizontal length of the photoreceptor thinning area, and morphological changes in the outer retinal layers were evaluated with OCT. Read More

Lasers Med Sci 2019 Feb 2. Epub 2019 Feb 2.

State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, China.

To compare the efficacy of 50% threshold power with 25% threshold power of 577-nm subthreshold micropulse laser (SMPL) for acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Prospective, interventional, non-randomized, comparative case series. A total of 54 patients (54 eyes) with acute CSC were enrolled. Read More

Am J Ophthalmol 2019 Jan 22. Epub 2019 Jan 22.

Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Curr Pharm Des 2019 Jan 23. Epub 2019 Jan 23.

IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome. Italy.

Background: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is the fourth most frequent retinal disorder in terms of prevalence. It typically occurs in young subjects and affects men more often than women. CSC is characterized by serous retinal detachment (SRD) involving mainly the macular area. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2019 Feb;67(2):292-294

Department of Ophthalmology, NMC Specialty Hospital, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.

A 30-year-old insomniac, an off-label user of quetiapine, presented with blurring of central vision, eventually diagnosed as central serous chorioretinopathy. A potential association was suspected based on the drug's actions on the autonomic nervous system. He showed improvement on drug withdrawal; then he unwittingly resumed quetiapine and had a recurrence. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2019 Feb;67(2):247-251

Department of Uvea and Ocular Pathology, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Purpose: To evaluate clinical profile of patients with uveitis who developed central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).

Methods: Retrospective case series of consecutive patients of uveitis with CSC managed at a tertiary eye care center in India between 1994 and 2014. The data about clinical features, investigations, treatment, and outcomes were obtained from their medical records. Read More

Ophthalmology 2019 Jan 17. Epub 2019 Jan 17.

Vitreous, Retina, Macula Consultants of New York, New York; LuEsther T. Mertz Retinal Research Center, Manhattan Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital, New York, New York; Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term visual outcomes and causes of vision loss in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).

Design: Retrospective, longitudinal study.

Participants: A total of 133 participants (217 eyes) with chronic CSC. Read More

Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2019 Jan;50(1):25-32

Background And Objectives: To report the acute and long-term choroidal findings in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CCSC) undergoing half-fluence photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Patients And Methods: This is a prospective, consecutive, interventional, noncomparative case series at a tertiary referral vitreoretinal practice. Twenty-one eyes from 21 patients are included. Read More

Retina 2019 Jan 10. Epub 2019 Jan 10.

Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of elongated photoreceptor outer segment length on the visual prognosis of patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy after treatment using half-dose and half-fluence photodynamic therapy (reduced PDT).

Methods: The study included 36 eyes of 36 patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy who underwent reduced PDT and were followed up for at least 1 year. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography measurement was conducted at baseline and 12 months after reduced PDT. Read More

Ophthalmologe 2019 Jan 9. Epub 2019 Jan 9.

Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland.

A 37-year-old male patient presented with metamorphopsia and unilateral visual impairment with the presence of hundreds of bilateral avascular retinal pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs). The patient suffered from allergic bronchial asthma which was treated with inhaled corticosteroids. Cessation of corticosteroid treatment resulted in flattening of larger PEDs and subsequent transition to atrophic areas over time while smaller PEDs persisted and spread peripherally over an observation period of 14½ years. Read More

Curr Eye Res 2019 Jan 9:1-7. Epub 2019 Jan 9.

a IRCCS -Fondazione Bietti , Rome , Italy.

Background: This mini-review addressed the question "what do we know about the association between the dysregulation of stress systems (HPA axis and SAM) and the onset and prognosis of CSC in adult populations?"

Methods: The literature mini-review was conducted through electronic searches using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. All published human and animal studies with both observational and experimental designs from 1966 to October 2018 were included.

Results: Our search identified 229 reports, of which 32 articles were ultimately identified to be reviewed in this paper. Read More

Ophthalmol Ther 2019 Jan 7. Epub 2019 Jan 7.

Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Introduction: To quantify optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) signal changes at the level of the choriocapillaris (CC) in patients with different stages of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and to explore any correlation between subretinal fluid (SRF) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alterations and the OCTA CC signal.

Methods: One hundred one CSC eyes and 42 healthy control eyes were included in this retrospective study. CSC patients were allocated into four groups: acute, non-resolving, chronic atrophic and inactive CSC. Read More

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019 Jan 7. Epub 2019 Jan 7.

Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine Ankara, Mamak Street, Dikimevi, Ankara, Turkey.

Purpose: To concurrently evaluate the effect of half-fluence photodynamic therapy (hf PDT) on choriocapillaris (CC) perfusion and choroidal structure in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).

Methods: This prospective study included 48 eyes of 41 patients with chronic CSC. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images were analyzed. Read More

Am J Ophthalmol 2019 Jan 4. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

Paris, France.

Eye (Lond) 2019 Jan 4. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

Retina Center, Nune Eye Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.

Objectives: To review the 3-year follow-up results of subthreshold micropulse yellow laser (SMYL) delivered by a short-duration multiple-session method for treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).

Methods: A total of 27 eyes from 27 patients with chronic CSC available for 3 years of follow-up were enrolled in this retrospective and interventional study. Patients were treated with 577-nm SMYL photocoagulation at a 15% duty cycle over multiple sessions, with low power ranging from 200 to 400 mW that was increased in 100 mW increments according to resolution of subretinal fluid at monthly follow-up. Read More

Retina 2018 Dec 31. Epub 2018 Dec 31.

Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.

Purpose: To characterize features of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) using multicolor (MC) imaging and to compare the efficacy of using MC imaging and traditional color fundus photography (CFP) for detecting features of CSC.

Methods: A retrospective review of 75 eyes of 69 participants with CSC from the Eye Center of the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. The patients underwent same-day CFP, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and MC imaging (including infrared reflectance (IR), green reflectance (GR), blue reflectance (BR), combined standard MC image, and green-blue-enhanced image). Read More

Br J Ophthalmol 2019 Jan 2. Epub 2019 Jan 2.

Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreo Retinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India

Aim: To describe the optical coherence tomography (OCT) characteristics and to identify and analyse the incidence of choroidal neovascular (CNV) network seen on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in eyes with cystoid macular degeneration (CMD) associated with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).

Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study of 29 eyes of 25 patients who were previously diagnosed as CSCR with CMD. Baseline patient characteristics, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), evidence of CNV network and its pattern on OCTA, distribution of CMD changes and OCT parameters, such as height of the neurosensory retinal detachment (NSD), presence of double layer sign, central macular thickness, were analysed. Read More

Ophthalmologe 2018 Dec 21. Epub 2018 Dec 21.

Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland.

Introduction: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is the fourth most common cause of vision loss without an evidence-based treatment recommendation. A positive effect of micropulse laser (MPL) treatment has been described in the literature in recent years. This study aimed to reappraise these results in a patient population with chronic CSC. Read More

Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2018 Nov;38(6):584-595

Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Purpose: Recent evidence suggests several macular diseases are associated with peripheral retinal changes. This study investigated the number, type and management consequences of peripheral retinal findings detected in patients attending a referral only, eye-care clinic, the Centre for Eye Health(CFEH) with macular disease.

Methods: Records of 537 patients attending CFEH for a macular assessment were included in the study. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2019 Jan;67(1):167-170

Advanced Eye Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh, India.

In this report, we describe a rare case of a 44-year-old Asian male with acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) with bullous exudative retinal detachment. Endocrinology evaluation revealed hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression with low serum cortisol. Furthermore, neuroimaging revealed the presence of a pituitary microadenoma. Read More

Ocul Oncol Pathol 2018 Nov 20;4(6):375-380. Epub 2018 Apr 20.

Retina Consultants of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

Objective: To determine whether increased choroidal thickness (CT) is associated with circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) and whether patients with CCH are predisposed to central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).

Methods: We performed a retrospective consecutive observational study of 15 fellow eyes of 15 patients who had CCH. A- and B-scan ultrasonography, fluorescein angiography (FA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of CCH. Read More

Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2018 Dec;49(12):932-940

Background And Objective: To evaluate early treatment outcomes of half-time photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).

Patients And Methods: The anatomical and functional results were assessed for 24 eyes of 23 patients with CSC treated with half-time PDT in this prospective case series. Central foveal thickness (CFT) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) were evaluated by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and mean retinal sensitivities and fixation characteristics were evaluated by MP-1 microperimetry at baseline and 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after treatment. Read More

Acta Ophthalmol 2018 Nov 22. Epub 2018 Nov 22.

Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.

Purpose: To investigate hair cortisol concentration (HCC), a biochemical correlate of long-term cortisol output patterns, and its relationship to active central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).

Methods: Twenty-six participants were included in this observational pilot study (11 patients with active CSC and 15 healthy controls). Hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs) were determined from 3 cm hair strands collected near the scalp from patients and controls as an index of cumulative cortisol secretion over the 3-month period prior to hair sampling. Read More

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019 Feb 18;257(2):279-288. Epub 2018 Dec 18.

Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Purpose: To investigate the angiographic, tomographic, and clinical characteristics of idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) in elderly patients.

Methods: The patients were divided into two groups according to a cutoff age of 60 years at baseline. Patients underwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography. Read More

Semergen 2018 Dec 11. Epub 2018 Dec 11.

Grupo EpiChron de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), ISS Aragón, Zaragoza, España; Centro de Salud Delicias Sur, Zaragoza, España.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018 Dec;59(15):5924-5931

Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.

Purpose: To clarify the distinct molecular pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV).

Methods: Aqueous humor (AH) was collected from 18 acute CSC, 20 chronic CSC, and 20 PNV patients. Concentrations of 30 cytokines in the AH were analyzed using a multiplex bead immunoassay, and the cytokine profiles were compared among these three groups of patients. Read More

Retina 2018 Dec 13. Epub 2018 Dec 13.

Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Purpose: To determine the density of the choroidal vasculature by high-quality structure en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanned at the same time as OCT angiography in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).

Methods: Thirty-five eyes of 30 patients with CSC (20 men and 10 women; average age, 48.4 years) were studied. Read More

Cesk Slov Oftalmol 2018 ;74(1):3-8

Progress in optical coherent tomography (OCT) has recently provided new insights into variety of chorioretinal disorders. The use of EDI (Enhanced Depth Imaging) during OCT examinations and as well as OCT angiography provides a more accurate analysis of the choroid both quantitatively and qualitatively. "Pachychoroid" (greek pachy- [παχύ] - thick) is defined as an abnormal and sustained increase in choroidal thickness 300 μm, which is mainly due to dilated choroidal vessels in the Hallers layer and other structural changes in physiological choroidal architecture. Read More

Eye (Lond) 2018 Dec 7. Epub 2018 Dec 7.

Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.

Objectives: Diffused retinal pigment epitheliopathy (DRPE) is not necessarily the same as chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), but a severe subgroup under the umbrella of chronic CSC. This study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of half-dose PDT treating DRPE.

Methods: A retrospective case series design was used. Read More

Rom J Ophthalmol 2018 Jul-Sep;62(3):222-227

Ophthalmology Department, Bucharest University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.

To present a series of 2 cases of central serous chorioretinopathy and the changes in the macular pigment optical density during the evolution of the disease. A 32-year-old patient presented himself for blurred vision on his LE. The SD OCT imaging revealed serous macular detachment of the neurosensory retina on the LE. Read More

Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol 2018 ;7(4):176-182

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab (IVB) in patients with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC) compared to the control group, after four months of injection. In this study, 30 eyes of 30 patients with CSC, who were in the age range of 23 to 50 years old (70% male subject) were included. Eligible patients were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 15) and control groups (n = 15). Read More

Oman J Ophthalmol 2018 Sep-Dec;11(3):200-206

Department of Vitreo-Retina Services, Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), the fourth most common nonsurgical retinopathy with a usual self-limiting course, is known to present with persistent or recurrent form with distressing visual loss. Evolution of newer mutimodal imaging techniques have revolutionized the understanding about the pathophysiology of CSC, and hence the diagnosis and management. Multifactorial etiopathology of CSC promotes the use of multiple treatment modalities. Read More

Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018 Dec 5. Epub 2018 Dec 5.

Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Importance: Analysing choroidal flow in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) with novel device.

Background: To examine the abnormal morphology of choriocapillary flow with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) according to the presence of subretinal fluid (SRF) in CSC.

Design: A hospital-based retrospective study. Read More

Clin Ophthalmol 2018 24;12:2167-2176. Epub 2018 Oct 24.

Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands,

Purpose: To describe a spectrum of severe chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (cCSC) cases and their response to photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Patients And Methods: A total of 66 patients (81 eyes) with active severe cCSC were studied, and their response to PDT was compared with a control group consisting of 35 active cCSCs (37 eyes) that did not display characteristics of severity. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and complete resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF) were considered as main outcome measures. Read More

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018 Nov;59(13):5682-5692

Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Purpose: To isolate, culture, and characterize primary human choroidal endothelial cells, and to assess their responsiveness to corticosteroids, in order to enable knowledge gain on the pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy.

Methods: Choroidal endothelial cells were isolated from cadaveric human donors. Magnetic-activated cell sorting with anti-human CD31 was performed for choroidal endothelial cell isolation. Read More

Retin Cases Brief Rep 2018 Nov 26. Epub 2018 Nov 26.

Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and.

Purpose: To describe two cases of focal choroidal excavation (FCE) conversion in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy.

Methods: Case report and literature review of cases of FCE conversion.

Results: A 35-year-old asymptomatic pregnant patient was found to have conforming FCE on spectral domain optical coherence tomography of the right eye during hydroxychloroquine screening. Read More

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018 Nov;59(13):5542-5547

Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.

Purpose: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a retinal disorder that often affects the vision of middle-aged people yet the molecular mechanisms of CSC remain unknown. This study was conducted to identify genetic factors influencing individual differences in susceptibility to CSC.

Methods: A two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted with a total of 320 unrelated Japanese idiopathic CSC cases and 3245 population-based controls. Read More

Ophthalmology 2019 Jan 22;126(1):e10-e11. Epub 2018 Nov 22.

Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Electronic address:

Indian J Ophthalmol 2018 Dec;66(12):1796-1801

NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London EC1V 2PD, UK.

Purpose: The "double-layer sign (DLS)" describes the shallow and irregular elevation of the retinal pigment epithelium from the underlying intact Bruch's membrane visualized on the spectral domain optical coherence tomography. In this study, we evaluated the frequency, characteristics of the space within the double layer and other features in the pachychoroid spectrum to aid the clinical diagnosis of these variants.

Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the features of the DLS on multimodal imaging in consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of one of the four variants of pachychoroid: pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE), pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PCN), chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CCSCR), and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2018 Dec;66(12):1716-1726

Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

A structurally and functionally intact choroid tissue is vitally important for the retina function. Although central retinal artery is responsible to supply the inner retina, choroidal vein network is responsible for the remaining one-third of the external part. Abnormal choroidal blood flow leads to photoreceptor dysfunction and photoreceptor death in the retina, and the choroid has vital roles in the pathophysiology of many diseases such as central serous chorioretinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, pathologic myopia, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2018 12;66(12):1714-1715

Advanced Eye Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.

Indian J Ophthalmol 2018 Dec;66(12):1704-1714

Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Retina Vitreous Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

New treatment modalities for the management of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) now exist. While acute CSC generally resolves without the requirement for intervention, chronic CSC has been associated with persistent disruption in visual function. Current treatment approaches include photodynamic therapy, oral aldosterone antagonism and subthreshold multifocal laser. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2018 Dec;66(12):1700-1703

Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), one of the most common diseases in retina clinics, needs a special attention by retina specialists. Considering the challenges in diagnosis, classification, and management of this enigmatic disease and lack of level 1 evidence, there is a need for consensus with regard to establishing management protocols. Read More

Ophthalmic Genet 2018 Dec 15;39(6):714-716. Epub 2018 Nov 15.

a Department of Ophthalmology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria.

Background: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a common chorioretinal disease, characterized by choroidal hyperpermeability leading to neurosensory and/or retinal pigment epithelial detachments. Hypofibrinolysis due to higher plasma concentrations of plasminogen activator type 1 (PAI-1) or lower activity of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of CSC. Functional polymorphisms in the PAI-1 (SERPINE1) and t-Pa (PLAT) are thus potential risk factors for CSC. Read More