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Indian Dermatol Online J 2018 Nov-Dec;9(6):383-388

Department of Dermatology, Military Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Herpes zoster (HZ) is a viral infection believed to be caused by the re activation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) or human herpes virus type 3 (HHV 3) that persists in the posterior nerve root ganglion. HZ is rarely reported in the pediatric age group with an intact immunity. Past infection with VZV and immunization with chickenpox vaccine are key markers in the onset of varicella zoster in children. Read More

Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2018 Feb;47(4):374-380

Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China.

Objective: To evaluate the cost/benefit of different vaccination strategies related to chickenpox vaccine.

Methods: The direct economic cost and indirect economic cost caused by chickenpox were obtained through questionnaire survey. The epidemic characteristics of chickenpox in Zhejiang province were studied by literature review. Read More

J Med Syst 2018 Nov 20;43(1). Epub 2018 Nov 20.

Amrita School of Engineering, Bengaluru, India.

This study describes the usage of neural community based on the texture evaluation of pores and skin a variety of similarities in their signs, inclusive of Measles (rubella), German measles (rubella), and Chickenpox etc. In fashionable, these illnesses have similarities in sample of infection and symptoms along with redness and rash. Various skin problems have similar symptoms. Read More

World J Clin Cases 2018 Nov;6(13):659-665

Department of Emergency, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.

Herein we report a case of acute liver failure (ALF) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) induced by varicella infection, successfully rescued by a combination therapy of acyclovir, supportive care, and immunosuppression with dexamethasone and etoposide. A previously healthy 16-year-old boy presented with generalized rash, fever, severe abdominal pain, and abnormal liver function within 4 d. Chickenpox was suspected, and acyclovir and intravenous immunoglobulin were started on admission. Read More

Epidemiol Health 2018 Nov 8:e2018054. Epub 2018 Nov 8.

Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea.

Objectives: Although the nationwide inoculation rate of varicella vaccine was about 95% in Korean children, the notified numbers of varicella cases are increasing till now, unexpectedly. To suggest some hypotheses about the gap, an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis as descriptive epidemiology study was conducted for children resident in Jeju-do, Republic of Korea (ROK).

Methods: The raw data was the nationwide database for insurance claim of healthcare fee suggested by National Health Insurance Service, ROK. Read More

Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018 Nov 14. Epub 2018 Nov 14.

a Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics , School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul state , Brazil.

Although varicella is usually a mild and self-limited disease, complications can occur. In 1998, the World Health Organization recommended varicella vaccination for countries where the disease has a significant public health burden. Nonetheless, concerns about a shift in the disease to older groups, an increase in herpes zoster in the elderly and cost-effectiveness led many countries to postpone universal varicella vaccine introduction. Read More

Viruses 2018 Nov 2;10(11). Epub 2018 Nov 2.

Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a pathogenic human herpes virus that causes varicella (chickenpox) as a primary infection, following which it becomes latent in peripheral ganglia. Decades later, the virus may reactivate either spontaneously or after a number of triggering factors to cause herpes zoster (shingles). Varicella and its complications are more severe in the immunosuppressed. Read More

Przegl Epidemiol 2018 ;72(3):287-292

National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene in Warsaw, Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance

Background: Chickenpox is a common disease in Poland. Annually, between 160,000 and 220,000 cases are registered. On average, there is an increase in incidence every 4 years. Read More

Ir Med J 2018 03 14;111(3):718. Epub 2018 Mar 14.

Paediatric Infectious Disease Department, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin 1.

An increase in invasive group A streptococcus (GAS) cases referred to the paediatric infectious disease (PID) department of the Children's University Hospital (CUH), Temple Street, prompted review of all invasive GAS cases in 2016. All of the 10 cases identified occurred over a 16-week period from February to June, of which 6 (60%) required admission to the paediatric intensive care unit. The median length of stay was 21. Read More

Expert Rev Vaccines 2018 Nov 5;17(11):1021-1035. Epub 2018 Nov 5.

b Center for Outcomes Research and Real World Evidence , Merck & Co., Inc , Kenilworth , NJ , USA.

Introduction: The exogenous boosting (EB) hypothesis posits that cell-mediated immunity is boosted for individuals reexposed to varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Historically, mathematical models of the impact of universal childhood varicella vaccination (UVV) have used limited data to capture EB and often conclude that UVV will temporarily increase herpes zoster (HZ) incidence. Areas covered: We updated a 2013 systematic literature review of 40 studies to summarize new evidence from observational or modeling studies related to EB and its parameterization. Read More

BMJ Open 2018 Oct 18;8(10):e019295. Epub 2018 Oct 18.

Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus, Denmark.

Objectives: We aim to study the preferred behaviour among individuals from different age groups in three countries when acute health problems occur outside office hours and thereby to explore variations in help-seeking behaviour.

Design: A questionnaire study exploring responses to six hypothetical cases describing situations with a potential need for seeking medical care and questions on background characteristics.

Setting: General population in Denmark, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Read More

Medwave 2018 Oct 4;18(6):e7269. Epub 2018 Oct 4.

Proyecto Epistemonikos, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Medicina Familiar, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Email: Address: Centro Evidencia UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 476, Santiago, Chile.

Introduction: Varicella (chickenpox) is a frequent and highly contagious infectious disease, caused by the Varicella zoster virus. Traditionally, it has been recommended to focus on the management of symptoms, since there is controversy about the role of antivirals, particularly in children and adolescents.

Methods: To answer this question we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. Read More

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018 Oct 12;67(40):1115-1122. Epub 2018 Oct 12.

State and local school vaccination requirements exist to ensure that students are protected from vaccine-preventable diseases (1). This report summarizes vaccination coverage and exemption estimates collected by state and local immunization programs* for children in kindergarten (kindergartners) in 49 states and the District of Columbia (DC) and kindergartners provisionally enrolled (attending school without complete vaccination or exemption while completing a catch-up vaccination schedule) or in a grace period (a set interval during which a student may be enrolled and attend school without proof of complete vaccination or exemption) for 28 states. Median vaccination coverage was 95. Read More

World J Pediatr 2018 Dec 28;14(6):615-616. Epub 2018 Sep 28.

Department of Internal Medicine, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University-Ternopil University Hospital, vul. Klinichna, 1, Ternopil, 46002, Ukraine.

Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2018 Jul-Sep;21(3):228-232

Department of Medicine, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Chickenpox (varicella) is primarily a disease of childhood which occurs due to infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Primary VZV infection is rare in adults due to exposure in early childhood in our country. In adults, it is associated with some serious systemic and neurological complications which can follow both primary infection and reactivation of VZV. Read More

Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2018 Sep 26. Epub 2018 Sep 26.

Consultation obstétrique, Hospices civils de Lyon, Groupement hospitalier Est, Lyon, France.

Chickenpox is a human infection that occurs mainly during childhood. Infection during pregnancy is therefore rare but may cause a congenital infection with malformation in less than 1% of cases. A specific management should be proposed at diagnosis in order to reduce materno-fetal transmission and morbimortality. Read More

Tex Med 2018 Sep 1;114(9):46. Epub 2018 Sep 1.

The varicella-zoster virus does double-duty: It can cause chickenpox when you're young and reactivate later in life as a painful, blistery rash called shingles. Well, there's a vaccine for each disease. Read More

Pediatr Int 2018 Sep 5;60(9):900-901. Epub 2018 Sep 5.

Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.

Mol Biol Rep 2018 Sep 5. Epub 2018 Sep 5.

Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

This article details our recommendations for the deadly outbreak of chickenpox to consider the additional referral of the absence of a monitoring system of prevention and control along with poor vaccination system for children in low-resource settings. The recent spread of chickenpox outbreak in Pakistan has claimed dozens of lives. The deaths in this current outbreak in quick successions are beyond understanding. Read More

Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018 Aug 29:1-5. Epub 2018 Aug 29.

b Departamento de Infectología , Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez , México City , México.

Varicella-zoster virus causes varicella (chicken-pox), mainly in young children. Most cases are mild but serious complications can occur, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost burden of varicella hospitalizations in two pediatric reference hospitals in Mexico. Read More

Am J Clin Dermatol 2018 Dec;19(6):893-897

Department of Dermatology, CHU of Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.

Background: About 20% of children have cutaneous scars following chickenpox. In contrast, skin scars are not often reported after herpes zoster (HZ). Risk factors for post-HZ scarring remain undetermined. Read More

Nurs Womens Health 2018 Oct 24;22(5):417-422. Epub 2018 Aug 24.

Women ages 50 years and older are at risk for herpes zoster, a reactivated virus from varicella zoster virus (chickenpox) that causes a painful vesicular rash and can result in postherpetic neuralgia. It is estimated that one in three adults will be affected by herpes zoster in their lifetime. Research evidence points to the need to prevent herpes zoster through vaccination. Read More

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018 Aug 24;67(33):909-917. Epub 2018 Aug 24.

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends routine vaccination of persons aged 11-12 years with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY), and tetanus and reduced diphtheria toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap). A booster dose of MenACWY is recommended at age 16 years (1), and catch-up vaccination is recommended for hepatitis B vaccine (HepB), measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR), and varicella vaccine (VAR) for adolescents whose childhood vaccinations are not up to date (UTD) (1). ACIP also recommends that clinicians may administer a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine (MenB) series to adolescents and young adults aged 16-23 years, with a preferred age of 16-18 years (2). Read More

Vaccine 2018 09 12;36(38):5754-5759. Epub 2018 Aug 12.

Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 100 Foster Road, 205D Wright Hall, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address:

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of post-exposure prophylaxis conducted during varicella outbreaks among students in Shanghai.

Methods: Surveillance data were collected from September 1, 2013 to December 31, 2016 involving 3524 susceptible students in 109 primary and middle school classes where emergency vaccinations (EVs) had been administered. Students were divided into two groups according to their prior vaccination (PV) varicella vaccine status. Read More

Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018 Aug;52(8):842-848

Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.

To explore the effects of temperature on the daily cases of varicella. The data of daily cases of varicella was collected during 2008 to 2016 in Lanzhou from National Notifiable Disease Report System, and the meteorological data at the same period was integrated from Gansu Meteorological Administration. Distributed lag nonlinear model was fitted to reveal the relationship between the daily mean temperature and the daily cases of varicella and susceptible population. Read More

J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2018 Aug;40(8):e652-e657

Toronto, ON.

Objective: To review the existing data regarding varicella zoster virus infection (chickenpox) in pregnancy, interventions to reduce maternal complications and fetal infection, and antepartum and peripartum management .

Methods: The maternal and fetal outcomes in varicella zoster infection were reviewed, as well as the benefit of the different treatment modalities in altering maternal and fetal sequelae.

Evidence: Medline was searched for articles and clinical guidelines published in English between January 1970 and November 2010. Read More

Turk J Pediatr 2018 ;60(1):99-101

Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.

Hanalioğlu D, Özsürekci Y, Büyükçam A, Gültekingil-Keser A, Tekşam Ö, Ceyhan M. Acute peripheral facial paralysis following varicella infection: An uncommon complication. Turk J Pediatr 2018; 60: 99-101. Read More

Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2018 Aug 4. Epub 2018 Aug 4.

Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.

Varicella zoster virus primarily causes chickenpox, usually a mild self-limiting illness of childhood. However, complications occur in 1% with 4200 annual deaths. Since the first vaccination was developed in the 1970s, many countries have introduced universal mass immunisation, but the UK currently only routinely immunises 'at-risk' populations. Read More

Ann Ig 2018 Jul-Aug;30(4 Supple 1):23-27

Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Italy.

The Herpes Zoster vaccine is strongly recommended by the World Health Organization to promote healthy aging by preventing the corresponding age- related disease, also named shingles. The disease is due to the endogenous reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus, the causal agent of chickenpox, that becomes latent at the peripheral nervous system level. Here, owing to the host's cell-mediated immunity, it may be confined for several decades. Read More

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018 07 27;15(8). Epub 2018 Jul 27.

Department of Business Administration, Korea Polytechnic University, 237 Sangidaehak-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do 15073, Korea.

Infectious disease occurs when a person is infected by a pathogen from another person or an animal. It is a problem that causes harm at both individual and macro scales. The Korea Center for Disease Control (KCDC) operates a surveillance system to minimize infectious disease contagions. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2018 15;29:153. Epub 2018 Mar 15.

Service des Urgences Médicales Pédiatriques Hôpital d'Enfants, Rabat, Maroc.

We here report the case of a 9-month infant, born to a mother with a history of varicella in the third trimester of pregnancy but with no history of atopy, admitted to the emergency room with painful, pruritic rash in the right hemiface that had been ongoing for 4 days. During physical examination, the infant appeared to be in pain, with multiple cluster of grouped vesicles on erythematous skin in the right hemiforehead, in the right side of the nose and in the right cheek associated with edema of the upper and lower eyelids, with difficulty opening eyes and purulent conjunctival secretions. The infant was afebrile and in a good general condition. Read More

BMC Nephrol 2018 Jul 24;19(1):185. Epub 2018 Jul 24.

SingHealth Duke-NUS Family Medicine Academic Care Program, Singapore, Singapore.

Background: End stage renal disease (ESRD) is on the rise globally. Varicella infection among adult patients with ESRD has been reported to lead to multiple complications and even death. While varicella vaccination has been recommended in paediatric renal patients; recommendation on varicella vaccination among adult patients with ESRD remained sparse. Read More

BMC Med 2018 07 17;16(1):117. Epub 2018 Jul 17.

Center for Information and Communication Technology, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy.

Background: The present study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the newly introduced varicella and herpes zoster (HZ) vaccination programmes in Italy. The appropriateness of the introduction of the varicella vaccine is highly debated because of concerns about the consequences on HZ epidemiology and the expected increase in the number of severe cases in case of suboptimal coverage levels.

Methods: We performed a cost-utility analysis based on a stochastic individual-based model that considers realistic demographic processes and two different underlying mechanisms of exogenous boosting (temporary and progressive immunity). Read More

Sci Rep 2018 Jul 12;8(1):10824. Epub 2018 Jul 12.

Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper. Read More

Viruses 2018 06 28;10(7). Epub 2018 Jun 28.

Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Primary varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection causes varicella (chickenpox) and the establishment of a lifelong latent infection in ganglionic neurons. VZV reactivates in about one-third of infected individuals to cause herpes zoster, often accompanied by neurological complications. The restricted host range of VZV and, until recently, a lack of suitable in vitro models have seriously hampered molecular studies of VZV latency. Read More

Exp Clin Transplant 2018 Jun 28. Epub 2018 Jun 28.

From the Department of Infectious Diseases,Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan.

A 43-year-old male patient developed varicella virus (chickenpox) 4 months after receiving a liver transplant. Within 5 days of complete recovery, he presented with widespread cutaneous vesicular eruptions involving the face, back, abdomen, and upper extremities. Tzanck smear showed ground glass inclusions in the nuclei of multinucleated giant cells, suggestive of viral pathology. Read More

PeerJ 2018 20;6:e5012. Epub 2018 Jun 20.

Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

Background: Biological interactions between varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles), two diseases caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV), continue to be debated including the potential effect on shingles cases following the introduction of universal childhood chickenpox vaccination programs. We investigated how chickenpox vaccination in Alberta impacts the incidence and age-distribution of shingles over 75 years post-vaccination, taking into consideration a variety of plausible theories of waning and boosting of immunity.

Methods: We developed an agent-based model representing VZV disease, transmission, vaccination states and coverage, waning and boosting of immunity in a stylized geographic area, utilizing a distance-based network. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2017 15;28:233. Epub 2017 Nov 15.

Service de Néonatologie, CHU Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisie.

The occurrence of clinical varicella during pregnancy is rare but it may pose maternal and fetal risks. Perinatal maternal varicella may result in potentially severe neonatal varicella, especially when maternal eruptions occur between 5 days before and 2 days after delivery. We report eight cases of newborns of mothers with varicella in the peri-partum period in order to synthesize the current state of knowledge on the risk of contracting virus as well as to develop treatment protocol. Read More

Indian J Dermatol 2018 May-Jun;63(3):272-273

Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. E-mail:

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jun 21;2018. Epub 2018 Jun 21.

Department of Paediatrics, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK.

Necrotising fasciitis (NF) is an infrequent yet significant complication of primary varicella infection in immunocompetent children. We report a case of a 4-year-old girl who presented three days into her chicken pox illness, with a rapidly progressing, severely tender erythematous rash surrounding one chicken pox lesion on her thigh. She required intravenous antibiotics, two surgical debridements, a skin graft and a prolonged stay in the paediatric intensive care unit, but ultimately we were able to save her life and limb. Read More

G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2017 Nov;39(3):218-220

Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma.

Objectives: Gender medicine is a multi-faceted field of investigation integrating various aspects of psycho-social and biological sciences but it mainly deals with the impact of the gender on human physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features of diseases. In Italy, the Decree Law 81/2008 recently introduced the gender issue in the risk assessment at the workplaces.

Methods: This review briefly describes our current knowledge on gender medicine and on the Italian legislation in risk management. Read More

Epidemiol Infect 2018 Sep 18;146(12):1593-1601. Epub 2018 Jun 18.

Division of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology,University of Patras,Patras,Greece.

The present cross-sectional serosurvey constitutes the first effort to describe the varicella zoster virus (VZV) seroepidemiology in Serbia. An age-stratified serum bank of 3570 residual samples collected between 2015 and 2016 in each of the seven districts of the Vojvodina Province was tested for IgG anti-VZV antibodies with an enzyme immunoassay. Results were standardised into common units according to the European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN2) methodology. Read More

BMC Res Notes 2018 Jun 13;11(1):377. Epub 2018 Jun 13.

Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan.

Objective: In this study, we sought to explore the temperature-dependent transition of patterns of reported chickenpox cases in the northern European countries of Denmark and Finland to help determine the potential relationship with epidemiological factors of the disease. We performed time-series analysis consisting of a spectral analysis based on the maximum entropy method in the frequency domain and the nonlinear least squares method in the time domain, using the following time-series data: monthly data of reported chickenpox cases and mean temperatures in the pre-vaccination era for Denmark and Finland. The results were compared with those reported for China and Japan in our previous studies. Read More

J Res Med Sci 2018 26;23:19. Epub 2018 Apr 26.

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.

Varicella (chickenpox) is the primary infection of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), it is a mild self-limiting infection, but it is also highly contagious and can cause severe complications among high-risk group of individuals. It is usually a childhood infection providing lifelong immunity, but adults without varicella history are also susceptible to infection. High-risk group of individuals is more likely to develop serious complications. Read More

Epidemiol Infect 2018 Sep 30;146(12):1572-1574. Epub 2018 May 30.

Cancer Epidemiology Unit,Imperial College,London,UK.

Common childhood infectious diseases have been associated with a reduced risk of following haematopoietic malignancies, but investigations on multiple myeloma (MM) are scarce. Information about 213 MM cases and 1128 healthy controls were obtained from a multicentre population-based Italian case-control study. The association between chickenpox, measles, mumps, pertussis and rubella and the MM risk was estimated by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender and residence area. Read More

Rural Remote Health 2018 05 28;18(2):4570. Epub 2018 May 28.

Gillings School of Global Public Health, Public Health Leadership Program and Department of Maternal and Child Health, 4107 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7469 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA

Introduction: Childcare centers (CCCs) with good quality standards can be effective in reducing the risk of diseases being easily spread from person to person. The aim of the present study's program, adapted from a method used by the United Nations Development Program, was to increase the capacity of local administrators(s) and heads of CCCs to improve quality standards.

Methods: This study was quasi-experimental, with a one group pretest-post-test design. Read More

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018 Sep 25;37(9):1603-1609. Epub 2018 May 25.

Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery- Section of Infectious Diseases, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.

Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease caused by primary infection of varicella zoster virus (VZV). The disease is spread worldwide and is usually benign but, in some groups of population like pregnant women, can have a severe outcome. Due to a not optimal vaccination coverage, a relatively high number of childbearing-aged women in a European country such as Italy tested seronegative for VZV and so are currently at risk of acquiring chickenpox during pregnancy, especially if they live in contact with children for family or work reasons. Read More

Sports Health 2018 Sep/Oct;10(5):406-411. Epub 2018 May 24.

Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.

Background: Multiple outbreaks of vaccine-preventable viral diseases have occurred in professional sports in recent years. Currently, there is no established protocol for vaccination or immunity screening for professional athletes.

Hypothesis: There are significant differences in the prevalence of inadequate immunity dependent on age, sport, country of birth, and participation in collegiate sports. Read More

Med Mal Infect 2018 May 19. Epub 2018 May 19.

Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), pharmacie usage intérieur, hôpital de la conception, 147, boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de pharmaco-chimie radicalaire, faculté de pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin-CS30064, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France. Electronic address:

Despite its benign characteristics, chickenpox is a childhood disease responsible for complications and deaths, particularly in the high-risk population. VariZIG, not commercialized in France, is a good alternative for seronegative individuals exposed to the virus and not eligible for vaccination. The efficacy of routine vaccination has been demonstrated with a decrease in chickenpox incidence and with the development of herd immunity. Read More