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J Med Virol 2020 Jul 3. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.

Br J Dermatol 2020 Jul 1. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

COVID Emergency Task Force, XXIII Children Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria consorziale Policlinico, Giovanni, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.

Despite its aggressive clinical course, leading to 6.4% fatality rate as of May 25, 2020 (https://qap.ecdc. Read More

Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 2020 8;12:273-283. Epub 2020 Jun 8.

Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.

Background: In 2017, varicella vaccination became mandatory for all children in Italy, based on a two-dose schedule administered at 12-15 months of age and 5 to 6 years of age. Varicella vaccines are available in different formulations (as a single vaccine or as a combination vaccine together with measles, mumps, and rubella) and are made by multiple manufacturers with different effectiveness profiles. This study calculates the cost-effectiveness of a range of varicella vaccination strategies to identify the optimal strategy for Italy. Read More

J Crohns Colitis 2020 Jun 27. Epub 2020 Jun 27.

Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich.

Primary Varicella Zoster virus (VZV) infection results in varicella (chickenpox) while its reactivation results in herpes zoster (HZ; shingles). Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are susceptible to complications of primary VZV infection and have an increased risk of HZ. Concerns of VZV and HZ infection in the IBD population has been highlighted by the emergence of JAK-inhibitors and their safety profile in this patient population such as tofacitinib for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Read More

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020 Jun 25. Epub 2020 Jun 25.

Department of Internal Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Jette, Brussels, Belgium.

During the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several associated skin conditions were reported in infected patients, including; urticaria [1], exanthema [1], erythema multiforme [2], chickenpox-like vesicles [1], pityriasis rosea [3], herpes simplex reactivation [4], erythema nodosum like Sweet's syndrome [5], Symmetrical Drug-Related Intertriginous and Flexural Exanthema [6], petechial rash [7], vasculitic purpura [7], acro-ischemia/necrosis [8], Kawasaki disease [2] and chilblain lesions [9]. Read More

Arch Dis Child 2020 Jun 25. Epub 2020 Jun 25.

Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.

Background: The epidemiology of congenital infections is ever changing, with a recent resurgence in syphilis infection rates seen in the UK. Identification of congenital infection is often delayed; early recognition and management of congenital infections is important. Testing modalities and investigations are often limited, leading to missed diagnostic opportunities. Read More

J Proteomics 2020 Jun 30;225:103879. Epub 2020 Jun 30.

Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China. Electronic address:

Herpes zoster (HZ), commonly called shingles, it is a distinctive syndrome caused by reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV). A better understanding of the biological characteristics of HZ patients can help develop new targeted therapies to improve the prognosis. High-throughput proteomics technology can deeply study the molecular changes in the development and progression of HZ disease and integrate different levels of information, this is important to help make clinical decisions. Read More

Am J Dermatopathol 2020 Jun 10. Epub 2020 Jun 10.

Division of Pathology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Foundation IRCCS, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.

Skin manifestations of COVID-19 infections are diverse and are new to the dermatology community. We had the opportunity to examine the clinical and histopathological features of several patients who were divided into 3 groups. The first group included 8 COVID-19-positive patients who were hospitalized and quarantined at home. Read More

Oral Dis 2020 Jun 19. Epub 2020 Jun 19.

Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

SARS-CoV-2 marks a new era in the medical field. The literature has outlined several signs and symptoms of COVID-19 (Lake, 2020), but there are some manifestations not yet confirmed or not entirely described. There have been reported several dermatological conditions associated with COVID-19: rash, urticaria and chickenpox-like vesicles (Recalcati, 2020) and studies on cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 have been announced (Fernandez-Nieto et al. Read More

Ear Nose Throat J 2020 Jun 18:145561320932312. Epub 2020 Jun 18.

Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung.

New Microbes New Infect 2020 Jul 30;36:100688. Epub 2020 Apr 30.

Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

From the early 18th century that "meningitis" outbreak was firstly recorded in Geneva, it is one of the alarming health problems worldwide. Different infectious risk factors may contribute to the progression of meningitis. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are just some noticeable risk factors among many involved in the progression of this disease. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2020 May 20;20(1):359. Epub 2020 May 20.

Department of Haematology, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK.

Background: Substantial numbers of patients are now receiving either immunosuppressive therapies or chemotherapy. There are significant risks in such patients of developing opportunistic infections or re-activation of latent infections, with higher associated morbidity and mortality. The aim of this quality improvement project was to determine how effective 5 different specialties were in assessing and mitigating risks of developing opportunistic infections or re-activation of latent infections in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapies. Read More

Viruses 2020 May 15;12(5). Epub 2020 May 15.

Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

Chikungunya and yellow fever virus cause vector-borne viral diseases in humans. There is currently no specific antiviral drug for either of these diseases. Banana plants are used in traditional medicine for treating viral diseases such as measles and chickenpox. Read More

JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2020 Apr 30;58(224):258-260. Epub 2020 Apr 30.

Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Varicella or chickenpox is usually regarded as a self-limiting disease, but occasionally it may lead to irreversible neurological complications. Isolated lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy is a rare complication of varicella, with very few cases reported from the Indian subcontinent. We report one such case, where the patient developed facial palsy after healing of cutaneous lesions and recovered completely with oral corticosteroids. Read More

Cureus 2020 Apr 13;12(4):e7657. Epub 2020 Apr 13.

Pediatrics, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, TUR.

Objective Success of any vaccination program and uptake of children's vaccines largely depends upon the parents' perceptions and attitudes. This study provides a snapshot of parents' views towards vaccines included in the nationally-funded vaccination program, together with two unfunded vaccines in Kocaeli, Turkey. Methods Data were gathered from a convenience sample through a questionnaire that explored the socio-demographic factors of the parents and the vaccination status of their children. Read More

Case Rep Neurol 2020 Jan-Apr;12(1):136-139. Epub 2020 Apr 28.

Department of Medical Education, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.

Varicella zoster is a secondary infection caused by the virus of chickenpox, after becoming latent in neurons of dorsal root ganglia or trigeminal ganglia. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) can be reactivated years later to produce shingles (zoster), generally in immunocompromised adults to produce neurological deficits and rash. Meningeal involvement of VZV is also reported and can be diagnosed. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2020 07 4;83(1):e87. Epub 2020 May 4.

Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020 May 7. Epub 2020 May 7.

Dermatology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, 28034, Madrid, Spain.

Dermatological manifestations of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) may include unspecific macular erythematous rash, urticarial lesions and chickenpox-like vesicles . Acroischemic lesions have been described in two different types of COVID-19 patients. Firstly, critically ill patients with severe limb ischemia and secondly, paucisymptomatic young patients with chilblain-like lesions . Read More

J Med Invest 2020 ;67(1.2):182-188

Department of General Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.

Background : Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, is believed to occur as the result of actions of genetic and environmental factors. In this study, we examined the relation of past histories about infectious diseases with the levels anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPA) in RA. Methods : Results of a questionnaire about histories of infectious diseases were obtained from 85 patients with RA, and were analyzed. Read More

Sci Rep 2020 Apr 27;10(1):7061. Epub 2020 Apr 27.

Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada.

Theoretical models are typically developed through a deductive process where a researcher formulates a system of dynamic equations from hypothesized mechanisms. Recent advances in algorithmic methods can discover dynamic models inductively-directly from data. Most previous research has tested these methods by rediscovering models from synthetic data generated by the already known model. Read More

Intern Med 2020 Apr 23. Epub 2020 Apr 23.

Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Corporation Ebara Hospital, Japan.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 04 20;4:CD004407. Epub 2020 Apr 20.

Azienda Sanitaria Locale ASL AL, Servizio Regionale di Riferimento per l'Epidemiologia, SSEpi-SeREMI, Via Venezia 6, Alessandria, Italy, 15121.

Background: Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) are serious diseases that can lead to serious complications, disability, and death. However, public debate over the safety of the trivalent MMR vaccine and the resultant drop in vaccination coverage in several countries persists, despite its almost universal use and accepted effectiveness. This is an update of a review published in 2005 and updated in 2012. Read More

Vaccine 2020 May 16;38(22):3862-3868. Epub 2020 Apr 16.

Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Background: HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children have increased risk of infectious morbidity during early childhood. We evaluated the short-term immunogenicity and safety of single dose inactivated hepatitis-A virus (HAV) vaccine and live attenuated varicella zoster virus (VZV) vaccine in South African children.

Methods: 195 HIV-unexposed and 64 HEU children received either one dose of HAV or VZV vaccine at 18 months of age. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2020 07 16;83(1):280-285. Epub 2020 Apr 16.

Department of Dermatology, University of Brescia, Italy.

Malays Fam Physician 2020 18;15(1):54-57. Epub 2020 Mar 18.

MBBS, FRCOphth Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.

Chickenpox may lead to several neurological complications. Optic neuritis is one of the complications which has rarely been described, especially in immunocompetent individuals. We report a case of an 11-year-old immunocompetent girl who presented with sudden onset bilateral vision loss three weeks after varicella eruption. Read More

Vaccine 2020 May 9;38(21):3808-3809. Epub 2020 Apr 9.

Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.

J Clin Med 2020 Mar 30;9(4). Epub 2020 Mar 30.

Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199 Tung Hwa North Road, Taipei 105, Taiwan.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection can cause chickenpox and herpes zoster. It sometimes involves cranial nerves, and rarely, it can involve multiple cranial nerves. We aimed to study clinical presentations of cranial nerve involvement in herpes zoster infection. Read More

J Korean Med Sci 2020 Mar 30;35(12):e76. Epub 2020 Mar 30.

Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea.

Background: Healthcare personnel (HCP) are at risk of being exposed to or transmitting infections in hospitals, and vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) is a well-known preventive strategy. Vaccination against influenza, hepatitis B virus, measles-mumps-rubella, varicella, and pertussis is recommended for HCP. However, there is no information on the current status of hospitals' vaccination policies for HCP in Korea. Read More

J Infect Dis 2020 Jun;222(2):305-308

Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Ileocolic intussusception is the invagination of ileum into the colon. In a subset of patients, the disease is caused by mesenteric lymphadenopathy in response to (viral) infection. We present a case of an ileocolic intussusception necessitating surgery in a 7-month-old immunocompetent infant with concurrent primary wild-type varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection, in whom chickenpox rash developed 2 days after surgery. Read More

Tohoku J Exp Med 2020 03;250(3):181-190

Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised hosts. The immune response to VZV of healthy subjects has been rigorously assessed, but little is known about that of immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to clarify the primary response to VZV infection in immunocompromised children. Read More

Vaccine 2020 Apr 20;38(20):3690-3696. Epub 2020 Mar 20.

EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing Centers for Disease Preventive Medical Research, Beijing 100013, PR China.

Background: One-dose voluntary varicella vaccination for children was introduced in Beijing since 1998. In Oct 2012, a second dose varicella vaccine (VarV) was recommended to further decrease varicella disease and the outbreaks. We describe the impact of the 2-dose voluntary vaccination strategy on varicella epidemiology in Beijing, China. Read More

J Invest Dermatol 2020 Apr;140(4):741-742

Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Dermatology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address:

Varicella zoster virus, the worldwide infectious human virus responsible for acute varicella and chickenpox, commonly spreads from exposure through contact with a skin lesion or airborne respiratory droplets. Keratinocytes, major targets and source of transmission of the virus present in the skin, represent an ideal choice of cell to stop early virus progression. In their recent study, Tommasi et al. Read More

Arch Argent Pediatr 2020 04;118(2):e199-e203

Laboratorio de Virología, Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Typical hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is an exanthematous viral disease with a classic symptomatology of fever, papulovesicular rash on the hands and feet with or without herpangina. It is usually caused by enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16, members of the genus Enterovirus. Recently, worldwide outbreaks of HFMD with atypical manifestations caused by Coxsackievirus A6 have been described. Read More

Immun Inflamm Dis 2020 Jun 13;8(2):216-227. Epub 2020 Mar 13.

Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea.

Introduction: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a human alphaherpesvirus 3, elicits both chickenpox and shingles and/or postherpetic neuralgia. A live attenuated vaccine (LAV) and glycoprotein E (gE) subunit vaccine were developed to prevent VZV-induced diseases. We recently reported that single-strand RNA (ssRNA) based on the intergenic region of the internal ribosome entry site of cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) is an effective adjuvant for protein-based and virus-like particle-based vaccines. Read More

J Neurovirol 2020 Jun 3;26(3):330-337. Epub 2020 Mar 3.

Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a pathogenic human herpesvirus that causes varicella (chickenpox) as a primary infection following which it becomes latent in ganglionic neurons. Following viral reactivation many years later VZV causes herpes zoster (shingles) as well as a variety of other neurological syndromes. The molecular mechanisms of the conversion of the virus from a lytic to a latent state in ganglia are not well understood. Read More

Cornea 2020 Jun;39(6):680-684

Department of Ophthalmology, A de Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France.

Purpose: We describe here a case series of patients with stromal keratitis of chronic course, a potential manifestation after chickenpox in children.

Methods: This is a retrospective review of 8 eyes (7 children) with stromal keratitis after varicella seen in our referral cornea center. All patients received a systemic antiviral treatment with oral acyclovir and topical steroid eye drops. Read More

J Infect Public Health 2020 Apr 26;13(4):480-484. Epub 2020 Feb 26.

Maltepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey.

Background: Health care workers (HCWs) and students are at increased risk for blood borne infections and vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs). The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against measles, rubella, mumps, varicella zoster virus (VZV), hepatitis A and B viruses among HCWs and students and to determine whether there are differences according to gender and age group.

Methods: Information about characteristics of the 1053 participants, history of disease and vaccination status were collected using a structured questionnaire. Read More

Int J Infect Dis 2020 May 26;94:16-24. Epub 2020 Feb 26.

Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address:

Objectives: Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection is reported regularly among adolescents and adults in Caribbean island populations. The disease more often runs a severe course among these populations, causing a substantial burden. The aim of this sero-epidemiological study was to obtain an insight into VZV susceptibility and its determinants in island populations of the Caribbean Netherlands (CN). Read More

Front Immunol 2020 24;11. Epub 2020 Jan 24.

Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster). VZV and other members of the herpesvirus family are distinguished by their ability to establish a latent infection, with the potential to reactivate and spread virus to other susceptible individuals. This lifelong relationship continually subjects VZV to the host immune system and as such VZV has evolved a plethora of strategies to evade and manipulate the immune response. Read More

Epidemiol Infect 2020 Feb 10;148:e25. Epub 2020 Feb 10.

North West London Health Protection Team, Public Health England, London, UK.

Chickenpox is caused by varicella-zoster-virus (VZV) and is highly contagious. Immigration detention settings are a high-risk environment for primary VZV transmission, with large, rapidly-changing populations in close quarters, and higher susceptibility among non-UK-born individuals. During outbreaks, operational challenges occur in detention settings because of high-turnover and the potential need to implement population movement restriction for prolonged periods. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020 Jan 23;132:109904. Epub 2020 Jan 23.

Department of Otolaryngology. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturia, IUOPA, Oviedo, Spain.

Varicella infection is one of the most common and contagious infection in children and could course with severe complications. We report the case of a 4-year-old patient derived to our hospital for suspicion of suppurative complication in the context of a varicella infection. A computerized tomographic scanning was performed, showing a large retropharyngeal abscess with mediastinitis. Read More

Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020 May 4;16(5):1055-1061. Epub 2020 Feb 4.

Department of Journalism, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.

: Despite the effectiveness of vaccines being well established and recognized by the research community, eleven European countries have adopted mandatory vaccination programs because of vaccine hesitancy. Lack of information and fake news are considered the main reasons. The media are a powerful tool for spreading vaccine-related information. Read More

Jpn J Infect Dis 2020 May 31;73(3):226-230. Epub 2020 Jan 31.

Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and zoster. Considering that VZV is a relatively and genetically stable virus, its global surveillance clades provide essential information for VZV evolution, immigration, and importation of different viral strains and recombination events. Eighty-eight VZV isolates from China (Shanghai and Urumqi) were genotyped using a scattered single-nucleotide polymorphism method in this prospective study. Read More

Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020 May 20;40:101963. Epub 2020 Jan 20.

Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Division of Neurology, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Italy.

Background: Fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya) is a second line therapy to treat relapsing MS not responding to first-line treatments and/or with a high disease activity (according to Italian Regulatory authorities). Before starting Fingolimod, patients' immunity to varicella zoster virus (VZV) needs to be assessed and seronegative patients vaccinated. To test susceptibility and response, IgG antibodies are tested after immunization. Read More

BMJ 2020 01 22;368:l6987. Epub 2020 Jan 22.

Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E7HT, UK.

Objective: To assess the magnitude and duration of any hypothesised protective effect of household exposure to a child with varicella on the relative incidence of herpes zoster in adults.

Design: Self controlled case series.

Setting: UK general practices contributing to Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Read More

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020 01 20;17(2). Epub 2020 Jan 20.

Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.

Although immunization against varicella using vaccines has been proven to be significant and effective in the past decades, varicella remains a major public health concern for many developing countries. Varicella vaccination has not been introduced into routine immunization programs in China, and varicella outbreaks have continued to occur. Taking the city of Chongqing, which has a high prevalence of varicella, as an example, this study explored the spatiotemporal epidemiology of varicella. Read More

Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2020 May 18;26(5):965-971. Epub 2020 Jan 18.

Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Electronic address:

Although long-term antiviral prophylaxis is recommended to prevent varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection in seropositive recipients of allogeneic and autologous (auto-) hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), studies of VZV infections in pediatric auto-HCT recipients are rare. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and characteristics of VZV infection in pediatric auto-HCT recipients and explore the risk factors of VZV infection and its effect on survival outcomes. This study included all pediatric patients who underwent auto-HCT at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, between January 1998 and December 2013. Read More

Vaccine 2020 02 17;38(7):1581-1585. Epub 2020 Jan 17.

University of Rochester, Strong Memorial Hospital, Department of Vaccine Biology & Immunology, United States.

Background: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection during pregnancy is associated with serious fetal anomalies. The live-attenuated VZV vaccine was approved in 1995, so many vaccinated women are now of childbearing age. The question of long-term immunity to varicella is critical because breakthrough chickenpox can occur after vaccination. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2020 Jan 17;20(1):54. Epub 2020 Jan 17.

Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.

Background: Varicella is normally a self-limited childhood disease caused by varicella-zoster virus infection. However, it sometimes causes severe diseases, especially in immunocompromised individuals. We report a case of severe varicella in a young woman. Read More