Mayo Clin Proc 2017 Jul 7;92(7):1053-1060. Epub 2017 Jun 7.

Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.

Objective: To identify patients evaluated in an outpatient setting at our institution with a presentation of recurrent orofacial swelling and to review the spectrum of causes to outline a diagnostic approach.

Patients And Methods: A retrospective study of 104 patients with more than 1 episode of orofacial swelling lasting for more than 5 days identified through a keyword search of the electronic health record from January 2, 2000, through July 5, 2011.

Results: Patients were categorized according to final cause of orofacial swelling: idiopathic orofacial granulomatosis, solid facial edema due to rosacea and acne vulgaris, Crohn disease, contact dermatitis, sarcoidosis, exfoliative cheilitis, lichen planus, actinic cheilitis, cheilitis glandularis, lymphedema, miscellaneous, and multifactorial. Read More

J Conserv Dent 2016 May-Jun;19(3):285-8

Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Mishaps can occur during dental procedures, some owing to inattention to detail and others are totally unpredictable. They usually include anaphylaxis or allergic reactions to materials used for restorative purposes or drugs such as local anesthetics. A patient reported to our department with moderate dental fluorosis, and the treatment was planned with indirect composite veneering. Read More

GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW 2016 20;5:Doc04. Epub 2016 Jan 20.

Gerhard-Seifert Reference Centre, Hansepathnet, Hamburg, Germany.

Cheilitis glandularis (CG) is a rare benign affection of the lip mucosa. The etiology and pathogenesis of CG are unknown. Surgical measures are the leading therapeutic options to treat CG. Read More

Oral Oncol 2016 Mar 16;54:28-35. Epub 2016 Jan 16.

The Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Melanoma Diagnostic Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Electronic address:

Confocal microscopy (CM) has been shown to correlate with oral mucosal histopathology in vivo. The purposes of this review are to summarize what we know so far about in vivo CM applications for oral mucosal pathologies, to highlight some current developments with CM devices relevant for oral applications, and to formulate where in vivo CM could hold further application for oral mucosal diagnosis and management. Ovid Medline® and/or Google® searches were performed using the terms 'microscopy, confocal', 'mouth neoplasms', 'mouth mucosa', 'leukoplakia, oral', 'oral lichen planus', 'gingiva', 'cheilitis', 'taste', 'inflammatory oral confocal', 'mucosal confocal' and 'confocal squamous cell oral'. Read More

Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2015 Jul-Aug;81(4):430

Department of Dermatology, Katihar Medical College and Hospital, Katihar, Bihar, India.

Am J Dermatopathol 2015 Mar;37(3):197-202

*Department of General Pathology, Dental School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; †Centro de Investigaciones Dermatológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; ‡Department of Dermatology, Hospital das Clínicas, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and §Department of Surgical Pathology, Hospital Obrero, La Paz, Bolívia.

Cheilitis glandularis (CG) is an uncommon condition of unknown origin; it is clinically characterized by variable degrees of macrocheilia associated with red dilated ostia of minor salivary glands on the vermilion area, which secrete viscous saliva. Histopathological characteristics of CG are comprised of chronic sialadenitis with engorged acinar lobules and dilated ducts; CG also features chronic sun damage (actinic cheilitis and squamous cell carcinoma). These changes may be localized, and a punch biopsy specimen might fail to reveal enough criteria to support the diagnosis of CG. Read More

Indian Pediatr 2014 May;51(5):421

Department of Dermatology, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014 Mar 7;28(3):382-7. Epub 2013 Jan 7.

Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São PauloDepartment of Pathology, Dental School- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Background: Cheilitis glandularis (CG) is a rare condition in which thick saliva is secreted from dilated ostia of swollen minor salivary glands from the lips. Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane proteins that exhibit channel activity specific for water and small solutes. AQPs are essential for corporal homeostasis, and are widely expressed through human tissues. Read More

ISRN Dent 2011 15;2011:457567. Epub 2010 Dec 15.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.

Cheilitis glandularis (CG) is a rare disorder characterized by swelling of the lip with hyperplasia of the labial salivary glands. CG is most frequently encountered in the lower lip, in middle-aged to older Caucasian men; however Asian cases were rarely reported. In this paper we present two cases of CG in Asian-Japanese men. Read More

Oral Dis 2011 Apr 28;17(3):335-9. Epub 2010 Oct 28.

Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Objectives: To present a combination of clinical and histopathological criteria for diagnosing cheilitis glandularis (CG), and to evaluate the association between CG and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Materials And Methods: The medical literature in English was searched from 1950 to 2010 and selected demographic data, and clinical and histopathological features of CG were retrieved and analysed.

Results: A total of 77 cases have been published and four new cases were added to the collective data. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2010 Feb 11;62(2):233-8. Epub 2009 Dec 11.

Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Background: Cheilitis glandularis (CG) is a condition in which thick saliva is secreted by minor labial salivary glands and adheres to a swollen lip causing discomfort to the patient. Most publications refer to single case reports or small case series.

Objective: We sought to report and to analyze clinical, pathological, and therapeutic data on 22 patients with CG seen at the department of dermatology at our university. Read More

Dermatol Online J 2009 Jan 15;15(1). Epub 2009 Jan 15.

School of Dentistry of Pernambuco (FOP/UPE), Recife, Brazil.

A variety of pathological conditions of diverse etiologies may involve the lips. Cheilitis glandularis (CGL) is a rare disorder of unknown etiology characterized by inflammation of the minor salivary glands of the lower lip. The aim of this paper is to compare the diagnosis and treatment of two cases of CGL at an early age (one in a child and the other in a young adult with mental retardation) with the diagnosis and treatment of actinic cheilitis, which is much more prevalent than CGL in tropical countries. Read More

Acta Derm Venereol 2009 ;89(1):99-100

J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008 Dec;66(12):2585-91

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System and School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

East Afr Med J 2007 Dec;84(12):595-8

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.

Cheilitis glandularis (CG), is a rare inflammatory minor salivary gland disease affecting the lower lip. The hallmarks of which include progressive enlargement and eversion of the lower labial mucosa resulting in the obliteration of the mucosal-vermillion interface. A case is presented of a 47-year-old HIV-infected woman who initially manifested clinical features of CG with a typical histopathology picture of a non-specific sialadenitis while a second biopsy performed six months later revealed well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Read More

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007 Oct;21(9):1265-7

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007 Aug;21(7):999-1000

J Am Acad Dermatol 2006 Feb;54(2):336-7

Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

We report the case of an 84-year-old white male who underwent vermilionectomy for removal of a tumor, which proved to be squamous cell carcinoma. Chelitis glandularis related to marked actinic damage was noted at a subsequent visit. The presence of chelitis glandularis should be investigated for the presence of neoplasia, immunosuppression, or inflammatory diseases related to extremely poor oral hygiene. Read More

Skinmed 2005 Nov-Dec;4(6):391-2

Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, and the Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77005, USA.

A 52-year-old black woman presented with a 2-day history of lower lip swelling 5 days after starting a new medication, lisinopril. She had never experienced similar episodes in the past. She denied shortness of breath, tightening of the throat, swelling of the tongue, generalized cutaneous eruption, urticaria, or pruritus. Read More

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005 Feb;99(2):175-9

Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA.

Cheilitis glandularis (CG) is a rare inflammatory salivary gland disease that usually affects the lips. Although the etiology of CG is still unknown, it is believed to be a hereditary disease with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Three clinical presentations of CG are described in the literature: simple, superficial suppurative, and deep suppurative. Read More

Med Oral 2004 May-Jul;9(3):212-5

Departamento de Estamatología Terapéutica, Academia de Medicina del Estado de Perm, Rusia.

Objective: To study the frequency and spectrum of oral manifestations of HIV-infected drug-users in the Perm region.

Subjects: 104 seropositive HIV-infected drug-users (69 male, 35 female; ages 15 to 32 years; 13 co-infected with hepatitis viruses) and 13 AIDS-infected drug-users (7 male, 6 female; ages 16 to 37 years; 12 co-infected with hepatitis viruses).

Results: The most frequent forms of oral mucosal lesions in the HIV-infected group -- candidiasis (32. Read More

Acta Derm Venereol 2004 ;84(1):77-9

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003 Mar;95(3):312-7

Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6030, USA.

Cheilitis glandularis (CG) is an uncommon disease that usually affects the lower lip of adults. It is characterized by enlargement and eversion of the lip in association with excretory duct dilatation. The presence of minor salivary gland hyperplasia is controversial. Read More

Br J Dermatol 2003 Feb;148(2):362

B3 C.S. Patel Enclave 3, Pratapgunj, Vadodara 390002 India.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003 Feb;95(2):142-4

Universidade Federal De Pernambuco, University College London, United Kingdom.

Cheilitis glandularis is a rare disorder of unknown etiology characterized by inflammation of the minor salivary glands of the lower lip. The present report details the features of a patient who presented with cheilitis glandularis and was subsequently found to also have undiagnosed HIV infection. Read More

Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 2002 Jul;6(4):266-70

Abteilung für Oralchirurgie und zahnärztliche Röntgenologie, Zentrum für Zahnmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Charité, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin.

Background: Glandular cheilitis (GC) is a rarely recognized disease of the accessory salivary glands of the lips, particularly of the lower lip. Clinically, three variants have been described: cheilitis glandularis simplex, cheilitis glandularis suppurativa, and cheilitis glandularis apostematosa. Most cases are diagnosed as the simple form of glandular cheilitis, which is characterized by enlarged excretory ducts, induration, and enlargement of the salivary glands as well as production of a rather mucopurulent saliva. Read More

Todays FDA 2001 Aug;13(8):20, 23

Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu 2001 (34 Pt 2):100

Department of Pediatrics, University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine.

Semin Cutan Med Surg 1997 Dec;16(4):328-36

Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

The vermilion of the lips was conceptualized by Jean Darier as the semi-mucosa. The anatomy of the lips is transitional from skin to mucous membrane. This article emphasizes inflammatory diseases of the lips known as cheilitis. Read More

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994 Sep;78(3):319-22

Garden State Oral Pathology, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Centrastate Medical Center, Freehold, Newark.

A case of diffuse, recurrent, suppurative sialadenitis and sialodochitis is presented. I believe this entity to be analogous to cheilitis glandularis and propose the name suppurative stomatitis glandularis. Read More

J Mass Dent Soc 1993 ;42(3):157

Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine.

J Pierre Fauchard Acad 1992 Dec;6(4):103-6

Department of Oral Diagnosis and Dental Radiology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, India.

Cheilitis glandularis is reported in two farmers with characteristic clinical and histopathological features. Both patients were treated with vermilionectomy. The prognosis was good. Read More

Showa Shigakkai Zasshi 1989 Dec;9(4):441-5

Cheilitis glandularis is a rare disorder characterized by swelling of the lip with hyperplasia of labial salivary glands, typically in the lower lip of adult males. A definitive cause and treatment for this disorder have not yet been established. Herein is reported a case of cheilitis glandularis affecting the upper lip with nodules, treated by surgical excision with good post-surgical results. Read More

Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989 Jun;27(3):212-6

Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, London Hospital Medical College.

In a recurring lesion on the palate of a 60-year-old male, histological features of a chronic inflammatory disease of the minor salivary glands resembling those found in cheilitis glandularis were found. The similarities between the clinical and histological features of our case and cheilitis glandularis are discussed and the inherent nature of the disease emphasised. We propose the terms persistent sialadenitis of the minor glands or stomatitis glandularis, for this condition. Read More

J Am Dent Assoc 1989 Mar;118(3):317-8

Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.

Cheilitis glandularis is a rare disorder, usually affecting the lower lip of adults. This case involved both lips of an adolescent male. A familial history of the condition may have contributed to the involvement of both lips, and may reinforce the importance of hereditary tendency in the development of cheilitis glandularis. Read More

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988 Sep;66(3):397-9

Department of Pathology, Diagnosis, and Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln.

Double lip and cheilitis glandularis are uncommon anomalies involving the minor salivary glands of the lip. A unique case of concurrent double lip and cheilitis glandularis is presented. The development, diagnosis, and treatment of both lesions are reviewed. Read More

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1986 Dec;62(6):654-6

Cheilitis glandularis is a rare disorder characterized by enlarged mucous glands, usually in the lower lip, and possibly predisposing to squamous cell carcinoma. A case affecting the upper lip is presented, which appears to be the first report of the disorder in that site. Read More

J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1985 Apr;11(4):372-5

Cheilitis glandularis is characterized by lip eversion and protrusion with obvious, mucoid-secreting ductal orifices along the mucosal-vermilion boundary. One may see confirmatory microscopic findings of ductal ectasia and metaplasia. Vermilionectomy can be efficacious. Read More

Dermatologica 1985 ;170(2):93-7

The unique case of a self-inflicted cheilorrhagia with clinical features of Munchausen syndrome and cheilitis glandularis is described. Attention is directed to the association of cheilitis glandularis and factitious bleeding. This constitutes a new variety of bleeding type Munchausen's syndrome. Read More

J Oral Med 1984 Jul-Sep;39(3):183-5

J Am Acad Dermatol 1984 Mar;10(3):466-72

Cheilitis glandularis (CG) has been attributed to hyperplasia of labial salivary glands. We studied labial biopsy specimens of five patients with clinical CG and compared their salivary tissue with that seen in patients without CG. The labial glands from patients with CG did not differ in size, depth, or histologic appearance from those seen in the controls. Read More

Fogorv Sz 1983 Sep;76(9):278-80

Hautarzt 1983 May;34(5):232-4

Cheilitis glandularis simplex is a rather rare disease which has to be differentiated from cheilitis granulomatosa. The histological characteristics of cheilitis glandularis simplex are hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucous and/or heterotopic salivary glands. The therapy is the excision of the tumor. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 1983 Mar;8(3):368-72

Six patients (four male and two female) with factitious cheilitis are described. All had personality disturbances as well as crusted lip lesions that varied in severity from thin serous crusts to thick hemorrhagic crusts. This entity must be distinguished from infectious cheilitis, contact cheilitis, actinic cheilitis, photosensitivity dermatoses, exfoliative cheilitis, and cheilitis glandularis on the basis of the history and laboratory evaluation. Read More

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1982 Jun;53(6):602-5

Cheilitis glandularis is an uncommon lesion affecting the lower lip. Its origin remains obscure, although it is hypothesized that chronic irritation secondary to prolonged solar exposure causes hypertrophy of the labial salivary glands and eventual enlargement and ectropion of the lower lip. Although carcinoma of the lower lip has been reported in association with it, cheilitis glandularis is still considered a benign process that is adequately managed with conservative surgery. Read More

Arch Dermatol 1981 Jun;117(6):338-40

Four cases of factitious crusting of the lips in women are reported. Two of the women had hemorrhagic crusts, and two had keratotic yellow crusts. All four patients had personality disturbances. Read More

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1980 Jun;49(6):526-9

A case of cheilitis glandularis simplex occuring in a 65-year-old white man is presented. The condition is characterized by an everted lower lip, with enlarged labial salivary glands secreting a clear, thick mucus. A history of sun exposure, dry atrophic lip, and histologic findings of epithelial dysplasia, sclerosed glands, markedly dilated ducts, chronic inflammation, and basophilic degeneration of collagen indicate a solar etiology. Read More

Indian J Dermatol 1976 Apr;21(3):53-4

Fla Dent J 1975 ;46(3):18-9

Plast Reconstr Surg 1973 Mar;51(3):334-5