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Ann Pharmacother 2018 Dec 17:1060028018817935. Epub 2018 Dec 17.

1 University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC, USA.

Objective: To review the treatment of common bacterial and viral infections occurring in the pregnant patient.

Data Sources: A literature search of MEDLINE was performed (inception to October 2018). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website was utilized for additional information. Read More

Indian J Dermatol 2018 Nov-Dec;63(6):502-505

Department of Pediatrics, Base Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have a definite role in the facilitation of HIV infection, which, in turn, also increases susceptibility to other STIs. Further, the social stigma and secrecy surrounding STIs create difficulty in estimating its true incidence and prevalence.

Objective: The objective of this study was to know the pattern of diseases including different clinical presentations and final diagnosis among the STI clinic attendees. Read More

Hautarzt 2018 Nov;69(11):945-959

Department of Dermatology, Preah Kossamak-Hospital, BP 1006, Phnom Penh, Kambodscha.

Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are common all over the world and the incidence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis and trichomoniasis alone is estimated at 500 million/year. Of these infections 75% occur in tropical countries in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and South as well as Southeast Asia. The bacterial infections chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and granuloma inguinale (GI, Donovanosis) are termed tropical STI. Read More

Can Bull Med Hist 2018 1;35(2):337-356. Epub 2018 Oct 1.

Department of History, Queen's University.

The Sexually Transmitted Disease Inoculation Study of the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) was a short-term deliberate exposure experiment into the prevention of venereal diseases. Between 1946 and 1948, over 1,300 Guatemalan prisoners, psychiatric patients, soldiers, and sex workers were exposed to syphilis, gonorrhoea, and chancroid. USPHS researchers initially proposed hiring sex workers to "naturally" transmit venereal diseases to male subjects who would then be given various prophylaxes. Read More

Ger Med Sci 2018 13;16:Doc03. Epub 2018 Aug 13.

Epidemiology, QuintilesIMS, Frankfurt, Germany.

The goal of this retrospective analysis was to study the prevalence and treatment of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STI) in men followed by urologists in Germany. This study included a total of 347,090 men followed in 71 urology practices in Germany between 2013 and 2015. The first outcome was the prevalence of individuals diagnosed with STI between 2013 and 2015. Read More

J R Soc Interface 2018 May;15(142)

Institute of Biological Sciences and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Chancroid is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the Gram-negative bacterium The control of chancroid is difficult and the only current available treatment is antibiotic therapy; however, antibiotic resistance has been reported in endemic areas. Owing to recent outbreaks of STIs worldwide, it is important to keep searching for new treatment strategies and preventive measures. Here, we applied reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomic approaches for the prediction of potential vaccine and drug targets against 28 strains of We identified 847 non-host homologous proteins, being 332 exposed/secreted/membrane and 515 cytoplasmic proteins. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2018 Nov 11;29(11):1127-1129. Epub 2018 May 11.

1 Department of Dermatovenerology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Na Bulovce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.

We describe the first case of chancroid seen in the Czech Republic, diagnosed in a 40-year-old heterosexual HIV-positive man. Despite genital localization of the ulcer, the transmission of Haemophilus ducreyi infection in our patient remains unclear, as he denied having sexual intercourse and he did not travel outside the Czech Republic for several months before the ulcer appeared. The correct diagnosis has been revealed by a multiplex nucleic acid amplification test. Read More

Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 2017 Sep 1;41(3):E212-E222. Epub 2017 Sep 1.

Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.

Introduction: Our aim was to describe trends in the number of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) diagnosed at Melbourne's sexual health clinic over a century.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of STI diagnoses (gonorrhoea, infectious syphilis and chancroid) among individuals attending Melbourne's sexual health service over 99 years between 1918 and 2016.

Results: Substantial increases in STI rates coincided with World War II, the 'Sexual Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s', and the last 10 years. Read More

Milbank Q 2018 06 13;96(2):244-271. Epub 2018 Apr 13.

Center for Law, Health and Society, Georgia State University College of Law.

Policy Points: While most scholarship regarding the US Public Health Service's STD experiments in Guatemala during the 1940s has focused on the intentional exposure experiments, secondary research was also conducted on biospecimens collected from these subjects. These biospecimen experiments continued after the Guatemala grant ended, and the specimens were used in conjunction with those from the Tuskegee syphilis experiments for ongoing research. We argue there should be a public accounting of whether there are still biospecimens from the Guatemala and Tuskegee experiments held in US government biorepositories today. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018 04 12;12(4):e0006273. Epub 2018 Apr 12.

Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Overview: We describe the first case of a cutaneous ulcer caused by Haemophilus ducreyi imported from Indonesia to the Netherlands. Skin infections caused by H. ducreyi are uncommon in travellers and have been described in just a few case reports and were all contracted on the Pacific Islands. Read More

PLoS One 2018 4;13(4):e0194125. Epub 2018 Apr 4.

Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

Background: In South Africa, treatment of genital ulcer disease (GUD) occurs in the context of syndromic management. GUD aetiological studies have been conducted in Johannesburg since 2007. We report on GUD pathogen prevalence, sero-prevalence of STI co-infections and aetiological trends among GUD patients presenting to a community-based primary healthcare facility in Johannesburg over a 9-year period. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2018 04;24(4):786-789

Haemophilus ducreyi, which causes chancroid, has emerged as a cause of pediatric skin disease. Isolation of H. ducreyi in low-income settings is challenging, limiting phylogenetic investigation. Read More

Indian J Dermatol 2017 Nov-Dec;62(6):630-634

Department of Dermatology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal, India.

Introduction: Treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has been made easy for field workers due to syndromic approach. The etiological agent responsible for different STI syndromes needs to be validated from time to time so as to guide the therapeutic regimen.

Aims And Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the etiological agent for STI syndromes and correlate the syndromic diagnosis with etiological diagnosis. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2018 01;45(1):61-68

From the *Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care; †Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; ‡US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zimbabwe and Division of Global HIV/AIDS, CDC, Atlanta, GA; §Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ¶Zimbabwe Community Health Intervention Research (ZiCHIRe) Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; ∥Western Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Parramatta; **Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity & Sydney Medical School-Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; ††School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; ‡‡Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO; §§Rietmeijer Consulting LLC, Denver, CO.

Background: In many countries, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are treated syndromically. Thus, patients diagnosed as having genital ulcer disease (GUD) in Zimbabwe receive a combination of antimicrobials to treat syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), and genital herpes. Periodic studies are necessary to assess the current etiology of GUD and assure the appropriateness of current treatment guidelines. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 Dec 11;12:CD012492. Epub 2017 Dec 11.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.

Background: Chancroid is a genital ulcerative disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. This microorganism is endemic in Africa, where it can cause up to 10% of genital ulcers. Macrolides may be an effective alternative to treat chancroid and, based on their oral administration and duration of therapy, could be considered as first line therapy. Read More

Clin Infect Dis 2017 Nov;65(12):2085-2090

Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain.

Background: Haemophilus ducreyi (HD) and Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue (TP) are major causative agents of cutaneous ulcer (CU) in the tropics. Azithromycin is recommended to treat sexually transmitted HD infections and has good in vitro activity against HD strains from both genital and skin ulcers. We investigated the efficacy of oral single-dose azithromycin on HD-CU. Read More

Int J Circumpolar Health 2017 ;76(1):1350092

a Queen Ingrid Health Care Center , Nuuk , Greenland.

Gonorrhoea continues to be a significant health challenge in Greenland. The aim of this study was to describe the development of gonorrhoea in Greenland through time including incidence rates and previous measures taken to address the challenge. A systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase and The Cochrane Library was conducted. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017 May 10;11(5):e0004958. Epub 2017 May 10.

Lihir Medical Centre- International SOS, Newcrest Mining, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea.

Background: Haemophilus ducreyi and Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue are major causes of leg ulcers in children in Africa and the Pacific Region. We investigated the presence of DNA (PCR positivity) from these bacteria on asymptomatic people, flies, and household linens in an endemic setting. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2017 06 20;28(7):723-725. Epub 2016 Oct 20.

1 Pacific Clinic Newcastle, HNE Sexual Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.

Dermatological conditions are more common and can present atypically, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. This case report describes a 22-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-positive Caucasian female who presented with a vulval lesion eight weeks after starting antiretroviral treatment. Clinical examination revealed a 2 cm well-demarcated plaque on the outer aspect of the left labium minus. Read More

J Obstet Gynaecol 2017 Oct 11;37(7):840-848. Epub 2017 Apr 11.

a Department of Dermatology , Bispebjerg Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark.

A multitude of infectious diseases of viral (genital herpes, herpes zoster, genital warts and molluscum contagiosum), bacterial (syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, donovanosis, erysipelas, cellulitis and necrotising fasciitis, folliculitis, impetigo, bartholin gland abscess, trichomycosis and erythrasma), fungal (candidiasis and dermatophytosis) and parasitic (pediculosis pubis) origin may affect the vulvar area. Herein, we review the infections and their skin manifestations in the vulvar area. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2017 03 12;28(4):324-329. Epub 2017 Jan 12.

5 Section of STI, Olafia Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Chancroid is a sexually acquired infection caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. The infection is characterized by one or more genital ulcers, which are soft and painful, and regional lymphadenitis, which may develop into buboes. The infection may easily be misidentified due to its rare occurrence in Europe and difficulties in detecting the causative pathogen. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 12 27;10(12):e0005259. Epub 2016 Dec 27.

Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.

Background: Haemophilus ducreyi has emerged as a major cause of cutaneous ulcers (CU) in yaws-endemic regions of the tropics in the South Pacific, South East Asia and Africa. H. ducreyi was once thought only to cause the genital ulcer (GU) disease chancroid; GU strains belong to 2 distinct classes, class I and class II. Read More

Int J High Risk Behav Addict 2016 Sep 2;5(3):e28028. Epub 2016 Jul 2.

Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran.

Background: Studies show that nearly 40 million people are living with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) around the world and since the beginning of the epidemic, about 35 million have died from AIDS. Heterosexual intercourse is the most common route for transmission of HIV infection (85%). People with a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as syphilis, genital herpes, chancroid, or bacterial vaginosis, are more likely to obtain HIV infection during sex. Read More

J Infect Dev Ctries 2016 Aug 31;10(8):884-7. Epub 2016 Aug 31.

College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major public health concerns around the world. This study describes the epidemiology of reported STI cases from 2005 to 2012 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Methodology: The annual registry was the main source of data as reported by healthcare providers. Read More

Genome Announc 2016 Jul 7;4(4). Epub 2016 Jul 7.

Laboratory Reference and Research Branch, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Haemophilus ducreyi causes chancroid and has recently been shown to be a significant cause of cutaneous lesions in tropical or subtropical regions where yaws is endemic. Here, we report the draft genome assemblies for 11 cutaneous strains of Haemophilus ducreyi, isolated from children in Vanuatu and Ghana. Read More

J Med Assoc Thai 2016 Feb;99 Suppl 2:S153-60

Background: Behavioral and social changes in the modern era have triggered an increase in the incidence of early sexual contact and teenage pregnancy. Since there is no routine Gonococcal & Chlamydial (GC & CT) screening in teens in antenatal clinics in Thailand, the present study was performed to find the prevalence of STI, especially Chlamydial infection, in teenage pregnancy.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially Chlamydial infection (CT), in teenage pregnancy and its related factors. Read More

J Infect Dis 2016 08 27;214(3):489-95. Epub 2016 Apr 27.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology Departments of Medicine Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis.

Background: In humans inoculated with Haemophilus ducreyi, there are host effects on the possible clinical outcomes-pustule formation versus spontaneous resolution of infection. However, the immunogenetic factors that influence these outcomes are unknown. Here we examined the role of 14 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 7 selected pathogen-recognition pathways and cytokine genes on the gradated outcomes of experimental infection. Read More

Dis Mon 2016 Aug 20;62(8):306-13. Epub 2016 Apr 20.

Infect Immun 2016 May 22;84(5):1514-1525. Epub 2016 Apr 22.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

Haemophilus ducreyi causes the sexually transmitted disease chancroid in adults and cutaneous ulcers in children. In humans, H. ducreyi resides in an abscess and must adapt to a variety of stresses. Read More

Fed Regist 2016 Jan;81(16):4191-206

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), is issuing this final rule (FR) to amend its regulations governing medical examinations that aliens must undergo before they may be admitted to the United States. Based on public comment received, HHS/CDC did not make changes from the NPRM published on June 23, 2015. Accordingly, this FR will: Revise the definition of communicable disease of public health significance by removing chancroid, granuloma inguinale, and lymphogranuloma venereum as inadmissible health-related conditions for aliens seeking admission to the United States; update the notification of the health-related grounds of inadmissibility to include proof of vaccinations to align with existing requirements established by the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA); revise the definitions and evaluation criteria for mental disorders, drug abuse and drug addiction; clarify and revise the evaluation requirements for tuberculosis; clarify and revise the process for the HHS/CDC-appointed medical review board that convenes to reexamine the determination of a Class A medical condition based on an appeal; and update the titles and designations of federal agencies within the text of the regulation. Read More

Int Marit Health 2015 ;66(4):238-46

Head of Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are among the most common notifiable health problems worldwide, with particularly high rates in developing countries. Men and women with multiple sexual partners at home or a previous history of STIs are more likely to have casual sexual exposure (CSE) while travelling. Over the last several decades 5% to even 50% of short-term travellers engaged in CSE during foreign trips. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2016 Jan;22(1):1-8

The global epidemiology of Haemophilus ducreyi infections is poorly documented because of difficulties in confirming microbiological diagnoses. We evaluated published data on the proportion of genital and nongenital skin ulcers caused by H. ducreyi before and after introduction of syndromic management for genital ulcer disease (GUD). Read More

Curr Opin Infect Dis 2016 Feb;29(1):39-40

aSheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust bUniversity of Sheffield School of Medicine, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, UK.

Curr Opin Infect Dis 2016 Feb;29(1):52-7

aCentre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology bMarie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney cWestern Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia dBarcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Purpose Of Review: This article provides an overview of the biology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic tests, and treatment of Haemophilus ducreyi infection, with special reference to the decline of chancroid and the recent emergence of H. ducreyi as a pathogen responsible for chronic limb ulceration clinically similar to yaws.

Recent Findings: Chancroid has declined in importance as a sexually transmitted infection in most countries where it was previously endemic. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2015 4;17:69-71. Epub 2015 Nov 4.

Department of Colorectal surgery, University Hospital of North Tees, Hardwick, Stockton on Tees, TS19 8PE, UK. Electronic address:

Introduction: Condylata lata in secondary syphilis is well known presentation and needs to be considered in differential diagnosis of perianal lesions. In England between 2013 and 2014 the overall incidence of infectious syphilis increased by 33% and is mainly seen in men who have sex with men.

Presentation Of Case: We report the management of a 49-years-old Caucasian homosexual man with perianal lesions that were suspicious of malignancy. Read More

Urol Clin North Am 2015 Nov;42(4):507-18

Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 900, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Electronic address:

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a significant burden on public health in the United States. Primary prevention counseling with early diagnosis and treatment remain the best methods to decrease the incidence of STIs. Through significant public heath interventions, the incidence of gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and trichomoniasis is decreasing; however, the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis is increasing. Read More

Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2015 Jan-Jun;36(1):30-4

Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Leprosy, Government Medical College, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Background: Changing trends of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and HIV/AIDS has been noted in the literature over years, depending to some extent on the geographical and cultural factors of the region. In Kashmir Valley also, the pattern of STI may be different from the rest of the country.

Aims Of The Study: The aim was to present the experience with patterns of STI in Kashmir. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2016 08 16;27(9):805-7. Epub 2015 Sep 16.

Dermatology Department, STD Clinic, APHP-Hospital Saint Louis, Paris, France.

We report the first case of chancroid seen at our clinic in 14 years. It was diagnosed by nuclear acid amplification test in a male patient returning from Madagascar. Although the disease is considered on the verge of disappearance even in tropical countries, its real potential for reemergence - due to new strains of Haemophilus ducreyi, underreporting and a lack of widespread use of molecular testing - could be underestimated. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015 6;9(7):e0003918. Epub 2015 Jul 6.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America; The Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.

Background: Although cutaneous ulcers (CU) in the tropics is frequently attributed to Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, the causative agent of yaws, Haemophilus ducreyi has emerged as a major cause of CU in yaws-endemic regions of the South Pacific islands and Africa. H. ducreyi is generally susceptible to macrolides, but CU strains persist after mass drug administration of azithromycin for yaws or trachoma. Read More

PLoS One 2015 17;10(6):e0130396. Epub 2015 Jun 17.

Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Background: It is well-established that male circumcision reduces acquisition of HIV, herpes simplex virus 2, chancroid, and syphilis. However, the effect on the acquisition of non-ulcerative sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remains unclear. We examined the relationship between circumcision and biological measures of three STIs: human papillomavirus (HPV), Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium. Read More

Infect Immun 2015 Aug 8;83(8):3281-92. Epub 2015 Jun 8.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

The (p)ppGpp-mediated stringent response is important for bacterial survival in nutrient limiting conditions. For maximal effect, (p)ppGpp interacts with the cofactor DksA, which stabilizes (p)ppGpp's interaction with RNA polymerase. We previously demonstrated that (p)ppGpp was required for the virulence of Haemophilus ducreyi in humans. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2016 Mar 20;27(4):323-5. Epub 2015 May 20.

Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

We report a case of penile carcinoma presenting as an inguinal bubo in a young man. The associated painful genital ulcer and history of high-risk sexual behaviour raised a strong suspicion of a sexually transmitted infection. We review the literature for similar cases, highlight the similarities with venereal disease and discuss the differential diagnosis of inguinal bubo. Read More

PLoS One 2015 22;10(4):e0124373. Epub 2015 Apr 22.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.

Haemophilus ducreyi resists the cytotoxic effects of human antimicrobial peptides (APs), including α-defensins, β-defensins, and the cathelicidin LL-37. Resistance to LL-37, mediated by the sensitive to antimicrobial peptide (Sap) transporter, is required for H. ducreyi virulence in humans. Read More

Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2015 Apr;34(2):73-82

1 Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina.

Haemophilus ducreyi is the causative agent of the sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease chancroid. Strains of H. ducreyi are grouped in two classes (I and II) based on genotypic and phenotypic differences, including those found in DsrA, an outer membrane protein belonging to the family of multifunctional trimeric autotransporter adhesins. Read More

PLoS One 2015 16;10(3):e0118613. Epub 2015 Mar 16.

Department of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, United States of America.

Haemophilus ducreyi, the etiologic agent of chancroid, has been previously reported to show genetic variance in several key virulence factors, placing strains of the bacterium into two genetically distinct classes. Recent studies done in yaws-endemic areas of the South Pacific have shown that H. ducreyi is also a major cause of cutaneous limb ulcers (CLU) that are not sexually transmitted. Read More

N Engl J Med 2015 Feb;372(8):703-10

From Lihir Medical Center, International SOS, Newcrest Mining, Lihir Island (O.M., P.M., A.K., R.P.), the Disease Control Branch, National Department of Health, Port Moresby (W.H., S.V.B.), and the Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highland Province (P.S.) - all in Papua New Guinea; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Center for International Health Research, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (O.M., S.S., P.L.A., Q.B.); the College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD (R.H.), and the Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining, Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane (T.G.) - both in Australia; the Departments of Medicine (S.L., C.G.) and Global Health (S.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; the Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (D.M.); and the Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva (K.A.).

Background: Mass treatment with azithromycin is a central component of the new World Health Organization (WHO) strategy to eradicate yaws. Empirical data on the effectiveness of the strategy are required as a prerequisite for worldwide implementation of the plan.

Methods: We performed repeated clinical surveys for active yaws, serologic surveys for latent yaws, and molecular analyses to determine the cause of skin ulcers and identify macrolide-resistant mutations before and 6 and 12 months after mass treatment with azithromycin on a Papua New Guinean island on which yaws was endemic. Read More

J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2014 Oct-Dec;26(4):582-3

Background: Sexually transmitted diseases are present in all societies across the globe. Different cultures and societies show a different spectrum of these diseases. The last study conducted in Hazara division was back in 1995. Read More

JAAPA 2015 Jan;28(1):63-4

Alicia Quella is the Spokane, Wash., site director for the MEDEX Northwest PA program at the University of Washington School of Medicine. She practices emergency medicine in Spokane Valley, Wash. The author has disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.