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J Infect Chemother 2020 Jul 5;26(7):762-764. Epub 2020 May 5.

Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center, Kakogawa, Japan.

Acute inguinal lymphadenitis is usually caused by lower extremity infection and sexually transmitted diseases, such as chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, genital herpes, or syphilis. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a non-spore forming, pleomorphic, non-lactose fermenting Gram negative bacillus and a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae, which is associated with diarrheal diseases. It also causes mesenteric lymphadenitis at the terminal ileum, which can be clinically indistinguishable from acute appendicitis (pseudoappendicitis). Read More

Am Fam Physician 2020 Mar;101(6):355-361

Georgetown University Medical Center, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.

Genital ulcers may be located on the vagina, penis, and anorectal or perineal areas and may be infectious or noninfectious. Herpes simplex virus is the most common cause of genital ulcers in the United States. A diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus infection is made through physical examination and observation of genital lesions. Read More

Cureus 2019 Dec 16;11(12):e6397. Epub 2019 Dec 16.

Emergency Medicine, Crozer-Keystone Health System, Chester, USA.

Chancroid is a rare infection in the United States and many other developed countries. Infrequently identified as a cause of genital ulcer disease, chancroid's atypical presentation has only been reported in approximately 20 cases annually in the United States since 2011. Infection with the causative organism, Haemophilus ducreyi, leads to an erythematous papule that rapidly evolves into a pustule. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2019 11;30(13):1340-1343

Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

Int J Infect Dis 2020 Feb 16;91:57-59. Epub 2019 Nov 16.

Gynecology and Obstetrics Medical Residency Program at UNIMED Vitória, Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil; Infectious Diseases Post-Graduate Program at Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Electronic address:

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum and has shown a significant increase in recent decades. It may be associated with other STIs such as soft chancre or chancroid, which is an uncommon infection in Brazil. The presence of ulcerated genital lesions is associated with a higher risk of HIV transmission. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2019 12;33:190. Epub 2019 Jul 12.

Centre, Hôpital Civil Tétouan, Tétouan, Maroc.

Chancroid (also known as soft chancre and ulcus molle) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) due to the Ducrey's bacillus (or Haemophilus ducreyi) characterized by chancre at the site of ulcerated inoculation associated with lymphadenopathy. The disease manifests as a small pinkish papule at the site of penetration of the bacterium. After an incubation period ranging from 24 hours to 15 days (on average 5 days). Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2019 11;33:185. Epub 2019 Jul 11.

Centre Hospitalier Régional Tétouan, Tétouan, Maroc.

Chancroid (also known as soft chancre and ulcus molle) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) due to the Ducrey's bacillus (or Haemophilus ducreyi) characterized by chancre at the site of ulcerated inoculation associated with lymphadenopathy. The disease manifests as a small pinkish papule at the site of penetration of the bacterium. After an incubation period ranging from 24 hours to 15 days (on average 5 days). Read More

Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2019 Sep 22;32(5):358-363. Epub 2019 Aug 22.

Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.

This article provides a practical overview for the management of nonviral sexually transmitted diseases affecting the perianal and anorectal regions. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid, donovanosis, and lymphogranuloma venereum are individually addressed. Read More

J Cutan Med Surg 2019 Nov/Dec;23(6):624-634. Epub 2019 Jun 28.

Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.

Genital ulcer disease can be caused by a wide variety of sources. Most commonly, genital ulcer disease is grouped into infectious and noninfectious causes. HSV, syphilis, lymphogranuloma venereum, and chancroid represent some common infectious ulcers. Read More

mBio 2019 06 18;10(3). Epub 2019 Jun 18.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

A major gap in understanding infectious diseases is the lack of information about molecular interaction networks between pathogens and the human host. causes the genital ulcer disease chancroid in adults and is a leading cause of cutaneous ulcers in children in the tropics. We developed a model in which human volunteers are infected on the upper arm with until they develop pustules. Read More

Infect Immun 2019 07 20;87(7). Epub 2019 Jun 20.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

causes chancroid and is a major cause of cutaneous ulcers in children. Due to environmental reservoirs, both class I and class II strains persist in cutaneous ulcer regions of endemicity following mass drug administration of azithromycin, suggesting the need for a vaccine. The hemoglobin receptor (HgbA) is a leading vaccine candidate, but its efficacy in animal models is class specific. Read More

Ann Pharmacother 2019 06 17;53(6):639-651. Epub 2018 Dec 17.

1 University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC, USA.

Objective: To review the treatment of common bacterial and viral infections occurring in the pregnant patient.

Data Sources: A literature search of MEDLINE was performed (inception to October 2018). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website was utilized for additional information. Read More

Indian J Dermatol 2018 Nov-Dec;63(6):502-505

Department of Pediatrics, Base Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have a definite role in the facilitation of HIV infection, which, in turn, also increases susceptibility to other STIs. Further, the social stigma and secrecy surrounding STIs create difficulty in estimating its true incidence and prevalence.

Objective: The objective of this study was to know the pattern of diseases including different clinical presentations and final diagnosis among the STI clinic attendees. Read More

Hautarzt 2018 Nov;69(11):945-959

Department of Dermatology, Preah Kossamak-Hospital, BP 1006, Phnom Penh, Kambodscha.

Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are common all over the world and the incidence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis and trichomoniasis alone is estimated at 500 million/year. Of these infections 75% occur in tropical countries in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and South as well as Southeast Asia. The bacterial infections chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and granuloma inguinale (GI, Donovanosis) are termed tropical STI. Read More

Can Bull Med Hist 2018 1;35(2):337-356. Epub 2018 Oct 1.

Department of History, Queen's University.

The Sexually Transmitted Disease Inoculation Study of the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) was a short-term deliberate exposure experiment into the prevention of venereal diseases. Between 1946 and 1948, over 1,300 Guatemalan prisoners, psychiatric patients, soldiers, and sex workers were exposed to syphilis, gonorrhoea, and chancroid. USPHS researchers initially proposed hiring sex workers to "naturally" transmit venereal diseases to male subjects who would then be given various prophylaxes. Read More

Ger Med Sci 2018 13;16:Doc03. Epub 2018 Aug 13.

Epidemiology, QuintilesIMS, Frankfurt, Germany.

The goal of this retrospective analysis was to study the prevalence and treatment of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STI) in men followed by urologists in Germany. This study included a total of 347,090 men followed in 71 urology practices in Germany between 2013 and 2015. The first outcome was the prevalence of individuals diagnosed with STI between 2013 and 2015. Read More

Clin Infect Dis 2018 11;67(11):1768-1774

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.

Background: Together with Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, Haemophilus ducreyi is a major cause of exudative cutaneous ulcers (CUs) in children. For H. ducreyi, both class I and class II strains, asymptomatic colonization, and environmental reservoirs have been found in endemic regions, but the epidemiology of this infection is unknown. Read More

J R Soc Interface 2018 05;15(142)

Institute of Biological Sciences and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Chancroid is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the Gram-negative bacterium The control of chancroid is difficult and the only current available treatment is antibiotic therapy; however, antibiotic resistance has been reported in endemic areas. Owing to recent outbreaks of STIs worldwide, it is important to keep searching for new treatment strategies and preventive measures. Here, we applied reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomic approaches for the prediction of potential vaccine and drug targets against 28 strains of We identified 847 non-host homologous proteins, being 332 exposed/secreted/membrane and 515 cytoplasmic proteins. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2018 11 11;29(11):1127-1129. Epub 2018 May 11.

1 Department of Dermatovenerology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Na Bulovce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.

We describe the first case of chancroid seen in the Czech Republic, diagnosed in a 40-year-old heterosexual HIV-positive man. Despite genital localization of the ulcer, the transmission of Haemophilus ducreyi infection in our patient remains unclear, as he denied having sexual intercourse and he did not travel outside the Czech Republic for several months before the ulcer appeared. The correct diagnosis has been revealed by a multiplex nucleic acid amplification test. Read More

Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 2017 Sep 1;41(3):E212-E222. Epub 2017 Sep 1.

Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.

Introduction: Our aim was to describe trends in the number of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) diagnosed at Melbourne's sexual health clinic over a century.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of STI diagnoses (gonorrhoea, infectious syphilis and chancroid) among individuals attending Melbourne's sexual health service over 99 years between 1918 and 2016.

Results: Substantial increases in STI rates coincided with World War II, the 'Sexual Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s', and the last 10 years. Read More

Milbank Q 2018 06 13;96(2):244-271. Epub 2018 Apr 13.

Center for Law, Health and Society, Georgia State University College of Law.

Policy Points: While most scholarship regarding the US Public Health Service's STD experiments in Guatemala during the 1940s has focused on the intentional exposure experiments, secondary research was also conducted on biospecimens collected from these subjects. These biospecimen experiments continued after the Guatemala grant ended, and the specimens were used in conjunction with those from the Tuskegee syphilis experiments for ongoing research. We argue there should be a public accounting of whether there are still biospecimens from the Guatemala and Tuskegee experiments held in US government biorepositories today. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018 04 12;12(4):e0006273. Epub 2018 Apr 12.

Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Overview: We describe the first case of a cutaneous ulcer caused by Haemophilus ducreyi imported from Indonesia to the Netherlands. Skin infections caused by H. ducreyi are uncommon in travellers and have been described in just a few case reports and were all contracted on the Pacific Islands. Read More

PLoS One 2018 4;13(4):e0194125. Epub 2018 Apr 4.

Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

Background: In South Africa, treatment of genital ulcer disease (GUD) occurs in the context of syndromic management. GUD aetiological studies have been conducted in Johannesburg since 2007. We report on GUD pathogen prevalence, sero-prevalence of STI co-infections and aetiological trends among GUD patients presenting to a community-based primary healthcare facility in Johannesburg over a 9-year period. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2018 04;24(4):786-789

Haemophilus ducreyi, which causes chancroid, has emerged as a cause of pediatric skin disease. Isolation of H. ducreyi in low-income settings is challenging, limiting phylogenetic investigation. Read More

Indian J Dermatol 2017 Nov-Dec;62(6):630-634

Department of Dermatology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal, India.

Introduction: Treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has been made easy for field workers due to syndromic approach. The etiological agent responsible for different STI syndromes needs to be validated from time to time so as to guide the therapeutic regimen.

Aims And Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the etiological agent for STI syndromes and correlate the syndromic diagnosis with etiological diagnosis. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2018 01;45(1):61-68

From the *Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care; †Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; ‡US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zimbabwe and Division of Global HIV/AIDS, CDC, Atlanta, GA; §Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ¶Zimbabwe Community Health Intervention Research (ZiCHIRe) Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; ∥Western Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Parramatta; **Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity & Sydney Medical School-Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; ††School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; ‡‡Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO; §§Rietmeijer Consulting LLC, Denver, CO.

Background: In many countries, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are treated syndromically. Thus, patients diagnosed as having genital ulcer disease (GUD) in Zimbabwe receive a combination of antimicrobials to treat syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), and genital herpes. Periodic studies are necessary to assess the current etiology of GUD and assure the appropriateness of current treatment guidelines. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 Dec 11;12:CD012492. Epub 2017 Dec 11.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.

Background: Chancroid is a genital ulcerative disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. This microorganism is endemic in Africa, where it can cause up to 10% of genital ulcers. Macrolides may be an effective alternative to treat chancroid and, based on their oral administration and duration of therapy, could be considered as first line therapy. Read More

Clin Infect Dis 2017 Nov;65(12):2085-2090

Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain.

Background: Haemophilus ducreyi (HD) and Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue (TP) are major causative agents of cutaneous ulcer (CU) in the tropics. Azithromycin is recommended to treat sexually transmitted HD infections and has good in vitro activity against HD strains from both genital and skin ulcers. We investigated the efficacy of oral single-dose azithromycin on HD-CU. Read More

Int J Circumpolar Health 2017 ;76(1):1350092

a Queen Ingrid Health Care Center , Nuuk , Greenland.

Gonorrhoea continues to be a significant health challenge in Greenland. The aim of this study was to describe the development of gonorrhoea in Greenland through time including incidence rates and previous measures taken to address the challenge. A systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase and The Cochrane Library was conducted. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017 May 10;11(5):e0004958. Epub 2017 May 10.

Lihir Medical Centre- International SOS, Newcrest Mining, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea.

Background: Haemophilus ducreyi and Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue are major causes of leg ulcers in children in Africa and the Pacific Region. We investigated the presence of DNA (PCR positivity) from these bacteria on asymptomatic people, flies, and household linens in an endemic setting. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2017 06 20;28(7):723-725. Epub 2016 Oct 20.

1 Pacific Clinic Newcastle, HNE Sexual Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.

Dermatological conditions are more common and can present atypically, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. This case report describes a 22-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-positive Caucasian female who presented with a vulval lesion eight weeks after starting antiretroviral treatment. Clinical examination revealed a 2 cm well-demarcated plaque on the outer aspect of the left labium minus. Read More

J Obstet Gynaecol 2017 Oct 11;37(7):840-848. Epub 2017 Apr 11.

a Department of Dermatology , Bispebjerg Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark.

A multitude of infectious diseases of viral (genital herpes, herpes zoster, genital warts and molluscum contagiosum), bacterial (syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, donovanosis, erysipelas, cellulitis and necrotising fasciitis, folliculitis, impetigo, bartholin gland abscess, trichomycosis and erythrasma), fungal (candidiasis and dermatophytosis) and parasitic (pediculosis pubis) origin may affect the vulvar area. Herein, we review the infections and their skin manifestations in the vulvar area. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2017 03 12;28(4):324-329. Epub 2017 Jan 12.

5 Section of STI, Olafia Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Chancroid is a sexually acquired infection caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. The infection is characterized by one or more genital ulcers, which are soft and painful, and regional lymphadenitis, which may develop into buboes. The infection may easily be misidentified due to its rare occurrence in Europe and difficulties in detecting the causative pathogen. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 12 27;10(12):e0005259. Epub 2016 Dec 27.

Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.

Background: Haemophilus ducreyi has emerged as a major cause of cutaneous ulcers (CU) in yaws-endemic regions of the tropics in the South Pacific, South East Asia and Africa. H. ducreyi was once thought only to cause the genital ulcer (GU) disease chancroid; GU strains belong to 2 distinct classes, class I and class II. Read More

Int J High Risk Behav Addict 2016 Sep 2;5(3):e28028. Epub 2016 Jul 2.

Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran.

Background: Studies show that nearly 40 million people are living with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) around the world and since the beginning of the epidemic, about 35 million have died from AIDS. Heterosexual intercourse is the most common route for transmission of HIV infection (85%). People with a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as syphilis, genital herpes, chancroid, or bacterial vaginosis, are more likely to obtain HIV infection during sex. Read More

J Infect Dev Ctries 2016 Aug 31;10(8):884-7. Epub 2016 Aug 31.

College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major public health concerns around the world. This study describes the epidemiology of reported STI cases from 2005 to 2012 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Methodology: The annual registry was the main source of data as reported by healthcare providers. Read More

Genome Announc 2016 Jul 7;4(4). Epub 2016 Jul 7.

Laboratory Reference and Research Branch, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Haemophilus ducreyi causes chancroid and has recently been shown to be a significant cause of cutaneous lesions in tropical or subtropical regions where yaws is endemic. Here, we report the draft genome assemblies for 11 cutaneous strains of Haemophilus ducreyi, isolated from children in Vanuatu and Ghana. Read More

J Med Assoc Thai 2016 Feb;99 Suppl 2:S153-60

Background: Behavioral and social changes in the modern era have triggered an increase in the incidence of early sexual contact and teenage pregnancy. Since there is no routine Gonococcal & Chlamydial (GC & CT) screening in teens in antenatal clinics in Thailand, the present study was performed to find the prevalence of STI, especially Chlamydial infection, in teenage pregnancy.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially Chlamydial infection (CT), in teenage pregnancy and its related factors. Read More

J Infect Dis 2016 08 27;214(3):489-95. Epub 2016 Apr 27.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology Departments of Medicine Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis.

Background: In humans inoculated with Haemophilus ducreyi, there are host effects on the possible clinical outcomes-pustule formation versus spontaneous resolution of infection. However, the immunogenetic factors that influence these outcomes are unknown. Here we examined the role of 14 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 7 selected pathogen-recognition pathways and cytokine genes on the gradated outcomes of experimental infection. Read More

Dis Mon 2016 Aug 20;62(8):306-13. Epub 2016 Apr 20.

Infect Immun 2016 May 22;84(5):1514-1525. Epub 2016 Apr 22.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

Haemophilus ducreyi causes the sexually transmitted disease chancroid in adults and cutaneous ulcers in children. In humans, H. ducreyi resides in an abscess and must adapt to a variety of stresses. Read More

Fed Regist 2016 Jan;81(16):4191-206

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), is issuing this final rule (FR) to amend its regulations governing medical examinations that aliens must undergo before they may be admitted to the United States. Based on public comment received, HHS/CDC did not make changes from the NPRM published on June 23, 2015. Accordingly, this FR will: Revise the definition of communicable disease of public health significance by removing chancroid, granuloma inguinale, and lymphogranuloma venereum as inadmissible health-related conditions for aliens seeking admission to the United States; update the notification of the health-related grounds of inadmissibility to include proof of vaccinations to align with existing requirements established by the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA); revise the definitions and evaluation criteria for mental disorders, drug abuse and drug addiction; clarify and revise the evaluation requirements for tuberculosis; clarify and revise the process for the HHS/CDC-appointed medical review board that convenes to reexamine the determination of a Class A medical condition based on an appeal; and update the titles and designations of federal agencies within the text of the regulation. Read More

Int Marit Health 2015 ;66(4):238-46

Head of Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are among the most common notifiable health problems worldwide, with particularly high rates in developing countries. Men and women with multiple sexual partners at home or a previous history of STIs are more likely to have casual sexual exposure (CSE) while travelling. Over the last several decades 5% to even 50% of short-term travellers engaged in CSE during foreign trips. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2016 Jan;22(1):1-8

The global epidemiology of Haemophilus ducreyi infections is poorly documented because of difficulties in confirming microbiological diagnoses. We evaluated published data on the proportion of genital and nongenital skin ulcers caused by H. ducreyi before and after introduction of syndromic management for genital ulcer disease (GUD). Read More

Curr Opin Infect Dis 2016 Feb;29(1):39-40

aSheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust bUniversity of Sheffield School of Medicine, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, UK.

Curr Opin Infect Dis 2016 Feb;29(1):52-7

aCentre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology bMarie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney cWestern Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia dBarcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Purpose Of Review: This article provides an overview of the biology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic tests, and treatment of Haemophilus ducreyi infection, with special reference to the decline of chancroid and the recent emergence of H. ducreyi as a pathogen responsible for chronic limb ulceration clinically similar to yaws.

Recent Findings: Chancroid has declined in importance as a sexually transmitted infection in most countries where it was previously endemic. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2015 4;17:69-71. Epub 2015 Nov 4.

Department of Colorectal surgery, University Hospital of North Tees, Hardwick, Stockton on Tees, TS19 8PE, UK. Electronic address:

Introduction: Condylata lata in secondary syphilis is well known presentation and needs to be considered in differential diagnosis of perianal lesions. In England between 2013 and 2014 the overall incidence of infectious syphilis increased by 33% and is mainly seen in men who have sex with men.

Presentation Of Case: We report the management of a 49-years-old Caucasian homosexual man with perianal lesions that were suspicious of malignancy. Read More