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Intractable Rare Dis Res 2022 May;11(2):52-62

Department of Microbiology, Sarsuna College (under Calcutta University), Kolkata, India.

The human body harbors approximately 10 cells belonging to a diverse group of microorganisms. Bacteria outnumbers protozoa, fungi and viruses inhabiting our gastrointestinal tract (GIT), commonly referred to as the "human gut microbiome". Dysbiosis occurs when the balanced relationship between the host and the gut microbiota is disrupted, altering the usual microbial population there. Read More

J Bacteriol 2022 05 4;204(5):e0000522. Epub 2022 Apr 4.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.

Haemophilus ducreyi causes cutaneous ulcers in children and the genital ulcer disease chancroid in adults. In humans, H. ducreyi is found in the anaerobic environment of an abscess; previous studies comparing bacterial gene expression levels in pustules with the inocula (∼4-h aerobic mid-log-phase cultures) identified several upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are associated with anaerobic metabolism. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2022 Jul 12;49(7):462-468. Epub 2022 Mar 12.

From the Departments of Child, Family, and Population Health.

Abstract: Public health spending is important for managing increases in sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States. Although previous studies suggest that a beneficial link exists between public health spending and changes in STD rates, there have been no systematic reviews synthesizing existing evidence regarding the association for STDs at the population level. The objective of this study was to synthesize evidence from studies that assessed the associations between general and STD-specific public health spending and STD rates. Read More

Front Immunol 2022 28;13:818151. Epub 2022 Feb 28.

Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.

Background: Chancre self-healing, a typical clinical phenomenon of primary syphilis, is essentially wound healing. The first response to a wound is constriction of the injured blood vessels and activation of platelets to form a fibrin clot. However, the role of in platelet activation and clot formation remains unclear. Read More

Front Med (Lausanne) 2021 3;8:806605. Epub 2022 Jan 3.

Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Genital Ulcer Disease (GUD) carries a significant disease burden globally. With limited access to diagnostics, the 2001 World Health Organization (WHO) sexually transmitted illnesses (STI) guidelines proposed a syndromic management algorithm that required a clinical decision to determine the management of GUD. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of this algorithm. Read More

Sex Transm Infect 2021 Dec 6. Epub 2021 Dec 6.

Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Objective: To evaluate the field performance of a multiplex PCR (M-PCR) assay for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2, () and () in genital ulcer disease (GUD) specimens.

Methods: GUD M-PCR was performed on 186 remnant specimens, previously collected for HSV testing, by four public health laboratories (PHLs) and the Laboratory Reference and Research Branch (LRRB) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The results from the PHLs were compared with those of LRRB, which served as the reference testing method, and percentage agreement was calculated. Read More

Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2021 Aug 4;12(4):230-235. Epub 2021 Aug 4.

Division of HIV/AIDS Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea.

Objective: This study aimed to review the status of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in children in South Korea between 2010 and 2019, as well as to establish guidelines for the prevention and management to reduce the incidence of STIs in children.

Methods: Data reports from 590 STI surveillance institutions in local health center, hospital-level medical institutions with urology or obstetrics/gynecology departments and public hospitals between 2010 and 2019 in the integrative disease management system of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency as of December 2020 were analyzed.

Results: A total of 172,645 cases of STIs were reported over the 10-year period (2010-2019), of which 2,179 cases (1. Read More

Womens Health Issues 2021 08;31 Suppl 1:S43-S52

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, James A. Zimble Learning Resources Center, Bethesda, Maryland.

Purpose: High rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have been documented among U.S. military servicemembers. Read More

World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021 Aug 11;37(9):150. Epub 2021 Aug 11.

Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), Formerly Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology (NSIT), Azad Hind Fauz Marg, Dwarka Sector-3, New Delhi, 110078, India.

Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) belongs to the AB toxin family and is produced by a plethora of Gram-negative bacteria. Eight human-affecting enteropathogens harbor CDT that causes irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), dysentery, chancroid, and periodontitis worldwide. They have a novel molecular mode of action as they interfere in the eukaryotic cell-cycle progression leading to G/M arrest and apoptosis. Read More

World J Mens Health 2022 Apr 18;40(2):179-190. Epub 2021 May 18.

Department of Urology, Center for Male Reproductive Medicine and Microsurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.

Male circumcision (MC) is one of the oldest surgical procedures still completed today. Medical indications for MC include phimosis, recurrent balanitis, cosmesis, and infection prevention. In this review, we mainly focus on the role of MC in the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus, gonorrhea, chlamydia, chancroid, and syphilis, and the subsequent impact of these genitourinary infections on male fertility. Read More

Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021 17;54(suppl 1):e2020663. Epub 2021 May 17.

Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil.

Infections that cause genital ulcers are one of the themes comprising the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. The Protocol and Guidelines have been developed based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with specialists. This article addresses clinical genital ulcer syndrome caused by sexually transmitted infections and its most common etiological agents: Treponema pallidum (syphilis), herpes simplex virus-2 (genital herpes) and herpes simplex virus-1 (perioral herpes), Haemophilus ducreyi (chancroid), Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1, L2 and L3 (lymphogranuloma venereum), and Klebsiella granulomatis (donovanosis). Read More

Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020 Jul-Dec;41(2):176-180. Epub 2020 Jul 31.

Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are dynamic and show a variable prevalence in different parts of the country. Moreover, the prevalence changes with time in the same geographical area. It is important to have the knowledge of current trend of STIs and partner notification (PN) rate in a particular area for the effective implementation of preventive and control measures. Read More

Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020 Jul-Dec;41(2):162-168. Epub 2020 Jul 31.

Department of Dermatology, B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

Context: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have a well-established synergistic relationship with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Coinfection with HIV and STI can increase the probability of HIV transmission to an uninfected partner by increasing HIV concentrations in genital lesions, genital secretions, or both. Concurrent HIV infection alters the natural history of the classic STIs. Read More

Epidemiol Serv Saude 2021 15;30(spe1):e2020663. Epub 2021 Mar 15.

Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil.

Infections that cause genital ulcers are one of the themes comprising the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. The Protocol and Guidelines have been developed based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with specialists. This article addresses clinical genital ulcer syndrome caused by sexually transmitted infections, and its most common etiological agents: Treponema pallidum (syphilis), herpes simplex virus-2 (genital herpes) and herpes simplex virus-1 (perioral herpes), Haemophilus ducreyi (chancroid), Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1, L2 and L3 (venereal lymphogranuloma), and Klebsiella granulomatis (donovanosis). Read More

Front Immunol 2020 3;11:615402. Epub 2021 Feb 3.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.

The obligate human pathogen causes both cutaneous ulcers in children and sexually transmitted genital ulcers (chancroid) in adults. Pathogenesis is dependent on avoiding phagocytosis and exploiting the suppurative granuloma-like niche, which contains a myriad of innate immune cells and memory T cells. Despite this immune infiltrate, long-lived immune protection does not develop against repeated infections-even with the same strain. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021 02 16;15(2):e0009180. Epub 2021 Feb 16.

Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Outbreaks of yaws-like ulcerative skin lesions in children are frequently reported in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The origin of these lesions might be primarily traumatic or infectious; in the latter case, Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, the yaws agent, and Haemophilus ducreyi, the agent of chancroid, are two of the pathogens commonly associated with the aetiology of skin ulcers. In this work, we investigated the presence of T. Read More

Dermatol Clin 2021 Jan 31;39(1):15-22. Epub 2020 Oct 31.

Fight AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Cutaneous ulcers in the tropics are a painful and debilitating condition that anchors people into poverty. In rural regions of the South Pacific, infectious cutaneous ulcers are caused mainly by bacteria, including Treponema pallidum pertenue (yaws), Haemophilus ducreyi, and polymicrobial ulcers. For this group of infections the term cutaneous ulcer disease (CUD) is proposed. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2021 Jan 5;60(1):e21-e22. Epub 2020 Oct 5.

Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

J Infect Chemother 2020 Jul 5;26(7):762-764. Epub 2020 May 5.

Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center, Kakogawa, Japan.

Acute inguinal lymphadenitis is usually caused by lower extremity infection and sexually transmitted diseases, such as chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, genital herpes, or syphilis. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a non-spore forming, pleomorphic, non-lactose fermenting Gram negative bacillus and a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae, which is associated with diarrheal diseases. It also causes mesenteric lymphadenitis at the terminal ileum, which can be clinically indistinguishable from acute appendicitis (pseudoappendicitis). Read More

Am Fam Physician 2020 03;101(6):355-361

Georgetown University Medical Center, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.

Genital ulcers may be located on the vagina, penis, and anorectal or perineal areas and may be infectious or noninfectious. Herpes simplex virus is the most common cause of genital ulcers in the United States. A diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus infection is made through physical examination and observation of genital lesions. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2020 02;26(2):282-288

Yaws, a neglected tropical disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, manifests as ulcerative skin lesions. Nucleic acid amplification tests, like loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), are versatile tools to distinguish yaws from infections that cause similar skin lesions, primarily Haemophilus ducreyi. We developed a novel molecular test to simultaneously detect T. Read More

Sex Transm Infect 2020 09 2;96(6):396-398. Epub 2020 Jan 2.

Laboratory Medicine, AZ Sint-Jan AV, Brugge, Belgium.

Objectives: Recent evidence shows that patients using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) have an increased rate of bacterial STIs, including syphilis, chlamydia and gonorrhoea. Our study aimed to describe the acquisition and the susceptibility for macrolides of in men who have sex with men (MSM) on PrEP.

Methods: We studied all MSM who started PrEP in the AZ Sint-Jan Hospital Bruges from 1 June 2017 to 31 March 2019 with at least one follow-up visit. Read More

Cureus 2019 Dec 16;11(12):e6397. Epub 2019 Dec 16.

Emergency Medicine, Crozer-Keystone Health System, Chester, USA.

Chancroid is a rare infection in the United States and many other developed countries. Infrequently identified as a cause of genital ulcer disease, chancroid's atypical presentation has only been reported in approximately 20 cases annually in the United States since 2011. Infection with the causative organism, Haemophilus ducreyi, leads to an erythematous papule that rapidly evolves into a pustule. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2019 11;30(13):1340-1343

Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.

Int J Infect Dis 2020 Feb 16;91:57-59. Epub 2019 Nov 16.

Gynecology and Obstetrics Medical Residency Program at UNIMED Vitória, Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil; Infectious Diseases Post-Graduate Program at Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Electronic address:

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum and has shown a significant increase in recent decades. It may be associated with other STIs such as soft chancre or chancroid, which is an uncommon infection in Brazil. The presence of ulcerated genital lesions is associated with a higher risk of HIV transmission. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2019 12;33:190. Epub 2019 Jul 12.

Centre, Hôpital Civil Tétouan, Tétouan, Maroc.

Chancroid (also known as soft chancre and ulcus molle) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) due to the Ducrey's bacillus (or Haemophilus ducreyi) characterized by chancre at the site of ulcerated inoculation associated with lymphadenopathy. The disease manifests as a small pinkish papule at the site of penetration of the bacterium. After an incubation period ranging from 24 hours to 15 days (on average 5 days). Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2019 11;33:185. Epub 2019 Jul 11.

Centre Hospitalier Régional Tétouan, Tétouan, Maroc.

Chancroid (also known as soft chancre and ulcus molle) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) due to the Ducrey's bacillus (or Haemophilus ducreyi) characterized by chancre at the site of ulcerated inoculation associated with lymphadenopathy. The disease manifests as a small pinkish papule at the site of penetration of the bacterium. After an incubation period ranging from 24 hours to 15 days (on average 5 days). Read More

Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2019 Sep 22;32(5):358-363. Epub 2019 Aug 22.

Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.

This article provides a practical overview for the management of nonviral sexually transmitted diseases affecting the perianal and anorectal regions. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid, donovanosis, and lymphogranuloma venereum are individually addressed. Read More