J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017 Aug 14. Epub 2017 Aug 14.

Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, UK.

Sickle cell orbitopathy is a rare manifestation of a sickle cell crisis and can closely mimic orbital cellulitis, both clinically and radiologically. We present a case where a child presented with what was thought to be orbital cellulitis and was treated accordingly. Subtle radiologic features of sickle cell orbitopathy were initially overlooked, resulting in an incorrect diagnosis and a treatment delay for the patient. Read More

Orbit 2017 Aug 16:1-5. Epub 2017 Aug 16.

a Department of Ophthalmology , Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine , Great Neck , New York , USA.

Acute dacryoadenitis with abscess formation has been rarely described. We describe four cases that resolved with incision and drainage. This includes a retrospective case series of four patients with radiologically confirmed lacrimal gland abscesses and a review of the reported cases in the literature. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2017 Aug 10. Epub 2017 Aug 10.

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea.

Orbital cellulitis and abscess have been described in the literature as complication that usually occur secondary to infection in the maxillary, ethmoidal, and frontal sinuses. If left untreated, it can lead to blindness, cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, or cerebral abscess. Orbital fractures are a common sequela of blunt orbital trauma, but are only rarely associated with orbital cellulitis. Read More

J Fr Ophtalmol 2017 Aug 9. Epub 2017 Aug 9.

Service d'ophtalomogie, hôpital militaire d'instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.

Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2017 ;161(0):D1342

Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam.

Orbital cellulitis is a rare disease usually caused by sinusitis. Generally, the prognosis of both preseptal cellulitis and orbital cellulitis is favourable. Radiological distinction should be made between an orbital abscess and subperiosteal empyema. Read More

Arch Argent Pediatr 2017 Aug;115(4):e243-e246

Departamento de Educación e Investigación, Instituto Roosevelt, Bogotá, Colombia.

Periorbital cellulitis is a very common disease in pediatric population, it describes an infection involving the adjacent soft tissues anterior to the orbital septum. Pathogens involved are generally Gram-positive cocci after introduction of Haemophilus influenzae vaccine. We report a case of Neisseria gonorrhoeae periorbital cellulitis associated with bacterial conjunctivitis in a child. Read More

Cureus 2017 Jun 14;9(6):e1350. Epub 2017 Jun 14.

Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City (UMKC).

Orbital cellulitis is a severe and sight-threatening infection of orbital tissues posterior to the orbital septum. The most common causes of orbital cellulitis are rhinosinusitis, orbital trauma, and surgery. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a systemic infection that begins on cardiac valves and spreads by means of the bloodstream to peripheral organs. Read More

Indian J Pediatr 2017 Jul 14. Epub 2017 Jul 14.

Cornea & Refractive Services, Aravind Eye Hospital & PG Institute of Ophthalmology, 1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 020, India.

Extraocular infection is a frequently encountered problem in children including neonates and infants. Prompt recognition of the extraocular disease and management at first contact reduces the ocular morbidity and visual impairment. Delay in administering appropriate therapy and referral to an eye care personnel may result in blindness; sometimes bilateral, due to severe ophthalmia neonatorum. Read More

J Laryngol Otol 2017 Aug 7;131(8):714-718. Epub 2017 Jul 7.

Department of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology,Royal Hospital for Children,Glasgow,Scotland,UK.

Objective: To assess if there is an association between sinonasal anatomical variants and the risk of developing orbital cellulitis and associated complications, in children.

Methods: A retrospective case-control series was conducted, examining computed tomography confirmed sinonasal anatomical variants of septal deviation and concha bullosa in children who presented with periorbital cellulitis who went on to develop orbital cellulitis and abscesses.

Results: Thirty children had a Chandler score of 2 or greater on computed tomography. Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017 Jun 20. Epub 2017 Jun 20.

1Department of Paediatrics, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UK; 2Paediatric & Adolescent Division, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK, 3Centre of Medical Imaging, University College London, 4UCL Institute of Neurology Academic Neuroradiological Unit, University College London, UK; 5KD Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre , Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UK.

We present a case of sub-total cavernous sinus thrombosis secondary to Panton-Valentine leucocidin-associated Staphylococcus aureus pyomyositis of the muscles of mastication in a previously healthy child, who was successfully managed with no residual disease. He was found to have a factor V Leiden heterozygous mutation. We highlight the propensity of PVL-SA to induce venous thrombosis at any site, but with potential for more severe consequences in the head. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2017 Jun 20;11(1):164. Epub 2017 Jun 20.

Eye Clinic, Melegnano Hospital, Vizzolo Predabissi, Milan, Italy.

Background: This case illustrates the importance of prompt assessment and treatment of orbital cellulitis. In fact the ocular signs and symptoms may be associated with systemic complications which should be investigated and identified as soon as possible to avoid a poor prognosis.

Case Presentation: A 46-year-old white woman presented to our emergency room with proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and conjunctival chemosis of her left eye. Read More

Orbit 2017 Jun 3;36(3):135-136. Epub 2017 Mar 3.

a Ophthalmology Department , Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.

Orbital cellulitis is a serious sight threatening and potentially life threatening condition which can be complicated by orbital abscess formation. Posterior subtenon (PST) injection of corticosteroid is commonly used in the treatment of posterior segment inflammation including post-operative macular oedema. We report a case of orbital abscess formation as a late complication of PST triamcinolone acetonide and discuss the presentation, diagnosis and management. Read More

J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017 Jun 1. Epub 2017 Jun 1.

Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; and.

Background.: Periorbital and orbital cellulitis cause significant pediatric morbidity. Here, we define the clinical features of and characterize isolates from children with periorbital or orbital cellulitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus at Texas Children's Hospital in Houston. Read More

Saudi J Ophthalmol 2017 Apr-Jun;31(2):109-111. Epub 2017 Feb 21.

Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.

A previously diagnosed child of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) with painless blind eye remained clinically silent for about 3 years follow-up. The child suddenly presented as a case of orbital cellulitis and panopthalmitis with meningitis. No definite mass lesion was detected on ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Read More

J Glaucoma 2017 May 26. Epub 2017 May 26.

Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Sunderland, UK.

J Glaucoma 2017 Jul;26(7):686

Shri Ganesh Vinayak Eye Hospital, Raipur, India.

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2017 May 24:1-3. Epub 2017 May 24.

a Department of Ophthalmology , University Hospital Centre Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia.

Purpose: To present our experience in the management of superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis (SOVT), which is a rare, but extremely serious condition if not recognized and managed promptly and appropriately.

Methods: Two patients with septic and aseptic SOVT are presented. Clinical characteristics, radiographic features, management techniques, and outcomes are described. Read More

Vestn Oftalmol 2017 ;133(2):86-91

Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A,B Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2, str. 4 Bol'shaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991.

Granulomatous orbital cellulitis is one of the most common ocular manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's). The process is often refractory to conventional immunosuppressive therapy and requires a more radical treatment approach. However, surgical experience with this type of patients is limited. Read More

J Vet Diagn Invest 2017 May 1:1040638717708584. Epub 2017 May 1.

Departments of Pathobiology and Population Medicine (Baumgartner), College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS.

In 2009, a virulent strain of Aeromonas hydrophila caused severe disease and high mortalities (motile aeromonad septicemia variant [MASv]) in farmed channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) and hybrid catfish ( I. punctatus × I. furcatus) in eastern Mississippi and Alabama. Read More

Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2017 May 5. Epub 2017 May 5.

*Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, UC San Diego Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, La Jolla, California, †Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, ‡Division of Radiology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, and §Division of Plastic Surgery, University of California San Diego Division of Plastic Surgery, La Jolla, California, U.S.A.

An 11-year-old female presented with orbital cellulitis, bacterial sinusitis, enlarged left superior ophthalmic vein, dural venous sinuses, and internal jugular vein. The patient underwent endoscopic sinus surgery and was started on intravenous antibiotics and anticoagulation with limited improvement in orbital signs and symptoms. A magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance venography of the orbits and brain revealed a dilated left superior ophthalmic vein with absence of flow but no clearly discernible orbital abscess. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2017 Apr 28;2017. Epub 2017 Apr 28.

Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.

A middle-aged poorly controlled diabetic man developed left-sided orbital and facial swelling several days after extraction of a left upper wisdom tooth. The clinical impression was that of acute dacryocystitis. Opening the skin above the lacrimal sac failed to reveal an inflamed sac establishing the diagnosis of deep facial cellulitis. Read More

Am J Ther 2017 Apr 25. Epub 2017 Apr 25.

1Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dana-Dwek Children Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; 2Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada; and 3Division of Pediatrics, Dana-Dwek Children Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Introduction: Preseptal (periorbital) and orbital cellulitis are potentially catastrophic infections near the eye. Preseptal cellulitis is far more common, and although classically reported to be associated with dacrocystitis, sinusitis/upper respiratory infection, trauma/surgery, or infection from contiguous areas, it can also be associated with insect bites. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of insect bite-associated preseptal cellulitis and to compare clinical findings and outcomes of these patients with those having other causes for the condition. Read More

Radiologia 2017 May - Jun;59(3):182-195. Epub 2017 Apr 10.

Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, España.

Nontraumatic emergencies of the head and neck represent a challenge in the field of neuroradiology for two reasons. As explained in the first part of this update, these entities affect an area where the thorax joins the cranial cavity and can thus compromise both structures; second, they are uncommon, so they are not well known. Maintaining the same approach as in the first part, focusing on the clinical presentations in the emergency department rather than on the anatomic regions affected, we will study the entities that present with two patterns: those that present with a combination of cervical numbness, dysphagia, and dyspnea and those that present with acute sensory deficits. Read More

Open Ophthalmol J 2017 31;11:11-16. Epub 2017 Jan 31.

Department of Ophthalmology, The George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA.

Purpose: To determine whether prophylactic antibiotic use in patients with orbital fracture prevent orbital infection.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Participants: All patients diagnosed with orbital fracture between January 1, 2008 and March 1, 2014 at The George Washington University Hospital and Clinics. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017 May 6;96:72-76. Epub 2017 Mar 6.

Department of Otolaryngology, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy. Electronic address:

Objective: Pediatric periorbital cellulitis represents a common disease complicating a nasal infection.

Methods: A ten-year retrospective review of fifty-seven children admitted to our institution with the diagnosis of periorbital cellulitis as a complication of sinus infections was carried out.

Results: The age varied from one month to eleven years (mean 3. Read More

Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2017 Mar 31. Epub 2017 Mar 31.

Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A.

Purpose: To compare the outcomes of children with orbital cellulitis treated with intravenous (IV) dexamethasone and antibiotics on admission to patients treated with antibiotics alone.

Methods: Prospective comparative interventional study. Forty-three children admitted to a tertiary institution with orbital cellulitis were enrolled. Read More

Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017 Jun 16;21(2):271-279. Epub 2017 Mar 16.

Department of Surgery, Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.

Odontogenic orbital abscess is a rare but well-documented complication of sinusitis and infections spreading from dental apical lesion. We report a case of orbital abscess with periorbital cellulitis, in a 35-year-old man with positive recent dental history of a periapical dental infection arising from the second upper left premolar spread into maxillary sinus. The patient has shown facial edema, ocular pain, ophthalmoplegia, proptosis, and initial visual symptoms. Read More

Surv Ophthalmol 2017 Mar 11. Epub 2017 Mar 11.

Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA. Electronic address:

Periocular necrotizing fasciitis developed in a 12-month-old boy with swelling of both eyes and redness and a discharge from the left eye approximately 36 hours after blunt trauma. Computed tomography revealed preseptal and soft-tissue edema on the left side, but no signs of orbital involvement, orbital fractures, or drainable abscess in the anterior left lower eyelid. The inflammatory signs worsened over the next day, and there was purulent discharge from the left lower eyelid and an abscess and necrosis of the lower eyelid skin. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2016 2;25:131. Epub 2016 Nov 2.

Ophthalmology Department, Mohamed VI University Hospital, Marrakech, Morroco.

Retinoblastoma is the most frequent childhood intraocular tumor. The aim of our study is to evaluate the clinical features and management of extra-ocular retinoblastoma in the Mohamed VI university hospital of Marrakech. Retrospective case series, the patient's records were reviewed for patient and tumor features, ocular management, histopathological findings, and patient survival. Read More

Mil Med 2017 Mar;182(3):e1880-e1882

Department of Dermatology, Naval Health Clinic Hawaii, 480 Central Avenue, Pearl Harbor, HI 96869.

Introduction: Psoriatic patients on tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (TNFi) may be at increased risk for upper respiratory tract infections, including chronic rhino-sinusitis (CRS). Rarely, CRS can progress to orbital cellulitis (OC), an emergent ophthalmic complication wherein respiratory flora from paranasal sinus disease intrude the retro-orbital space.

Materials And Methods: Single case report. Read More

J Emerg Med 2017 Jun 9;52(6):e221-e223. Epub 2017 Mar 9.

Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

Background: Endophthalmitis is a feared complication of pyogenic liver abscesses caused by hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. First described in East Asia in the 1980s, this invasive syndrome is only recently emerging in Europe and America.

Case Report: We describe an 84-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with fever, orbital cellulitis, and bilateral visual loss. Read More

J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2017 Dec 9;7(1). Epub 2017 Mar 9.

Department of Ophthalmology, Minia University Hospital, Minia City, Minia Governorate, Egypt.

Background: The purpose of this paper is to study the etiology, clinical findings, and outcomes of management of cases of orbital cellulitis treated in Minia University Hospital in Upper Egypt over the period of 6 years from July 2009 to July 2015. One-hundred two patients diagnosed to have orbital cellulitis were admitted to the hospital and treated on inpatient basis from July 2009 to July 2015. All patients were subjected to full ophthalmological examination, systemic evaluation, and ear, nose, and throat (ENT) consultation. Read More

Surv Ophthalmol 2017 Feb 27. Epub 2017 Feb 27.

Department of Pathology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.

Orbital cellulitis associated with retinoblastoma is uncommon and is characterised by non-infectious inflammation of the periorbital structures. The underlying mechanism is thought to be necrosis of the intraocular tumor leading to intraocular and periorbital inflammation. We report two retinoblastoma patients who presented with an orbital cellulitis-like picture. Read More

J Clin Diagn Res 2016 Dec 1;10(12):MC04-MC07. Epub 2016 Dec 1.

Residents, Department of ENT, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University , Karad, Maharashtra, India .

Introduction: The use of corticosteroids or antihistaminics in treatment of allergic rhinitis is known and practiced since long. The efficacy of topical use of fluticasone propionate and Olopatadine Hydrochloride (HCL) for symptomatic relief of allergic rhinitis has been studied either individually or with other drugs. But very few studies show comparison between these two drugs. Read More

GMS Ophthalmol Cases 2017 6;7:Doc04. Epub 2017 Feb 6.

Pathology Department, Hospital Sultanah Aminah Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.

Objective: To report an aggressive case of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) of the ethmoid sinus presenting as orbital cellulitis Method: Case report Results: A 56-year-old male presented with right eye redness, reduced vision, and periorbital swelling for 5 weeks duration associated with a two-month history of blocked nose. The visual acuity of the right eye was 6/18. The eye was proptosed with periorbital oedema and conjunctival chemosis. Read More

Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017 Feb 10. Epub 2017 Feb 10.

South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Austalia, Australia.

Clin Neuroradiol 2017 Feb 9. Epub 2017 Feb 9.

Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.

Am J Hematol 2017 Jun 4;92(6):591-592. Epub 2017 Mar 4.

Department of Internal Medicine, Plaza Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.

J Glaucoma 2017 Feb;26(2):e101-e102

Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Sunderland, Tyne and Wear.

Purpose: To date, there have only been 5 reported cases of orbital cellulitis following implantation of an aqueous tube shunt for glaucoma. Previously reported cases have involved eyes with significant comorbidities and successful management has often required the removal of the device alongside systemic antibiotic therapy.

Patients And Methods: We present a 53-year-old man with severe orbital cellulitis, 3 months after routine implantation of a Baerveldt tube shunt for primary open angle glaucoma. Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017 Feb;195(4):533-535

SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.

Korean J Ophthalmol 2016 Dec 6;30(6):483-484. Epub 2016 Dec 6.

Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.

Am J Case Rep 2016 Dec 9;17:934-938. Epub 2016 Dec 9.

Department of Otolaryngology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.

BACKGROUND Extranodal lymphoma of the paranasal sinuses is a rare clinical entity seen in only 5-8% of extranodal lymphomas of the head and neck. Nasal natural killer/T cell lymphoma (Nasal NKTCL), which is a subtype of peripheral T cell lymphoma, constitutes about 1.4% of all lymphomas. Read More

Am J Otolaryngol 2017 Mar - Apr;38(2):130-134. Epub 2016 Nov 24.

Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Background: Pre- or retroseptal bacterial orbital cellulitis (pOC/rOC) is not an uncommon orbital disease. Treatment consists of antibiotics with or without surgical drainage. Several questions regarding course, complications and outcome of treatment are unanswered and the indication for surgery is not well defined. Read More

Indian Pediatr 2016 Nov;53(11):1037

Pediatric Hematology-Oncology unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, and # Department of Ophthalmology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

Dis Mon 2017 Feb 22;63(2):30-32. Epub 2016 Nov 22.

Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2016 Nov 22. Epub 2016 Nov 22.

*King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; †Department of Ophthalmology, Complejo Hospitalario Palencia, Palencia, Spain; ‡Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; §Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt; and ‖Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

An 8-year-old boy initially presented with an orbitopalpebral mass diagnosed clinically and radiologically as a low-flow diffuse venous lymphatic malformation involving the left upper eyelid and orbit. Over 8 months of follow up, he had 2 acute episodes of severe orbital inflammation that warranted hospitalization and treatment with intravenous antibiotic, steroids and surgical debulking. After a third surgical excision, the lesion remained clinically stable. Read More

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2016 Sep;22(5):432-436

Department of Ophthalmology, Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa-Turkey.

Background: The present study is an evaluation of clinical features and management outcomes of patients operated on for intraorbital foreign bodies (FBs).

Methods: Medical records of 24 patients who underwent surgery for intraorbital FBs within a 10-year period were reviewed.

Results: Twenty patients (83%) were male and 4 (17%) were female (mean age: 28 years; range: 4-69 years). Read More

Niger J Surg 2016 Jul-Dec;22(2):107-110

Department of Ophthalmology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1111, Benin, Edo State, Nigeria.

Background: Orbital cellulitis refers to the inflammation or infection of the soft tissues of the orbit located behind the orbital septum.

Aim: To determine the current trends in the outcomes following the management of orbital cellulitis in a tertiary hospital in Southern Nigeria.

Patients And Methods: A retrospective review of medical records of patients with orbital cellulitis from January 2008 to December 2014 was conducted. Read More

Clin Ophthalmol 2016 27;10:2129-2133. Epub 2016 Oct 27.

Department of Ophthalmology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine; Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the practice management patterns of the current members of the American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (ASOPRS) and to determine the use of oral prophylactic antibiotics in an attempt to prevent orbital cellulitis following nonoperative orbital fractures.

Patients And Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey was emailed to all the members of ASOPRS regarding their current management of nonsurgical orbital fractures and their experience with orbital cellulitis following nonoperative orbital fractures.

Results: The majority of practicing oculoplastic surgeon members of ASOPRS do not routinely prescribe prophylactic antibiotics for patients with nonoperative orbital fractures or patients with orbital fractures whom the physicians are observing and who might potentially need surgical intervention. Read More

J AAPOS 2016 Dec 31;20(6):546-548.e2. Epub 2016 Oct 31.

Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, England; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF Medical Center (Mission Bay), San Francisco, California.

Ophthalmomyiasis interna posterior is a rare condition caused by the invasion of the ocular posterior segment by the larval form of certain flies in the order Diptera. The main clinical features are reduced visual acuity, intense posterior uveitis, and neuroretinitis. Treatment of this condition is predominantly surgical, including argon laser photocoagulation for subretinal larva and pars plana vitrectomy for intravitreal infection. Read More