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J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018 Dec 18:appineuropsych18010005. Epub 2018 Dec 18.

From the Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sarkis); the Menninger Clinic and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex. (Coffey); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago (Cooper); the British Columbia Neuropsychiatry Program and Vancouver General Hospital Epilepsy Program, University of British Columbia (Hassan); and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (Lennox).

Objective:: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms. Given the nature of its pathophysiology, psychiatrists tend to be one of the first clinicians encountering patients with the disease.

Methods:: In the present review of patients described in the literature with psychiatric symptoms, the authors aimed to characterize the psychiatric symptoms of the disease and its management in adults and adolescents as well as children (≤12 years old). Read More

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2018 Dec 13;20(6). Epub 2018 Dec 13.

Department of Psychiatry, Henry Ford Behavioral Health Services, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Dev Med Child Neurol 2018 Dec 12. Epub 2018 Dec 12.

Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.

Down syndrome disintegrative disorder (DSDD) is an increasingly identified condition characterized by cognitive decline, autistic characteristics, insomnia, catatonia, and psychosis in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. Previously we reported a higher rate of autoimmune thyroid disease in these patients compared with unaffected individuals with Down syndrome. We therefore hypothesized DSDD may in some cases be immune-mediated. Read More

J Med Vasc 2018 Dec 1;43(6):371-374. Epub 2018 Nov 1.

Service de médecine vasculaire, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Site Sud, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France.

Catatonia is defined as a psychiatric syndrome. This syndrome is strongly associated with venous thromboembolism. As a difficult diagnosis in these patients, psychiatrists and vascular physicians should be aware of this association. Read More

Brain Stimul 2018 Dec 4. Epub 2018 Dec 4.

Metro South Addiction and Mental Health, Brisbane, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

Background: Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis most commonly presents with psychiatric symptoms such as behavioural disturbance, catatonia and psychosis. Although the primary treatment is with immunomodulatory therapy, psychiatric symptoms often require adjuvant management. Side effects and treatment resistance limits the use of psychotropics, but the role of ECT has been minimally reviewed. Read More

Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019 Jan 2;139(1):46-55. Epub 2018 Dec 2.

Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Objective: To review the treatment courses of 22 autistic patients diagnosed with catatonia over a 12-year period, including treatment with benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy.

Method: Retrospective review of inpatient and outpatient records of 22 autistic youth presenting to a neurobehavioral service who were treated for catatonia.

Results: Six girls and 16 boys ranging from ages 8 to 26 years old presenting for neurobehavioral assessment were found to meet criteria for catatonia according to the DSM5 and were treated for such. Read More

World J Biol Psychiatry 2018 Dec 4:1-25. Epub 2018 Dec 4.

e Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany.

Objectives: Despite intensive research, schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders continue to be theoretical constructs that describe clinical syndromes and no pathophysiologically defined diseases. Moreover, there are no clear biomarkers at hand. Therefore, these diagnoses are still set up based on clinical ICD-10 / DSM-5 criteria and the exclusion of alcohol- / drug-associated, systemic or other brain organic causes. Read More

CNS Drugs 2018 Nov 20. Epub 2018 Nov 20.

Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Background: Purified cannabidiol is a new antiepileptic drug that has recently been approved for use in patients with Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndromes, but most published studies have not extended beyond 12-16 weeks.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of cannabidiol in children with epilepsy.

Methods: Patients aged 1-17 years with refractory epilepsy were enrolled in an open-label prospective study through individual patient and expanded access programs between April 2013 and December 2014. Read More

Handb Clin Neurol 2018 ;157:663-675

Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States. Electronic address:

The clinical manifestation of drug-induced abnormalities in thermoregulation occurs across a variety of drug mechanisms. The aim of this chapter is to review two of the most common drug-induced hyperthermic states, serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment strategies will be discussed, in addition to differentiating between these two syndromes and differentiating them from other hyperthermic or febrile syndromes. Read More

J Clin Neurosci 2018 Nov 16. Epub 2018 Nov 16.

Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India. Electronic address:

We aimed to study the proportion of patients with movement disorders in seropositive autoimmune encephalitis of non-neoplastic aetiology and also to describe the spectrum of movement disorders in them. We prospectively screened 362 patients of age >12 years with encephalitis of unknown aetiology for a panel of antibodies for autoimmune encephalitis. Demographic and clinical characteristics with focus on the movement disorders were recorded. Read More

Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2018 Nov 15;2(4):369-370. Epub 2018 Aug 15.

The University of Tokyo Hospital, Department of Acute Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2018 Nov 14;28(9):663-666. Epub 2018 Nov 14.

Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida.

QJM 2018 Nov 13. Epub 2018 Nov 13.

Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Address: Department of Medicine, 3rd floor teaching block, AIIMS, New Delhi-29.

Wilson's Disease is an inborn error of metabolism associated with accumulation of copper in the body manifesting as hepatic, neurological and behavioural symptoms. Almost 20% patients initially present with behavioural symptoms such as depression, personality changes or even mania. Schizophrenia and catatonia are less common. Read More

Ind Psychiatry J 2018 Jan-Jun;27(1):151-153

Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Little is known about the entity of delirious mania, apart from a few reports. Delirious mania, though a potentially lethal condition, has not found a place in the current classification system. We discuss the approach to the identification and management of delirious mania in a female patient presenting with catatonic and delirious features, with a past history of recurrent mood episodes. Read More

J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018 Nov 8:appineuropsych18090210. Epub 2018 Nov 8.

From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago (MM); and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago (JJC).

Biomed Pharmacother 2019 Jan 2;109:174-180. Epub 2018 Nov 2.

Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia; All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Moscow, Russia.

The objective of the study was to investigate the association between catatonia in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the levels of hair and serum trace elements and minerals in children with ASD. The levels of hair and serum trace elements and minerals of boys suffering from ASD with (n = 30) and without (n = 30) catatonia, as well as 30 age- and sex-matched neurotypical controls were assessed using ICP-MS. Hair calcium (Ca) and selenium (Se) levels were lower in ASD patients as compared to the controls. Read More

J Addict Med 2018 Nov 2. Epub 2018 Nov 2.

Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (AMJvE, AF, JGEJ, AFAS); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (BSH, RAJE); and Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (SCAS).

Introduction: Catatonia is a syndrome that can present in different forms and can occur in multiple psychiatric and somatic conditions. This case report describes lethal catatonia caused by delayed toxic leukoencephalopathy after excessive use of cocaine and methadone. The characteristic radiographic imaging and biphasic course are discussed. Read More

Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2019 Jan 31;28(1):91-100. Epub 2018 Aug 31.

Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Psychiatric Hospital, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.

Electroconvulsive therapy is an established treatment for symptoms of psychosis and is currently recommended for use in patients who are experiencing an acute exacerbation of positive symptoms or who have had catatonia. There is also evidence to suggest that electroconvulsive therapy can be a safe, effective treatment in first episode psychosis, such as schizophrenia spectrum disorders, particularly in treatment-resistant patients. Other forms of neuromodulation (transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation) have less of an evidence base to support their use and are not formally indicated for the treatment of psychosis. Read More

Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2019 Jan 24;28(1):79-89. Epub 2018 Aug 24.

Village at Vanderbilt, Suite 2200, 1500 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA. Electronic address:

Despite the majority of patients with anti-N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis presenting with catatonic symptoms, the literature has not focused on well-known treatments for catatonia, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The authors review the literature identifying case reports that document the effective use of ECT for anti-NMDAR encephalitis. They also identify gaps in the literature regarding use and documentation of ECT and review possible mechanisms of action for ECT. Read More

Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2019 Jan 18;28(1):121-125. Epub 2018 Sep 18.

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.

This case provides support for electroconvulsive therapy as a safe treatment in adolescents with a feeding tube. The patient presented to our hospital with symptoms of catatonia with minimal oral intake. She had stopped eating, had minimal interaction with her environment, and spent weeks with a nasogastric tube for nutritional support. Read More

Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2019 Jan 29;28(1):111-120. Epub 2018 Aug 29.

Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Living/Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06114, USA.

Catatonia may be more common in children and adolescents than previously thought. A boost for the recognition of pediatric catatonia comes from changes in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, facilitating the diagnosis in a wide range of pediatric and adult patients with associated developmental and autistic spectrum disorders; and schizophrenic, affective, and medical disorders. The current status, assessment, and treatment of pediatric catatonia are described. Read More

Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2019 Jan 28;28(1):101-110. Epub 2018 Aug 28.

Department of Psychiatry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA. Electronic address:

Catatonia has been increasingly recognized in people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Assessment, diagnosis, and treatments are reviewed and illustrated with 2 new case vignettes. The use of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) is recommended in patients who fail to respond to medical treatments, including a trial of lorazepam or another benzodiazepine. Read More

Pediatrics 2018 Nov;142(5)

Service de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatriques et Schizophrénie à Début Précoce, Hôpital Fontan and

Catatonia is a rare, underdiagnosed syndrome in children. We report the case of a 4-year-old child admitted for recent social withdrawal alternating with psychomotor excitement, verbigeration, and a loss of toilet readiness. He had a history of neonatal seizures, had been stabilized with vigabatrin, and was seizure free without treatment for several months. Read More

BMC Psychiatry 2018 Oct 29;18(1):350. Epub 2018 Oct 29.

Department Of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Background: Catatonia is frequently associated with mood and psychotic disorders as well as with general medical conditions, especially with seizures. In the case of the latter, catatonia mostly resolves when the seizures respond to the anticonvulsive treatment. We report, to our knowledge, the first case of a patient without affective or psychotic disorder, who developed catatonia in the postictum and whose catatonia did not resolve with anticonvulsive treatment, but did so with lorazepam. Read More

AAPS J 2018 Oct 22;20(6):110. Epub 2018 Oct 22.

Drug Development and Analysis Lab., School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Ghatikia, Kalinganagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751029, India.

Identification of renin-angiotensin system in the interplay of hypertension and neurodegeneration has paved the way for the repurposing of antihypertensive drugs against Parkinsonism. Losartan carboxylic acid (LCA), the potent AT1 blocker metabolite of losartan, suffers from poor bioavailability and brain access. Since ascorbate transporters have earlier shown enough flexibility as carriers, we have conjugated losartan carboxylic acid to ascorbic acid with the aim of achieving higher oral/brain availability. Read More

BMC Psychiatry 2018 Oct 19;18(1):342. Epub 2018 Oct 19.

Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Dapi Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan.

Background: Patients with psychiatric disorders in critical condition are difficult to treat. In this study, we report on a patient with underlying schizoaffective disorder who developed catatonia, cardiac arrest, and pulmonary embolism, as well as a successful treatment strategy.

Case Presentation: The inpatient is a 41-year-old morbidly obese male with schizoaffective disorder whose clozapine dosage was titrated from 100 mg to 175 mg due to auditory hallucination and agitation. Read More

Rev Colomb Psiquiatr 2018 Oct - Dec;47(4):244-251. Epub 2017 Jun 17.

Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Université de Nantes, Nantes, Francia.

Some diseases secondary to inborn errors of metabolism are associated with psychiatric disorders or minor neurological symptoms. The existence of some cases with exclusively psychiatric symptoms represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The aim of this article is to describe seven treatable neurometabolic disorders that should be taken into account in the psychiatric consultation as they manifest with psychiatric symptoms that mask the organic origin of the disorder. Read More

Psychosomatics 2018 Nov 27;59(6):523-530. Epub 2018 Jun 27.

Department of Psychiatry (A.B.), NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY. Electronic address:

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is known to cause neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSLE). While not formally recognized as a syndrome associated with NPSLE, catatonia has frequently been reported.

Objective: It is important for clinicians to recognize and treat catatonia as a potential manifestation of NPSLE. Read More

Psychosomatics 2018 Jul 29. Epub 2018 Jul 29.

Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA.

Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2018 Nov 28;52(11):1092-1093. Epub 2018 Sep 28.

2 Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.

S Afr J Psychiatr 2018 30;24:1100. Epub 2018 Aug 30.

Department of Psychiatry, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa.

Background: Catatonia is a psychomotor dysregulation syndrome seen in several illnesses. Uncertainties exist regarding its prevalence and causes. While some research shows a strong association with mood disorders, other data show catatonia to be strongly associated with schizophrenia. Read More

Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018 Sep 26:1-15. Epub 2018 Sep 26.

b Nancy Lurie Marks Professor in the Field of Autism, Harvard Medical School, Director , Lurie Center for Autism , Lexington , MA , USA.

Introduction: Comorbid psychiatric disorders are common in Down syndrome (DS). Evidence for pharmacotherapy of psychiatric co-morbidity in DS is limited. Areas covered: This article reviews the literature on the pharmacotherapy of psychiatric conditions co-occurring with DS, including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), psychosis, and catatonia. Read More

Neuropsychiatr 2018 Sep 19. Epub 2018 Sep 19.

Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapeutische Medizin, Medizinische Universität Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Österreich.

This article is reporting about a spontaneous occurred catatonic syndrome in a 52 years old female patients with no prior psychiatric illness record. The catatonia followed a severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms. At the beginning additionally to the catatonic-symptoms severe disorientation and memory disturbances were prominent in a way it can be seen in neurodegenerative diseases like Lewy-Body-Dementia and Creutzfeldt-Jacob-Disease. Read More

Psychiatr Pol 2018 Jun 30;52(3):421-435. Epub 2018 Jun 30.

Katedra i Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych, Chorób Tkanki Łącznej i Geriatrii Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a frequent dangerous complication occurring during hospital treatment with total annual incidence of 70-200 per 100,000 citizens. Venous thromboembolism includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Pulmonary embolism is responsible for about 10% of hospitalization-related deaths and is the most common avoidable reason for deaths in hospitals. Read More

Psychosomatics 2018 Jul 31. Epub 2018 Jul 31.

College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; University of Kentucky Mental Health Research Center, Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, KY; Psychiatry and Neurosciences Research Group (CTS-549), Institute of Neurosciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biomedical Research Centre in Mental Health Net (CIBERSAM), Santiago Apóstol Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain. Electronic address:

Ann Transplant 2018 Aug 28;23:608-614. Epub 2018 Aug 28.

Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplant, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

BACKGROUND Central nervous system complications after transplantation occur in up to 40% of recipients and these complications are associated with increased length of hospital stay and mortality. Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric clinical syndrome which has been described in case reports and in a small case series as occurring in the immediate post-solid organ transplantation (SOT) period, and it has been attributed to calcineurin inhibitor neurotoxicity, psychological vulnerability, and depression. Among transplant recipients, the incidence of catatonia is unknown; it may be under diagnosed in part due to a broad differential diagnosis in the post-transplantation setting, which includes hypoactive delirium, non-convulsive status epilepticus, drug toxicity, conversion disorder, and volitional uncooperativeness. Read More

Psychosomatics 2018 May 17. Epub 2018 May 17.

Rush Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program, 1725 W Harrison St., Suite 755, Chicago, IL.

J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018 Aug 24:appineuropsych18060146. Epub 2018 Aug 24.

From the Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (TTT, SC); Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston (EG); and the Departments of Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Houston Methodist (RC).

Psychosomatics 2018 Nov 21;59(6):626. Epub 2018 Aug 21.

Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.

Nervenarzt 2018 Aug 20. Epub 2018 Aug 20.

Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Klinik für Allgemeine Psychiatrie, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland.

In rare cases, pharmacotherapy in schizophrenic psychoses can be associated with life-threatening antipsychotic-induced movement disorders. The two most severe complications are antipsychotic-associated catatonic symptoms (ACS) and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Although both constellations necessitate rapid medical care, the diagnosis is still a clinical challenge. Read More

Ir J Psychol Med 2018 03;35(1):69-73

Department of Psychiatry,University of Manitoba,Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada.

Described is an unusually severe case of catatonia in the context of a major depressive episode. The patient is a 49-year-old Caucasian female who was living with her husband in an urban apartment. In March 2015, she experienced a major depressive episode in the context of financial hardship after being dismissed from her job. Read More

J ECT 2018 Aug 14. Epub 2018 Aug 14.

Department of Psychiatry Osaka General Medical Center Osaka, Japan Department of Psychiatry Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka, Japan Department of Psychiatry Osaka General Medical Center Osaka, Japan Department of Psychiatry Osaka General Medical Center Osaka, Japan Department of Psychiatry Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka, Japan Department of Neurology Osaka General Medical Center Osaka, Japan Department of General Medicine Osaka General Medical Center Osaka, Japan Department of Neurology Osaka General Medical Center Osaka, Japan.

Psychosomatics 2018 Nov 31;59(6):531-538. Epub 2018 May 31.

Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Background: Pediatric catatonia is believed to be a rare condition, but challenges in recognition and variability in presentation may lead to underdiagnosis. Early identification and effective treatment of pediatric catatonia is critical given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with the condition. Given the widespread shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists, at times consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatrists without child training may be the frontline specialty providers asked to guide treatment of these pediatric patients. Read More

Asian J Psychiatr 2018 Aug 7;37:32-33. Epub 2018 Aug 7.

National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Dairy Circle, Near Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, India. Electronic address:

Psychiatr Clin North Am 2018 Sep 15;41(3):355-371. Epub 2018 Jun 15.

Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.

The use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for those suffering from major depressive disorder is well-evidenced, time-honored, and recognized by most treatment guidelines. However, since its inception ECT has been used by practitioners for a broader range of neuropsychiatric conditions. This article reviews the highly variable evidence supporting the use of ECT in conditions other than depression, such as schizophrenia, bipolar manic states, catatonia, Parkinson disease, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Read More

Asian J Psychiatr 2018 Aug 2;37:1-2. Epub 2018 Aug 2.

Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India. Electronic address:

Case Rep Psychiatry 2018 4;2018:4264763. Epub 2018 Jul 4.

College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.

Kahlbaum first described catatonia; later Kraepelin, Gjessing, and Leonhard each defined periodic catatonia differently. A 48-year-old female with catatonia, whose grandmother probably died from it, was prospectively followed for >4 years in a US psychiatric state hospital. Through 4 catatonic episodes (one lasting 17 months) there were menstrual exacerbations of catatonia and increases in 4 biological variables: (1) creatine kinase (CK) up to 4,920 U/L, (2) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) up to 424 U/L, (3) late afternoon cortisol levels up to 28. Read More

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018 Aug 1. Epub 2018 Aug 1.

Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA.

A retrospective review was conducted from the inpatient and outpatient records of twenty-two autistic youth presenting to a neurobehavioral service over a twelve-year period for combined psychiatric and behavioral pathology who also met DSM5 criteria for catatonia. Six autistic girls and 16 autistic boys ranging from ages eight to 26 years old were identified, and their variegated symptoms evaluated. Stereotypy, posturing, negativism, mutism and stupor were the most common catatonic symptoms, each present in more than half of the study patients. Read More