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J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2018 Jan-Dec;6:2324709618807504. Epub 2018 Oct 28.

State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.

In this article, we report the case of a 75-year-old man who was presented with new low back pain for 2 weeks. His past history was significant for severe aortic stenosis necessitating bioprosthetic aortic valve placement 4 years ago, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. His physical examination was positive for point tenderness over the lower lumbar spine. Read More

BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2018 Oct 19;18(1):195. Epub 2018 Oct 19.

Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.

Background: Infective endocarditis due to Escherichia coli is a rare disease but is increasing in frequency, especially among older women. In addition, its mortality rate is higher than that of endocarditis due to the HACEK-group gram-negative bacteria (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter spp. Read More

Microbiome 2018 04 24;6(1):59. Epub 2018 Apr 24.

Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, Room 518, New York, NY, 10016, USA.

Background: Dysbiosis of the oral microbiome can lead to local oral disease and potentially to cancers of the head, neck, and digestive tract. However, little is known regarding exogenous factors contributing to such microbial imbalance.

Results: We examined the impact of alcohol consumption on the oral microbiome in a cross-sectional study of 1044 US adults. Read More

IDCases 2018 6;11:77-79. Epub 2018 Feb 6.

Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Joseph's Health, Syracuse, NY, USA.

Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to is rare and recommended therapy includes a third generation cephalosporin. We report a case of endocarditis post transcatheter aortic valve replacement in a patient with significant beta-lactam antimicrobial sensitivities who was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin monotherapy in conjunction with surgery. Read More

Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2018 Mar 22;17(1):11. Epub 2018 Mar 22.

Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.

Background: Cardiobacterium is a fastidious Gram-negative bacillus, and is a rare human pathogen in clinical settings. Herein, we describe a case of Cardiobacterium valvarum (C. valvarum) endocarditis with a rare complication of cerebral hemorrhage after mitral valve replacement (MVR), tricuspid valve prosthesis (TVP) and vegetation removal operation. Read More

Int J Infect Dis 2018 Mar 1;68:83-87. Epub 2018 Feb 1.

Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark. Electronic address:

Objectives: Bacteria with common microbiological and clinical characteristics are often recognized as a particular group. The acronym HACEK stands for five fastidious genera associated with infective endocarditis (Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella). Data on the epidemiology of HACEK are sparse. Read More

Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2018 May;26(5):885-887

Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France.

We report 2 cases of Kingella kingae endocarditis leading to valvular mitral perforation in previously healthy children. Kingella kingae belongs to the HACEK (Haemophilus aphrophilus, Actiobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens and K. kingae) group of organisms known to cause endocarditis. Read More

Rev Med Liege 2017 Dec;72(12):522-528

Service des Maladies infectieuses et Immunologie, Médecine interne générale, CHU de Liège, Site Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgique.

We present the case of an acute endocarditis of mitral and aortic prosthetic heart valves caused by Aggregatibacter aphrophilus (Haemophilus aphrophilus-paraphrophilus). This third report in the literature emphasizes the diagnostic work-up and the role of positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography in this setting. The specificities of endocarditis due to the HACEK group (Haemophilus spp. Read More

Clin Infect Dis 2018 Jan;66(1):104-111

Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona.

Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) caused by Abiotrophia (ABI) and Granulicatella (GRA) species is poorly studied. This work aims to describe and compare the main features of ABI and GRA IE.

Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 12 IE institutional cases of GRA or ABI and of 64 cases published in the literature (overall, 38 ABI and 38 GRA IE cases). Read More

PLoS One 2017 21;12(9):e0184899. Epub 2017 Sep 21.

Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.

Little is known about physiological factors that affect the sense of olfaction in dogs. The objectives of this study were to describe the canine nasal and oral microbiota in detection dogs. We sought to determine the bacterial composition of the nasal and oral microbiota of a diverse population of detection canines. Read More

Vnitr Lek Fall 2017;63(7-8):472-474

The practices based on microbe cultivation are the corner stone of laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases etiology. However, cultivation-independent molecular methods for microorganism detection are increasingly being used in a routine clinical setting as an important complement to the conventional procedures and, in some cases, they have already become the golden diagnostic standard. The PCR-based methods are used the most frequently. Read More

Oral Dis 2017 Oct 24;23(7):926-940. Epub 2017 May 24.

Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

Objective: To profile salivary microbiomes of an urban-living, healthy Indian cohort and explore associations with proinflammatory status.

Methods: Fifty-one clinically healthy Indian subjects' salivary microbiomes were analyzed using 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Community distribution was compared with salivary data from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP). Read More

Rev Chilena Infectol 2016 Dec;33(6):691-695

Nefrología, Instituto de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.

The case of a male patient under hemodialytic therapy, who developed right heart failure is presented. Echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion, constrictive pattem in the right cavities, septation, without valvular damage and preserved systolic and diastolic function. Pericardial drainage and extensive pericardiectomy was performed obtaining cultures of pericardial tissue positive for an HACEK group organism, Cardiobacterium hominis, with repeatedly negative blood cultures. Read More

Conn Med 2017 Feb;81(2):99-101

Cardiobacterium hominis is an uncommon cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) and often presents insidiously. In comparison, prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT) is a rare, but life-threatening condition that commonly occurs due to inadequate anticoagulation. Anticoagulation is relatively contraindicated in patients with endocarditis as it may prove to be lethal due to increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Read More

Open Microbiol J 2016 30;10:183-187. Epub 2016 Nov 30.

Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark.

Introduction: and are well known, though rare, etiologic agents of infective endocarditis. Cardiac devices are increasingly implanted.

Case Reports: Two cases of infective episodes in pacemaker (PM) treated patients with respectively and are presented. Read More

J Clin Med Res 2017 Jan 24;9(1):71-73. Epub 2016 Nov 24.

Intensive Therapy Division, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, University Hospital, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.

, which belongs to the HACEK (, , , , and ) group, is a rare cause of subacute endocarditis and may lead to ischemic stroke. A 65-year-old female patient previously diagnosed with rheumatic valve disease was submitted to surgical mitral valve repair in 1996. Physical examination did not reveal any murmurs; physical examination of the lungs and abdomen was normal. Read More

Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2016 Dec;74(6):693-696

Service de bactériologie-hygiène, Pôle biologie, CHU Rennes, France, Équipe microbiologie, UPRES-EA 1254, IFR GFAS 140, Université européenne de Bretagne, Faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, France, Département de bactériologie, Pôle biologie, CHRU Brest, Brest, France.

Infectious endocarditis due to Cardiobacterium hominis is an uncommon event, accounting for less than 2% of all cases of infectious endocarditis. The infection of the tricuspid valve as it is reported here is extremely rare. We report the case of a tricuspid endocarditis due to Cardiobacterium hominis in a 56 year-old man who was admitted to hospital with pelvic and scapular pain. Read More

Genome Announc 2016 Sep 22;4(5). Epub 2016 Sep 22.

Laboratory Department, Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland Department of Internal Medicine, Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland

Cardiobacterium hominis is a well-known commensal bacterium of the oral cavity and an agent of infective endocarditis in humans. Here, we provide a draft genome sequence of a pathogenic strain isolated from blood cultures of a patient with infectious endocarditis. Read More

R I Med J (2013) 2016 Jul 1;99(7):24-6. Epub 2016 Jul 1.

Clinical Instructor in Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.

The HACEK group of organisms are one of the infrequent causes of infective endocarditis. Infective endocarditis should be recognized and treated promptly to prevent excessive morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Sometimes the diagnosis is delayed due to vague and subtle presentation. Read More

Conn Med 2016 May;80(5):297-300

A 43-year-old male with a history of bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement and tricuspid valve annuloplasty presented with vertigo and was found to have an acute infarct in the left superior cerebellum, as well as a left-middle cerebral artery mycotic aneurysm. Blood cultures grew Cardiobacterium hominis and bioprosthetic aortic valve vegetation was found on transthoracic echocardiogram. Read More

S Afr Med J 2016 Feb;106(2):145-50

Although infective endocarditis (IE) is relatively uncommon, it remains an important clinical entity with a high in-hospital and 1-year mortality. It is most commonly caused by viridans streptococci. Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a malignant course of IE and often requires early surgery to eradicate. Read More

Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016 06 17;14(6):539-45. Epub 2016 May 17.

b Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon.

Introduction: The HACEK group, referring to Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae, is a rare cause of infective endocarditis (IE). It causes the majority of Gram-negative endocarditis cases and has an excellent prognosis and simple management if properly identified. Read More

Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016 28;14(5):523-30. Epub 2016 Mar 28.

a Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit , Pontchaillou University Hospital , Rennes , France.

The HACEK group of bacteria - Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Aggregatibacter spp. (A. actinomycetemcomitans, A. Read More

Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2016 May 27;24(4):309-15. Epub 2016 Feb 27.

Cardiothoracic Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Background: Timing of surgery in the management of infective endocarditis is controversial, and there is still no definite conclusion on how early the surgery should be performed. This study focuses on the outcomes of surgery during the active period of infective endocarditis in consideration of the duration after diagnosis.

Methods: One hundred and thirty-four patients with active native valve infective endocarditis who underwent surgery from January 2006 to December 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. Read More

PLoS One 2015 7;10(12):e0143603. Epub 2015 Dec 7.

Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Poor oral health has been linked with an increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We investigated whether alteration of oral microbiota is associated with ESCC risk. Fasting saliva samples were collected from 87 incident and histopathologicallly diagnosed ESCC cases, 63 subjects with dysplasia and 85 healthy controls. Read More

PLoS One 2015 4;10(9):e0137030. Epub 2015 Sep 4.

Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Black tooth stain is a characteristic extrinsic discoloration commonly seen on the cervical enamel following the contour of the gingiva. To investigate the relationship between black tooth stain and the oral microbiota, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to compare the microbial composition of dental plaque and saliva among caries-free children with and without black stain. Dental plaque and saliva, as well as black stain, were sampled from 10 children with and 15 children without black stain. Read More

Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2015 Jan-Feb;26(1):41-3

Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.

Cardiobacterium hominis, a member of the HACEK group of organisms, is an uncommon but important cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis. First-line therapy is a third-generation cephalosporin due to rare beta-lactamase production. The authors report a case involving endovascular infection due to C hominis that initially tested resistant to third-generation cephalosporins using an antibiotic gradient strip susceptibility method (nitrocephin negative), but later proved to be susceptible using broth microdilution reference methods (a 'major' error). Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2014 Dec;93(27):e237

From the Division of Infectious Diseases therapeutics, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality, and these can be exacerbated by delay in diagnosis. We investigated IE diagnosis in Japan with the emphasis on the delay in diagnosis and its cause and implications. We conducted a retrospective study on 82 definite IE patients at Kobe University Hospital from April 1, 2008, through March 31, 2013. Read More

J Infect Chemother 2014 Dec 19;20(12):804-9. Epub 2014 Sep 19.

Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.

A 53-year-old man with a past medical history of total arch replacement surgery and severe aortic regurgitation presented with a 1-month history of persistent general malaise, anorexia, body weight loss and night sweats. His recent history included gingival hyperplasia for 6 years, gingivitis after tooth extraction 3 years before, prolonged inflammatory status for 4 months, fundal hemorrhage and leg tenderness for 2 months. A pathogen was detected from blood culture, but conventional microbiological examination failed to identify the pathogen. Read More

QJM 2015 Mar 15;108(3):219-29. Epub 2014 Sep 15.

From the Department of Medicine, Research Department of Infection and Population Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Healthcare, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Hospital, London, UK, Department of Clinical Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK, Department of Cardiology, The Heart Hospital, London, UK and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital, London, UK.

Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Patient and pathogen profiles, as well as microbiological and operative strategies, continue to evolve. The impact of these changes requires evaluation to inform optimum management and identify individuals at high risk of early mortality. Read More

J Clin Periodontol 2014 Nov 22;41(11):1027-36. Epub 2014 Sep 22.

Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Aim: To determine microbial profiles that discriminate periodontal health from different forms of periodontal diseases.

Methods: Subgingival biofilm was obtained from patients with periodontal health (27), gingivitis (11), chronic periodontitis (35) and aggressive periodontitis (24), and analysed for the presence of >250 species/phylotypes using HOMIM. Microbial differences among groups were examined by Mann-Whitney U-test. Read More

Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014 23;4:95. Epub 2014 Jul 23.

Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Unlabelled: Oral bacteria live in symbiosis with the host. Therefore, when mouthwashes are indicated, selective inhibition of taxa contributing to disease is preferred instead of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. The potential selectivity of an oxygenating mouthwash, Ardox-X® (AX), has not been assessed. Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014 Jul;33(7):785-6

From the *Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and †Department of Pediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand.

Kingella kingae is part of the Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter spp., Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens and Kingella spp. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2014 May 23;2014. Epub 2014 May 23.

Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.

A 66-year-old woman with a history of tissue aortic valve replacement and chronic back pain presented to the emergency department with a suspected right leg deep vein thrombosis. A recent outpatient MRI had revealed discitis. A ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest occurred in the emergency department. Read More

J Med Microbiol 2014 Jun 28;63(Pt 6):892-5. Epub 2014 Mar 28.

Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand

We retrospectively examined medical records of 87 patients with bacteraemia caused by members of the HACEK group (Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus, Cardiobacterium spp., Eikenella corrodens and Kingella spp.) to determine whether endocarditis was present, as defined by the Duke criteria. Read More

Med Mal Infect 2014 Mar 18;44(3):129-31. Epub 2014 Feb 18.

Groupe hospitalier de l'Institut Catholique Lillois, faculté libre de médecine, 59000 Lille, France; Département de rhumatologie, hôpital Saint-Philibert, 115, rue du Grand-But, 59462 Lomme, France.

Infect Dis Rep 2013 Jan 4;5(1):e7. Epub 2013 Jun 4.

Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Gram negative endocarditis is relatively rare in pediatrics but when they occur they are most frequently caused by one of the HACEK (Haemophilus species, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, C. hominis, Eikenella corrodens and Kingella kingae) group of microorganisms. Within the HACEK group of microorganisms there have been approximately 100 cases of Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis reported in the literature, but only 2 previous cases of endocarditis and one case of pericarditis have been reported in children. Read More

Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014 Apr 29;15(4):471. Epub 2013 Oct 29.

Division of Cardiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, 289, Jianguo Road, Xindian, New Taipei, Taiwan.

Indian J Ophthalmol 2014 Apr;62(4):495-7

Department of Ophthalmic Plastics, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L.V Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Cardiobacterium hominis is a member of the HACEK (Haemophilus sp., Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, C. hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae) group commonly associated with endocarditits and is normally present in the respiratory tract. Read More

J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2013 Sep 18;2(3):278-80. Epub 2012 Oct 18.

Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Childrens Hospital, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York

J Clin Microbiol 2013 Nov 21;51(11):3862-4. Epub 2013 Aug 21.

University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

The accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the identification of Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella (HACEK) species was compared to that of phenotypic methods (Remel RapID and Vitek 2). Overall, Vitek MS correctly identified more isolates, incorrectly identified fewer isolates, and failed to identify fewer isolates than both phenotypic methods. Read More

Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2013 ;53(8):654-7

Department of Neurology, Kumamoto University, Japan.

A 45-year-old woman was referred to our hospital by ambulance with left-sided palsy presented at dinner. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) showed a somewhat high intensity area in the right frontal lobe, and brain magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) revealed right middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in the M1 distal segment. Although intravenous rt-PA treatment was initiated at 2 hours and 10 minutes after onset, recanalization was not achieved. Read More

BMC Microbiol 2013 Jul 16;13:162. Epub 2013 Jul 16.

Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland.

Background: Accurate identification of fastidious Gram-negative rods (GNR) by conventional phenotypic characteristics is a challenge for diagnostic microbiology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of molecular methods, e.g. Read More

PLoS One 2013 17;8(5):e63181. Epub 2013 May 17.

Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch and Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.

The HACEK organisms (Haemophilus species, Aggregatibacter species, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella species) are rare causes of infective endocarditis (IE). The objective of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with HACEK endocarditis (HE) in a large multi-national cohort. Patients hospitalized with definite or possible infective endocarditis by the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Prospective Cohort Study in 64 hospitals from 28 countries were included and characteristics of HE patients compared with IE due to other pathogens. Read More

J Clin Microbiol 2013 Jun 10;51(6):1996-7. Epub 2013 Apr 10.

Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.

Cardiobacterium valvarum is a relatively novel agent of infective endocarditis. We describe the first case of infective endocarditis due to this pathogen in the Asian Pacific. This case is unique in its involvement of the mitral valve as well as its clinical resolution exclusively resulting from treatment with antibiotics without resorting to valve replacement/explantation. Read More

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013 Jun 22;76(2):125-8. Epub 2013 Mar 22.

CHU Lille F-59000 Lille France.

A polymerase chain reaction with an injection of the amplicons in an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR-ESI-MS) technique was evaluated for the diagnosis of bacterial and yeast pathogens on 13 cardiac valves with suspected endocarditis. At the moment of surgery, 3/13 PCR-ESI-MS results matched with microbiological documentation. Nine PCR-ESI-MS results correlated with Duke's criteria, leukocytes, C-reactive protein and blood cultures before surgery. Read More

J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2015 Apr 25;48(2):226-8. Epub 2012 Sep 25.

Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan.

We report the case of using a long-term combination of meropenem and amikacin to treat infective endocarditis caused by Enterobacter cloacae resistant to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. Multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli, such as the E. cloacae in our study, may become possible pathogens of infective endocarditis. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2012 Aug 13;2012. Epub 2012 Aug 13.

Department 2, Curry Cabral's Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal.

Infective endocarditis can be associated with complex clinical presentations, sometimes with a difficult multi-disciplinary management. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans belongs to the Haemophilus species, Actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens and Kingella species group, responsible for 5% to 10% of infective endocarditis in native heart valves. These organisms have slow fastidious growth pattern, often associated with negative cultures, and cause systemic embolism with abscess formation. Read More

J Med Microbiol 2012 Nov 9;61(Pt 11):1625-30. Epub 2012 Aug 9.

Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.

We present a case of aortic and tricuspid native valve endocarditis in which Cardiobacterium valvarum was isolated from the blood culture of a 65-year-old man. Cardiobacterium valvarum is a fastidious, Gram-negative bacillus. The genus Cardiobacterium encompasses two species - Cardiobacterium valvarum and Cardiobacterium hominis. Read More