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Plast Surg (Oakv) 2020 Aug 18;28(3):142-147. Epub 2020 Feb 18.

Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.

Objectives: Functional deficits of the forehead and midface can pose significant problems for patients varying from mild asymmetry to various degrees of functional impairment including total paralysis. Our objectives were to analyse the use of bio-absorbable implants to reconstruct forehead and midface deficits, all of which were for functional (noncosmetic) reasons.

Methods: This study was a retrospective case series between 2008 and 2018. Read More

Facial Plast Surg 2018 Apr 9;34(2):139-144. Epub 2018 Apr 9.

Lindsay House Surgery Center for Plastic Surgery, Rochester, New York.

The endoscopic brow lift has become an established procedure that can safely and reliably rejuvenate the upper third of the face. The authors discuss relevant anatomy and considerations for patient selection to optimize surgical outcomes. A detailed review of surgical technique is presented, and the potential complications and means to reduce them are discussed. Read More

Br J Ophthalmol 2017 07 29;101(7):940-945. Epub 2016 Nov 29.

Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Purpose: To elucidate the course of the supraorbital nerve (SON) with reference to the lacrimal caruncle in order to facilitate safer direct browplasty by preventing nerve injury.

Methods: Thirty-four hemifaces from 18 embalmed Korean cadavers were dissected. A vertical line through the upmost point of the lacrimal caruncle and a horizontal line through the supraorbital margin were used as the horizontal and vertical reference positions, respectively. Read More

Lasers Surg Med 2016 10 9;48(8):742-747. Epub 2016 Aug 9.

Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136.

Purpose: To investigate 1,064 nm long-pulse Nd:YAG laser for postoperative treatment of direct browplasty scars.

Methods: Nine patients who underwent direct browplasty were enrolled in this prospective study. Subjects were randomized to unilateral laser treatment at 2-week intervals for six total treatments, with the contralateral scar used as a control. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2016 May-Jun;32(3):204-6

*Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and †Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.A.

Purpose: To describe and evaluate 1) the quantitated internal suture browpexy (ISB), which combines the advantages of a browpexy and "brassiere suture," 2) the endoscopic Endotine browplasty, and 3) to compare these two techniques in patients undergoing simultaneous upper blepharoplasty.

Methods: Retrospective review of patients undergoing bilateral upper blepharoplasty alone, bilateral ISB with upper blepharoplasty, and bilateral Endotine (MicroAire, Charlottesville, VA, U.S. Read More

Can J Ophthalmol 2014 Apr;49(2):174-9

Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Electronic address:

Objective: To determine patient-based scar assessment after direct browplasty for correction of brow ptosis between Asian female patients with and without brow tattoos.

Design: A retrospective study with questionnaire via telephone interview.

Participants: A total of 30 female Asian patients underwent direct browplasty from January 2008 to December 2011. Read More

Aesthet Surg J 2013 Sep 9;33(7):983-94. Epub 2013 Sep 9.

Dr Daniel is a Clinical Professor and Dr Kosins is a Clinical Assistant Professor WOS at The Aesthetic & Plastic Surgery Institute, University of California-Irvine, Orange, California.

Background: Plastic surgeons have long recognized the importance of performing chin augmentation concurrent with a rhinoplasty to achieve facial balance. However, few surgeons consider the benefits of combining a rhinoplasty with brow modification to achieve a better aesthetic result. By increasing the size of the middle third of the face, the nose will automatically appear smaller. Read More

Case Rep Ophthalmol Med 2013 15;2013:952079. Epub 2013 Jul 15.

Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020 Canakkale, Turkey ; Barbaros mahallesi, Plaj Sokak, Hamidiye Sitesi, C/9 Merkez, 17020 Canakkale, Turkey.

Purpose. This report aimed to describe a minor modification of the traditional direct browplasty technique that aids in surgical planning for patients with brow ptosis secondary to facial paralysis without changing the shape of the brow. Case Report. Read More

Arch Facial Plast Surg 2008 Sep-Oct;10(5):316-20

The Maas Clinic, San Francisco, California, USA.

Objective: To determine the shear strength of BioGlue Surgical Adhesive (Cryolife Inc, Kennesaw, Georgia) for use in periosteal fixation in endoscopic browplasty.

Methods: In a controlled design, the shear strength of periosteal attachment to native bone and that of dissected periosteum affixed to bone with BioGlue surgical adhesive was physiologically determined. Twenty-one periosteum and bone samples were harvested from 3 human cadavers. Read More

Arch Facial Plast Surg 2005 Nov-Dec;7(6):393-7

The Maas Clinic, 2400 Clay Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.

Objective: To determine the efficacy, longevity, and safety of BioGlue Surgical Adhesive for periosteal fixation in endoscopic browlifts.

Methods: Retrospective review of 80 patients who underwent endoscopic browlift using BioGlue as the primary means of periosteal fixation. Visits were categorized as preoperative, 1 to 2 months, 3 to 6 months, and 7 to 12 months, and photographs of the first 15 patients were evaluated for change in brow position at each of these visits. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2005 Nov;116(6):1761-7; discussion 1768-70

Background: The Endotine Forehead device (Coapt Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) is an implantable bioabsorbable fixation device designed to provide intuitive, multipoint, distributed tension and repeatable and predictable brow fixation during endoscopic and open browplasty. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 1991 Mar;87(3):582

Plast Reconstr Surg 1990 Aug;86(2):248-54

Department of Ophthalmology, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Md.

Surgical approaches to the eyelids and eyebrows have been refined by application of their anatomy and appreciation of their pathophysiology. Sexual variations in eyebrow appearance can be attributed in part to the eyebrow fat pad. In females, the eyebrow is generally arched and above the level of the supraorbital rim. Read More

South Med J 1987 May;80(5):597-600

To the facial plastic and reconstructive surgeon, direct browplasty is a useful adjunct to other facial rejuvenative procedures. Unlike other procedures designed to correct the ptotic brow, direct browplasty allows the surgeon to reposition the brow more accurately. In addition, use of a layered plastic closure results in an acceptable surgical scar that can further be camouflaged with appropriate cosmetic techniques in selected patients. Read More

Laryngoscope 1986 Aug;96(8):837-9

As is well known by facial plastic surgeons, the browplasty serves to augment the favorable aesthetic effect of blepharoplasty as well as delay or reduce the effect on the forehead that the ptotic brow creates in compensatory elevation. A method of achieving postoperative symmetry in performing direct browplasty is described utilizing: direct measurement of the amount of preoperative ptosis; and known anatomic reference points in which to correlate these measurements on the face. The surgical technique involving a layered plastic closure is also described in order to further obtain the most desirable postoperative result. Read More

Ophthalmic Surg 1984 May;15(5):382-5

The excision of a basal cell carcinoma of the lower eyelid often leaves a large defect. The rotational browplasty flap with a full thickness buccal mucous membrane graft permits satisfactory reconstruction when standard procedures have failed or are not advisable. It is especially useful in recurrent lid tumors where surgery and/or radiotherapy have been unsuccessful in controlling the tumor. Read More

Arch Ophthalmol 1981 Jun;99(6):1056-62

Essential blepharospasm is an idiopathic, progressively debilitating disease leading to blindness. Years of forceful spasms result in brow ptosis, dermatochalasis, and, frequently, levator aponeurosis and lateral canthal tendon defects. Following standard neurectomy procedures, the facies droop, brow ptosis and dermatochalasis worsen, and ptosis and canthal tendon laxity suddenly become more evident. Read More

Head Neck Surg 1978 Nov-Dec;1(2):112-22

Brow modifications are discussed with respect to their role as aids in achieving certain aesthetic effects when rhinoplasty is being performed. If a deep nasofrontal angle should not be brought forward, reduction of the brow may be indicated. If the nasofrontal angle should not be retrodisplaced to deepen a shallow angle, brow augmentation may prove helpful in separating the nose from the forehead or in making the nose appear shorter in the vertical dimension. Read More

Arch Otolaryngol 1978 Jan;104(1):26-30

Indications and advantages of the frontal lift are seen in comparison to the limitations of the conventional browplasty. The anatomy is reviewed, including the planes of dissection, nerves, vessels, muscles, and bony landmarks. Temporal and frontal ptosis, as well as glabellar and frontal creases are treated through this approach. Read More