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J Cosmet Dermatol 2018 Dec 25;17(6):1025-1030. Epub 2018 Oct 25.

Aesthetic Medicine Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) is a commonly used soft tissue filler for aesthetic facial improvement, in particular for the lower and mid-face. The golden standard for upper facial filler indications is hyaluronic acid (HA) injection. In this report we investigate the safety, efficacy and complication rates after injections of CaHA to the upper third of the face using a variety of different techniques. Read More

Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2014 Oct;121(10):507-15

A prominent characteristic of the aging face is the descent of skin and subcutaneous tissues. In order to reduce this and create a more youthful appearance, several lifting procedures can be employed. In the forehead and eyebrow region the transblepharoplastic brow lift, the direct brow lift, the temporal brow lift, the coronal brow lift and the endoscopic brow lift can be distinguished. Read More

Facial Plast Surg 2011 Feb 18;27(1):50-7. Epub 2011 Jan 18.

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 29239, USA.

Forehead lifting serves to restore a more youthful appearance as well as a more functional and aesthetically pleasing brow position. The purpose of this review is to describe the pertinent anatomy and forehead aesthetics, then to discuss the patient evaluation, surgical approaches, complications, and nonsurgical adjuncts. Anatomic features reviewed include the layers of the forehead and scalp, blood supply, innervation, musculature, and the temporal branch of the facial nerve anatomy. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2009 Oct;124(4):1296-301

Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. 02114, USA.

Background: Lack of an objective goal for brow-lift surgery may explain why several articles in the plastic surgery literature conclude that brow lifts produce eyebrows with shape and position that are not aesthetically pleasing. By comparing eyebrow shape and position in both young and mature women, this study provides objective data with which to plan forehead rejuvenating procedures.

Methods: Two cohorts of women aged 20 to 30 years and 50 to 60 years were photographed to determine eyebrow position. Read More

J Pediatr Surg 2006 Nov;41(11):1874-8

Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5733, USA.

Purpose: Benign tumors of the brow and forehead are commonly managed by pediatric general surgeons by excision through an overlying incision. Cosmetic results in children can be suboptimal. Plastic surgeons have used endoscopic brow-lift techniques for the removal of these lesions. Read More

Aesthet Surg J 2006 Jan-Feb;26(1):19-23

Background: Surgical techniques for improving the upper eyelid aesthetic unit have recently focused on the management of eyebrow position. In our practice, we noticed that in some patients the lateral brow was low preoperatively, whereas in others it was well positioned but overly mobile.

Objective: We describe our experience using the lateral subcutaneous brow lift (LSBL) to elevate and stabilize the lateral brow. Read More

J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005 Jan;63(1):25-7

Private Practice, Tulsa Surgical Arts, Tulsa, OK, USA.

Purpose: In this in vivo study, we set out to determine the reliability of the medial margin of the iris as a landmark for the course of the supraorbital neurovascular bundle at the supraorbital rim.

Patients And Methods: Seventy-five patients (73 women and 2 men) undergoing endoscopic brow lift procedures were enrolled, for a total of 150 sides. With the patient focused on a distant point, a line was constructed preoperatively along the mid-sagittal plane, tangential to the medial iris. Read More