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Aesthetic Plast Surg 2017 Jun 2;41(3):499-506. Epub 2017 Feb 2.

Hospital da Prelada, Rua de Sarmento de Beires, 153, 4250-449, Porto, Portugal.

Background: Vertical techniques have become more popular and versatile in breast reduction and mastopexy procedures. The authors introduce a combination of vertical mammoplasty with vertical bipedicle technique, presenting some innovations concerning pedicle design, glandular dissection pattern, and the role of liposuction.

Methods: In this article, we describe a personal surgical technique and analyze the results on 73 mastopexy and breast reduction patients, operated on between 2012 and 2014 by the senior author. Read More

Aesthetic Plast Surg 2007 Jul-Aug;31(4):343-4

Sonnenstrasse 6, CH, 9000, St Gallen, Switzerland.

Aesthetic Plast Surg 2007 Jul-Aug;31(4):337-42

Belvedere Private Hospital, Abbeywood, Kneehill, UK.

Background: Reduction mammaplasty and mastopexy are commonly performed aesthetic procedures. One such procedure, the vertical scar technique, has gained popularity in recent years, and various types of pedicles have been designed and associated with it. The vertical scar with the bipedicle technique is one such combination that ensures nipple safety and minimizes scarring, with a good aesthetic result. Read More

Br J Plast Surg 2005 Mar;58(2):209-15

Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Inciralti Izmir, Turkey.

McKissock's vertical bipedicle flaps technique is a common technique used in reduction mammaplasty. This technique includes a well-vascularised dermal-parenchymal pedicle for safe nipple-areola transposition, but it has been criticised as resulting in a flat breast with inadequate projection after long-term follow-up. Various techniques in which dermal suspension flaps are used have demonstrated decreased secondary ptosis. Read More

Semin Plast Surg 2004 Aug;18(3):179-87

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.

After massive weight loss, breasts have poor shape, projection, and skin elasticity. The nipples are distorted and ptotic. Mastopexy is difficult and historically includes the use of excess nearby tissues. Read More

Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2003 Jul;19(4):270-2

Department of Breast Tumor, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China.

Objective: To study the efficacy and complications of the method for reduction mammaplasty in patients with breast benign diseases.

Methods: From November 1980 to December 2001, reduction mammaplasty was performed in 27 patients with breast hypertrophy, ptosis and benign diseases. The operation methods were selected according to the characters of the diseases and the extent of breast hypertrophy and ptosis. Read More

Aesthetic Plast Surg 2001 Jul-Aug;25(4):286-9

A method of repair is described for correction of abnormally enlarged nipple-areola complex following both periareolar mastopexy and pregnancy. Although during periolar mastopexy or reduction mammoplasty regular subcuticular dermal sutures may control the enlargement of nipple-areola complexes initially, the periareolar scar becomes hypertrophic and areolar spreading occurs to some extent. Periareolar mastopexy techniques are indeed advisable only for minimal hypertrophies or ptosis of the breast, especially for areolar asymmetry, if an acceptable, normal-size areola is expected. Read More

Aesthetic Plast Surg 2001 Jul-Aug;25(4):283-5

Breast reduction mammoplasty is becoming an increasingly common procedure. A baseline mammogram is recommended after 35 years of age as the most effective method for detection of small breast cancers. A prospective study was conducted for the evaluation of the mammographic findings after reduction mammoplasty. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2000 Aug;106(2):289-95; discussion 295-7

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.

In the last two decades, McKissock's technique for reduction mammaplasty was largely replaced by Robbins's inferior pedicle technique. However, a substantial number of plastic surgeons still perform McKissock's technique in the belief that it is superior to the inferior pedicle technique in terms of aesthetic results and complication rate. In this study, the authors compared the aesthetic results, complication rates, and patient satisfaction with the two techniques. Read More

Aesthetic Plast Surg 1998 Nov-Dec;22(6):425-9

The "flip-flap" mastopexy modifies the McKissock vertical bipedicle design by creating a wide superiorly based flap of breast tissue deep to the vertical bipedicle. Transposition of this flap up and beneath the upper breast, with suture anchoring to the pectoralis fascia at the level of the second rib, restores upper breast fullness, decreases mastopexy-wrecking lower breast bulk, and provides a pleasant forward thrust of the nipple-areolar complex. The "flip-flap" is effective for improving the long-term aesthetic outcome for both reduction mammaplasty and mastopexies of moderate- to full-sized breasts. Read More

Ann Chir Plast Esthet 1993 Apr;38(2):198-205; discussion 206

312 cases of reduction mammaplasty performed over a period of 12 years according to McKissock's technique are reviewed. This technique is characterised by a pre-established drawing, a vertical nipple-bearing bipedicle flap, and perfectly defined cutaneo-glandular resection according to three blocks. it is indicated in almost 70% of women between the ages of 20 and 50 years with an equal distribution by 10-year age-groups. Read More

Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 1991 ;25(1):41-5

Department of Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden.

Necrosis of the nipple after a reduction mammaplasty with transposition of the nipple is a serious complication. A study was undertaken to measure the skin circulation in the nipple before, during and after this operation. In 16 patients undergoing reduction mammaplasty according to the method of McKissock, the skin circulation was measured in both breasts by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and fluorescein flowmetry (FF). Read More

Aesthetic Plast Surg 1983 ;7(3):149-54

Presented are various modifications of the McKissock vertical bipedicle dermal flap technique for reduction mammoplasty, to enhance the cosmetic and functional results. Virtual elimination of vascular embarrassment of the nipple-areolar complex and largely unimpaired nipple sensation are features of this technique. Suited to this method are a wide variety of enlarged and ptotic breasts. Read More

Clin Plast Surg 1976 Apr;3(2):309-20

Br J Plast Surg 1976 Apr;29(2):142-9

A technique for reduction mammaplasty has been developed. The method has been used in 174 patients and the complications and final results have been analysed. If a transverse scar can be accepted the method gives an attractive, predictable shape, with very few complications and very little morbidity. Read More

Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1972 ;6(1):61-8