Search Our Scientific Publications & Authors

Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019 Jan 3. Epub 2019 Jan 3.

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Purpose: Patients with spontaneous nipple discharge (SND) who have neither clinically palpable masses nor evidence of disease on imaging with mammogram and/or ultrasound are traditionally investigated with galactogram and duct excision. As breast imaging improves, it has raised the question whether galactography and microductectomy are necessary to diagnose breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of malignancy in patients presenting with SND who underwent microductectomy and to evaluate the utility of duct excision and galactography in patients whose initial clinical and radiological evaluation were negative. Read More

J Am Coll Radiol 2018 Nov;15(11S):S276-S282

Panel Chair, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia.

Breast pain is a common complaint. However, in the absence any accompanying suspicious clinical finding (eg, lump or nipple discharge), the association with malignancy is very low (0%-3.0%). Read More

J Am Coll Radiol 2018 Nov;15(11S):S263-S275

Panel Chair, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia.

Breast imaging during pregnancy and lactation is challenging due to unique physiologic and structural breast changes that increase the difficulty of clinical and radiological evaluation. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is increasing as more women delay child bearing into the fourth decade of life, and imaging of clinical symptoms should not be delayed. PABC may present as a palpable lump, nipple discharge, diffuse breast enlargement, focal pain, or milk rejection. Read More

PLoS One 2018 8;13(10):e0204326. Epub 2018 Oct 8.

Department of Clinical Radiology, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.

Purpose: To evaluate the malignancy rate and diagnostic performance of galactography in patients with pathological nipple discharge (PND) after negative clinical breast examination, mammography and ultrasound.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively evaluated all galactograms obtained between January 2006 and December 2014 in women with PND. Galactographic findings were classified into 6 groups according to a modified Galactogram Image Classification system (GICS) to comply with the breast imaging reporting and data system classification. Read More

AJR Am J Roentgenol 2018 Oct 14;211(4):920-925. Epub 2018 Aug 14.

5 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess radiologists' choice of imaging modality for the evaluation of clinical symptoms of physiologic nipple discharge (e.g., bilateral discharge, multiple-duct orifices, and yellow, green, or white color) and pathologic nipple discharge (e. Read More

Radiology 2018 08;288(2):624-629

From the Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 10 Nathan D Perlman Place, New York, NY 10003.

History A 57-year-old woman presented with right breast swelling and enlargement and a palpable mass in the right lower inner breast. There was no history of fever, trauma, skin redness, or nipple discharge. The patient had a history of breast augmentation, with retropectoral silicone implants placed 2. Read More

Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018 May 4;78(5):493-498. Epub 2018 Jun 4.

Klinik für Radiologie - Klinikum Frankfurt Hoechst, DKG-zertifiziertes Brustzentrum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Introduction: For decades, conventional galactography was the only imaging technique capable of showing the mammary ducts. Today, diagnosis is based on a multimodal concept which combines high-resolution ultrasound with magnetic resonance (MR) mammography and ductoscopy/galactoscopy and has a sensitivity and specificity of up to 95%. This study used tomosynthesis in galactography for the first time and compared the synthetic digital 2D full-field mammograms generated with this technique with the images created using the established method of ductal sonography. Read More

Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2019 Mar - Apr;48(2):117-120. Epub 2018 Jan 9.

Department of Radiology, Columba University Medical Center, New York, NY.

Purpose: To evaluate whether in the setting of negative diagnostic mammogram for breast pain additional ultrasound is necessary.

Methods: Retrospective IRB-approved review of our database identified 8085 women who underwent ultrasound evaluation for breast pain from 1/1/2013-12/31/2013. Of 8085 women, 559 women had mammogram evaluation preceding the ultrasound and these women comprise the basis of this study. Read More

Radiol Bras 2017 Nov-Dec;50(6):383-388

Member of the Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR), MD, Radiologist at Conrad Diagnóstico por Imagem, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.

Nipple discharge is a common symptom in clinical practice, representing the third leading breast complaint, after pain and lumps. It is usually limited and has a benign etiology. The risk of malignancy is higher when the discharge is uniductal, unilateral, spontaneous, persistent, bloody, or serous, as well as when it is accompanied by a breast mass. Read More

J Am Osteopath Assoc 2017 Dec;117(12):755-760

Breast masses and nipple discharge are common symptoms that lead women to seek medical care. Many of the findings on subsequent examination are benign. When evaluating a patient who presents with breast masses or nipple discharge, it is useful to take a holistic approach to evaluating the patient, including a detailed history, structural and directed physical examination, and, if indicated, laboratory studies, diagnostic imaging, and biopsy. Read More

Breast J 2018 05 24;24(3):356-359. Epub 2017 Oct 24.

Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Patients presenting with pathologic nipple discharge (PND) often pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We used ultrasound to identify focal ductal dilatation-hypothesized to be a radiographic manifestation of the causative lesion-in patients with PND and no relevant clinical or radiographic findings. Twenty-two excisions guided by ultrasound wire localization of focal duct dilation were performed. Read More

AJR Am J Roentgenol 2017 Dec 12;209(6):1404-1410. Epub 2017 Sep 12.

1 Department of Radiology, Division of Breast Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, WAC 240, Boston, MA 02114.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the diagnostic utility of MRI after negative or inconclusive mammography for the evaluation of pathologic nipple discharge.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of breast MRI examinations from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2015, that were performed after negative or inconclusive mammography for the evaluation of nipple discharge. Clinical notes, imaging findings, and pathology outcomes were reviewed. Read More

AJR Am J Roentgenol 2017 Aug 24;209(2):465-471. Epub 2017 May 24.

3 Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy.

Objective: The objective of our study was to perform a systematic review of the literature of the diagnostic accuracy of MRI compared with galactography in women with pathologic nipple discharge.

Materials And Methods: A systematic literature search was performed (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science) for articles evaluating the diagnostic performance of MRI and galactography in patients with pathologic nipple discharge and with histologic verification or clinical follow-up. Distinction between any abnormality and cancer was made. Read More

Ultrasonography 2017 Oct 9;36(4):310-320. Epub 2017 Apr 9.

Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiologic Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Nipple discharge is a common symptom that is alarming for the patient since it can be a presenting symptom of breast cancer. Breast imaging is used to examine women with pathologic nipple discharge in order to detect any lesions that may be present and to assist in the differential diagnosis. The modalities of breast imaging include mammography, breast ultrasonography (US), and magnetic resonance imaging. Read More

J Am Coll Radiol 2017 May;14(5S):S138-S153

Panel Chair, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia.

Appropriate imaging evaluation of nipple discharge depends the nature of the discharge. Imaging is not indicated for women with physiologic nipple discharge. For evaluation of pathologic nipple discharge, multiple breast imaging modalities are rated for evidence-based appropriateness under various scenarios. Read More

J Cancer Res Ther 2016 Dec;12(Supplement):C138-C142

Department of Interventional Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for multiple breast fibroadenoma as an alternative to surgical resection.

Patients And Methods: Sixty-five patients with multiple breast fibroadenoma accepted general anesthesia and US-guided percutaneous RFA in our hospital from September 2014 to January 2016. Contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) was used immediately after operation to determine whether the tumor was ablated completely. Read More

J Clin Diagn Res 2016 Oct 1;10(10):PC18-PC24. Epub 2016 Oct 1.

Assistant Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, M.M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research , Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India .

Introduction: Polymastia and polythelia may be asymptomatic or cause pain, restriction of arm movement, milk discharge, cosmetic problems or anxiety. Cosmesis is the main indication for surgical excision of accessory breasts in axilla. In addition it also confirms the diagnosis and allays the patient's fear of harbouring a malignancy. Read More

Breast Care (Basel) 2016 Aug 5;11(4):288-290. Epub 2016 Aug 5.

Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.

Background: Ductal carcinoma in situ of the male breast is an unusual lesion and most often associated with invasive carcinoma. On rare occasions when the in situ component is present in pure form, histological grade is almost always low to intermediate. Imaging for these patients is difficult as gynecomastia is often present and can mask underlying calcifications or carcinoma. Read More

Clin Obstet Gynecol 2016 Jun;59(2):336-50

*Radiology Associates of Florida †Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee ‡Diagnostic Radiology, Florida Hospital §Florida State University, Florida College of Medicine ∥University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide and the most common cause of cancer death in women. The most common presentation of breast cancer is the presence of a palpable mass, whether noted by the patient during breast self-examination or noted during clinical breast examination. There are a variety of imaging modalities now available for the evaluation of a palpable abnormality. Read More

Br J Surg 2016 May 23;103(6):632-643. Epub 2016 Mar 23.

Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Background: Invasive surgery remains the standard for diagnosis of pathological nipple discharge (PND). Only a minority of patients with nipple discharge and an unsuspicious finding on conventional breast imaging have cancer. Ductoscopy is a minimally invasive alternative for evaluation of PND. Read More

BMJ Open 2016 Jan 22;6(1):e008848. Epub 2016 Jan 22.

Department of Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China.

Objectives: Pathological nipple discharge (PND) may indicate malignant breast lesions. As the role of shear wave elastography (SWE) in predicting these malignant lesions has not yet been evaluated, we aim to evaluate the diagnostic value of SWE for this condition.

Design: Prospective diagnostic accuracy study comparing a combination of qualitative and quantitative measurements of SWE (index test) to a ductoscopy and microdochectomy for histological diagnosis (reference test). Read More

J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 2015 Dec 3;44(10):927-37. Epub 2015 Nov 3.

Département de gynécologie, hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, 2, boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France; Faculté de médecine François-Rabelais, 37044 Tours, France.

Objectives: To investigate diagnostic value of imaging procedures and management strategies of the patients with nipple discharge (ND) to establish management recommendations.

Methods: Bibliographical search in French and English languages by consultation of PubMed, Cochrane and Embase databases.

Results: Although, all ND require an systematic evaluation guided by clinical data, bloody ND could be a predictor of breast cancer risk among different colors of discharge particularly in patients of more than 50 years (LE2). Read More

Br J Surg 2015 Dec 8;102(13):1639-48. Epub 2015 Oct 8.

Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Background: Surgery is the intervention of choice for definitive diagnosis and treatment in women with pathological nipple discharge (PND). Ductoscopy has been reported to improve diagnosis, but as an interventional procedure it may also reduce the need for surgery. This study evaluated interventional ductoscopy in patients with PND. Read More

Ann Surg Oncol 2015 Dec 7;22 Suppl 3:S435-41. Epub 2015 Aug 7.

Division of Breast Imaging, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.

Purpose: To determine the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the evaluation of patients with pathologic nipple discharge.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of women with nipple discharge who underwent breast MRI between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2013. Radiographic findings, pathology results, and clinical notes were reviewed. Read More

Surgery 2015 Oct 1;158(4):988-94; discussion 994-5. Epub 2015 Aug 1.

Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Electronic address:

Background: Pathologic nipple discharge is managed customarily with diagnostic subareolar duct excision. We evaluated for features predictive of malignancy to identify cases where operation might be avoided.

Methods: We studied 311 consecutive subareolar duct excisions for pathologic nipple discharge from January 2008 to July 2014. Read More

AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015 Jul;205(1):203-8

1 Department of Radiology, Division of Breast Imaging, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27710.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of ultrasound to the evaluation of patients with pathologic nipple discharge.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of the records of females who presented with nipple discharge between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2011. Pathologic nipple discharge was defined as discharge with one or more of the following features: unilateral, clear or bloody, and spontaneous. Read More

Ultrasound Med Biol 2015 Aug 4;41(8):2099-107. Epub 2015 May 4.

Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiologic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea. Electronic address:

The aim of this study was to assess the malignancy yield of ultrasound Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) classification and the diagnostic value of adding ultrasound to diagnosis of breast cancer in patients with pathologic nipple discharge. Of 267 patients with pathologic nipple discharge seen from February 2003 to March 2011, 198 with histopathologic confirmation and follow-up data were included. Ultrasound images and mammograms were analyzed according to BI-RADS. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2015 13;20:239. Epub 2015 Mar 13.

University of Ibadan, College of Medicine, Department of Radiology & University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Benign diseases are more common than malignant diseases in pregnant and lactating women. Fibroadenomas are the most commonly identified benign breast tumour in pregnant and lactating women. Pregnancy related breast cancer is defined as breast cancer that occurs during pregnancy or within 1 year of delivery. Read More

Am J Med 2015 Apr 17;128(4):353-60. Epub 2014 Oct 17.

Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Fla; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa.

Nipple discharge is commonly encountered by health care providers, accounting for 2%-5% of medical visits by women. Because nipple discharge is the presenting symptom in 5% to 12% of breast cancers, it causes considerable anxiety for both patient and providers. Furthermore, the work-up and management of nipple discharge can be confusing. Read More

ANZ J Surg 2015 Jun 27;85(6):444-7. Epub 2014 Jun 27.

Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China.

Background: Nipple adenoma is a rare and benign type of breast tumour. Because of the lack of proper understanding, it is easily overlooked and misdiagnosed by doctors. The aim of the study is to improve clinicians' awareness of the disease. Read More

Acta Radiol 2015 Mar 2;56(3):276-83. Epub 2014 Apr 2.

Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.

Background: Intraductal papilloma (IDP) is the most common pathological finding in women with pathological nipple discharge. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown potential for characterizing breast tumors; however, MRI findings of IDPs are inconclusive, and certain diagnostic standards are lacking.

Purpose: To characterize the MRI features of IDP from a relatively large cohort. Read More

Breast Care (Basel) 2013 Oct;8(5):348-54

Department of Radiology, Taksim Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

Background: Today, in cases of nipple discharge of unclear origin, the abundance of diagnostic procedures - a, diagnostic dilemma' - becomes apparent, because unequivocal indications and a current, standardized examination sequence are presently not available. The diagnostic workup of patients with nipple discharge usually includes the clinical history, physical examination, mammography, ultrasonography, galactography, and nipple discharge cytology, but not ductoscopy.

Methods: In this review we analyze and discuss the possible role of ductoscopy in evaluating intraductal pathologies and its combined use with diagnostic imaging modalities. Read More

J Radiol Case Rep 2013 May 1;7(5):16-22. Epub 2013 May 1.

Brooke Army Medical Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA.

Nipple discharge is a common breast complaint in women. Discharge in the post-operative patient for breast cancer is especially concerning, as these women are at higher risk for recurrent or new breast cancer. Galactography is a reliable method to evaluate nipple discharge, attempting to identify a mass that may cause the discharge within the duct of concern. Read More

Eur J Radiol 2013 Mar 22;82(3):478-84. Epub 2012 Nov 22.

Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.

Objective: To assess the contribution of mammography and ultrasound in men with nipple discharge.

Materials And Methods: All men with nipple discharge who underwent mammography and/or ultrasound between 1993 and 2011 in our hospital were retrospectively evaluated. Radiological findings were classified according to BI-RADS lexicon. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2012 Jul 19;2012. Epub 2012 Jul 19.

Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal.

Bloody nipple discharge (BND) in infancy is an exceptionally rare finding. We report the cases of two children who are 9 and 29 months old. The first case presented with 1 month of bilateral intermittent blood-stained nipple discharge with no other symptoms. Read More

Magy Onkol 2012 May 20;56(2):79-83. Epub 2012 Mar 20.

Radiológiai Diagnosztikai Osztály, Országos Onkológiai Intézet, Budapest, Hungary.

The authors present the diverse etiology of nipple discharge, which background may be a tumor. They discuss the checkup ways of nipple discharge and review in detail the galactographic technique and evaluation. The examination of pathologic nipple discharge is essentially based on contact cytology, x-ray-, and ultrasound mammography. Read More

Breast J 2012 Mar-Apr;18(2):157-62. Epub 2011 Dec 30.

Departments of Surgery, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Despite the low likelihood of malignancy, it is recommended that all women with pathologic nipple discharge undergo duct excision based on the inadequate sensitivity of diagnostic modalities. However, these data originates prior to recent improvements in breast imaging. We performed a retrospective review of patients evaluated in the setting of modern diagnostic breast imaging. Read More

Breast J 2012 Jan-Feb;18(1):58-64. Epub 2011 Nov 20.

Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Women's Health Unit, and Women's Health Interdisciplinary Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.

With the increases in complexity of care for breast health concerns, there is a growing need for efficient and effective clinical evaluation, especially for vulnerable populations at risk for poor outcomes. The Breast Health Center at Boston Medical Center is a multidisciplinary program, with internists providing care alongside breast surgeons, radiologists, and patient navigators. Using a triage system previously shown to have high provider and patient satisfaction, and the ability to provide timely care, patients are assigned to either a breast surgeon or internist. Read More

Ann Surg Oncol 2011 Oct 23;18(11):3187-91. Epub 2011 Aug 23.

Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Objective: Mammary ductoscopy allows direct visualization of the ductal system and a method for directed excision and pathologic diagnosis. We reviewed our experience with mammary ductoscopy in the evaluation of pathologic nipple discharge.

Methods: We reviewed all patients who underwent ductoscopy for pathologic nipple discharge at our institution from 2006-2010. Read More

J Radiol 2011 May 7;92(5):412-20. Epub 2011 May 7.

Institut Bergonié, 229 cours de l'Argonne, Bordeaux, France.

Purpose: To determine the role of MRI in the evaluation and management of patients with suspicious nipple discharge and normal mammographic and US evaluation.

Patients And Methods: A total of 50 patients with suspicious nipple discharge and normal mammographic and US evaluation prospectively underwent MRI. The first 16 patients underwent routine breast MRI, while MR-ductography with image fusion at the console was added for the last 34 patients. Read More

Breast J 2011 May-Jun;17(3):273-80. Epub 2011 Apr 8.

Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is routinely used as a problem-solving tool, but its benefit for this indication remains unclear. The records of 3001 consecutive breast MR examinations between January 1, 2003 and June 6, 2007 were reviewed to identify all those performed for the clinical indication of problem solving. Details of clinical presentation, mammography and ultrasound (US) findings, follow-up recommendations, and pathology outcomes were recorded. Read More

J Comput Assist Tomogr 2010 Jul;34(4):575-86

Department of Radiology, Taksim Education and Research Hospital, Turkey.

Because both benign and malignant nipple periareolar region lesions may present with similar clinical findings such as nipple discharge and retraction, they require a diagnostically specific imaging workup. Despite multidisciplinary clinical approaches, malignancy cannot be excluded without diagnostic modalities.Because of the intricacy of the anatomical structures and their superficial position, the diagnostic techniques routinely used to evaluate the different sides of the breast may often be inadequate. Read More

J Ultrasound Med 2010 Jun;29(6):931-47

Department of Radiology, Breast Imaging Section, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

Objective: Imaging of the male breast is most often performed for the evaluation of a clinical abnormality such as breast enlargement or tenderness, a palpable mass, nipple skin changes, or nipple discharge. Most breast lesions encountered in men are benign. Malignant breast lesions are less frequent; breast cancer accounts for less than 1% of all male cancers in the United States. Read More

Eur J Cancer 2010 May 19;46(8):1296-316. Epub 2010 Mar 19.

Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Chirurgiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Unit of Radiology, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.

The use of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly increasing. EUSOMA organised a workshop in Milan on 20-21st October 2008 to evaluate the evidence currently available on clinical value and indications for breast MRI. Twenty-three experts from the disciplines involved in breast disease management - including epidemiologists, geneticists, oncologists, radiologists, radiation oncologists, and surgeons - discussed the evidence for the use of this technology in plenary and focused sessions. Read More

Am J Surg 2010 Jul 15;200(1):73-80. Epub 2010 Jan 15.

Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Background: For patients with nipple discharge (ND), surgical duct excision is often required to exclude underlying malignancy. Our objective was to define clinical predictors of malignancy and examine the utility of common preoperative studies.

Study Design: We retrospectively identified 475 patients presenting with a chief complaint of ND from 1995 to 2005; 416 (88%) were eligible for review. Read More

Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009 ;30(5):543-6

Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

The present study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of nipple discharge (ND) cytology and galactography. Ninety-four patients submitted to duct excision, representing a total of 98 duct excisions, were retrospectively analyzed from January 1997 to May 2007. Histology of ducts excised revealed 35% duct ectasia (DE), 31% duct papilloma (DP), 20% potential malignant transforming lesions (PMTL), 6% breast cancer (BC), 1% adenoma and 6% normal breast tissue. Read More

Radiographics 2009 Mar-Apr;29(2):509-23

Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.

The nipple-areolar complex may be affected by many normal variations in embryologic development and breast maturation as well as by abnormal processes of a benign or malignant nature. Benign processes that may affect the nipple-areolar complex include eczema, duct ectasia, periductal mastitis, adenomas, papillomas, leiomyomas, and abscesses; malignant processes include Paget disease, lymphoma, and invasive and noninvasive breast cancers. Radiologists should be aware of the best methods for evaluating each of these entities: Many disorders of the nipple-areolar complex are unique or differ in important ways from those that occur elsewhere in the breast, and they require a diagnostically specific imaging evaluation. Read More

J Comput Assist Tomogr 2009 Jan-Feb;33(1):58-62

Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.

Purpose: To evaluate the findings of magnetic resonance mammography for suspicious nipple discharge based on breast imaging-reporting and data system magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) descriptors and establish any correlations with the histopathologic diagnoses.

Methods: Forty-seven patients with suspicious nipple discharge underwent MRI using a 1.5-T system. Read More

Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2009 Feb;21(1):74-9

Department of Radiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem-Antwerpen, Belgium.

Purpose Of Review: The role of MRI in breast pathology is still controversial. The technique has a high sensitivity for detection of breast carcinoma, but specificity is low. Therefore, it is only useful for right indications. Read More

Radiol Med 2008 Dec 16;113(8):1085-95. Epub 2008 Oct 16.

Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Chirurgiche, Servizio di Radiologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy.

The clinical use of breast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is increasing, especially for applications requiring paramagnetic contrast-agent injection. This document presents a synthetic list of acceptable indications with potential advantages for women according to evidence from the literature and the expert opinion of the panel that developed this statement. We generally recommend that breast MR imaging be performed in centres with experience in conventional breast imaging [mammography and ultrasonography (US)] and needle-biopsy procedures (under stereotactic or US guidance) as well as in breast MR imaging and second-look US for findings not revealed by conventional imaging performed before MR imaging. Read More