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Anesth Essays Res 2018 Oct-Dec;12(4):814-818

Department of Anaesthesiology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of ultrasound in analyzing topographic relationship of nerve cords with axillary artery at lateral infraclavicular level, their variations, and the distance from the skin and to correlate findings with anthropometric parameters.

Materials And Methods: Two hundred patients aged 18-75 years were enrolled for the study after informed written consent. A 7-12 MHz linear ultrasonic transducer was used for scanning of the brachial plexus at lateral infraclavicular fossa. Read More

Anesth Essays Res 2018 Oct-Dec;12(4):786-791

Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Background: This study was conducted to compare the analgesic efficacy of 10 ml versus 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine in nerve stimulator guided interscalene brachial plexus block, in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery.

Methods: A total of 70 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classes 1 and 2 patients, aged 18-65 years, undergoing unilateral arthroscopic shoulder surgery, were randomized into two groups. Read More

J Clin Anesth 2019 Jan 15;55:136-137. Epub 2019 Jan 15.

Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address:

Cureus 2018 Nov 13;10(11):e3584. Epub 2018 Nov 13.

Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, CAN.

A 41-year-old woman presented with pT4dN1aM0, right-sided, inflammatory breast cancer. She had a co-morbid diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at the age of 20 and was found to have significant kidney involvement (lupus-associated nephritis) at the age of 28. She went on to receive six cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, and docetaxcel (FEC-D) after which she had radiographically stable disease. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2019 Jan 9;55:11-14. Epub 2019 Jan 9.

Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tenri Hospital, 200 Mishima-cho, Tenri City, Nara Prefecture, 632-8552, Japan. Electronic address:

Introduction: During prone esophagectomy, placement of a port in the third intercostal space for upper mediastinal dissection requires adequate axillary expansion. To facilitate this, the right arm is elevated cranially and simultaneously turned outward. Brachial plexus paralysis associated with esophagectomy in the prone position has not been documented. Read More

Surg Radiol Anat 2019 Jan 17. Epub 2019 Jan 17.

Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Interfaculty Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Łódź, Poland.

The use of the term "brachioradial artery" was introduced for the high origin of the radial artery. Although the prevalence of the brachioradial artery reported by different authors varies from 4.67 to 15. Read More

Acute Med Surg 2019 Jan 28;6(1):83-86. Epub 2018 Nov 28.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology School of Medicine Hirosaki University Hirosaki Aomori Japan.

Case: Vertebral artery injury is a low-frequency but high-mortality injury. The surgical approach to a bleeding vertebral artery injury is one of the most difficult procedures in trauma surgery.A 64-year-old woman was transported to our emergency department after being stabbed in the middle side of the right neck with a large kitchen knife. Read More

AJP Rep 2019 Jan 4;9(1):1-5. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.

 Our objective was to compare persistence of neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) at 1 and 2 years in children of nulliparous versus parous women.  We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children diagnosed with NBPP followed at the University of Michigan, Interdisciplinary Brachial Plexus Program (UM-BPP). Self-reported demographics, delivery history, including birth weight (BW) < versus ≥ 9 lbs, and presence of shoulder dystocia (SD) were recorded. Read More

J Neurosurg 2019 Jan 11:1-8. Epub 2019 Jan 11.

Stretch injuries are among the most devastating forms of peripheral nerve injury; unfortunately, the scientific understanding of nerve biomechanics is widely and impressively conflicting. Experimental models are unique and disparate, victim to different testing conditions, and thus yield gulfs between conclusions. The details of the divergent reports on nerve biomechanics are essential for critical appraisal as we try to understand clinical stretch injuries in light of research evidence. Read More

Reg Anesth Pain Med 2019 Jan;44(1):138-140

Department of Anesthesiology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan.

Reg Anesth Pain Med 2019 Jan;44(1):69-75

Department of Anesthesiology, The 98th Clinical College of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Huzhou, China

Background And Objectives: Diaphragmatic paralysis following supraclavicular brachial plexus block (SCBPB) is ascribed to phrenic nerve palsy. This study investigated the effect of 2 volumes of 0.375% ropivacaine on efficacy of block as a surgical anesthetic and as an analgesic and examined diaphragm compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) and pulmonary function before and after SCBPB. Read More

Reg Anesth Pain Med 2019 Jan;44(1):46-51

Department of Anesthesia, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Background And Objectives: This multicenter, randomized trial compared 2, 5, and 8 mg of perineural dexamethasone for ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Our research hypothesis was that all three doses of dexamethasone would result in equivalent durations of motor block (equivalence margin=3.0 hours). Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2018 30;30:296. Epub 2018 Aug 30.

Service d'ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-faciale, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohamed V, Faculté de Médecine, Université Mohamed V, Rabat, Maroc.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (NTOS) encloses the whole set of clinical manifestations associated with the compression of the trunks of the brachial plexus and/or of the subclavian vessels as they cross the thoracic outlet (cervico-thoraco-brachial junction). It rarely affects children. We here report the case of a young girl treated for neurologic NTOS caused by supernumerary cervical rib. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2018 14;30:275. Epub 2018 Aug 14.

Clinic of Mont Louis, Paris, France.

Intraneural perineurioma is a benign neoplasm of peripheral nerve sheath with perineurial cell origin that typically affects teenagers and young adults and tends to result in a motor-predominant neuropathy. The aim of our study is to present the epidemiology, clinical presentation, way of diagnosis and management plan in a consecutive patient series. Ninteen patients diagnosed as having intraneural perineurioma were retrospectively chart reviewed. Read More

Reg Anesth Pain Med 2019 Jan 11. Epub 2019 Jan 11.

Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Reg Anesth Pain Med 2019 Jan 11. Epub 2019 Jan 11.

Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Reg Anesth Pain Med 2019 Jan 11. Epub 2019 Jan 11.

Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain

Reg Anesth Pain Med 2019 Jan 11. Epub 2019 Jan 11.

Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Background: This randomized trial compared ultrasound-guided interscalene block (ISB) and costoclavicular brachial plexus block (CCB) for arthroscopic shoulder surgery. We hypothesized that CCB would provide equivalent analgesia to ISB 30 min after surgery without the risk of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis.

Methods: All 44 patients received an ultrasound-guided block of the intermediate cervical plexus. Read More

Rev Bras Anestesiol 2019 Jan 8. Epub 2019 Jan 8.

Maltepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul, Turquia.

Background And Objectives: YouTube, the most popular video-sharing website, contains a significant number of medical videos including brachial plexus nerve blocks. Despite the widespread use of this platform as a medical information source, there is no regulation for the quality or content of the videos. The goals of this study are to evaluate the content of material on YouTube relevant to performance of brachial plexus nerve blocks and its quality as a visual digital information source. Read More

Agri 2019 Jan;31(1):42-45

Department of Neurology, Van Regional Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey.

Neurological complications of cardiac surgery is known for almost a century. Brachial plexus injury after coronary artery bypass grafting is not a rare complication, but the frequency of reporting is less because these are temporary and often symptoms requiring treatment. in a few cases peripheral neuropathy findings are permanent and causes of disability. Read More

Orthop J Sports Med 2018 Dec 28;6(12):2325967118815859. Epub 2018 Dec 28.

Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Background: Regional nerve blocks are commonly used to manage postoperative pain after arthroscopic shoulder procedures. The interscalene brachial plexus block (ISB) is commonly used; however, because of the reported side effects of ISB, the use of a suprascapular nerve block (SSNB) has been described as an alternative strategy with fewer reported side effects.

Purpose: To examine the efficacy of SSNB for pain control after shoulder arthroscopy compared with ISB as well as anesthesia without a nerve block. Read More

Minerva Anestesiol 2019 01 4. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey.

Background: It has been reported that noninvasive, objective tests are needed for determining the success of peripheral nerve blocks because conventional methods necessitate the cooperation of the patient. It is also known that the brachial plexus block causes vasodilatation and an increase in blood flow due to its sympathectomy effect. Our study aimed to determine whether perfusion index and measured regional hemodynamic changes using ultrasound were reliable parameters in evaluating the early success of an infraclavicular block. Read More

Front Neurol 2018 18;9:1116. Epub 2018 Dec 18.

Study Group Clinical fMRI, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Cortical reorganization in response to peripheral nervous system damage is only poorly understood. In patients with complete brachial plexus avulsion and subsequent reconnection of the end of the musculocutaneous nerve to the side of a phrenic nerve, reorganization leads to a doubled arm representation in the primary motor cortex. Despite, homuncular organization being one of the most fundamental principles of the human brain, movements of the affected arm now activate 2 loci: the completely denervated arm representation and the diaphragm representation. Read More

Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2019 Jan 8. Epub 2019 Jan 8.

Department of Οrthopedics, University Hospital of Ioannina, Stavros Niarchos Avenue, 45500, Ioannina, Greece.

Neonatal brachial plexus palsy is a devastating complication after a difficult delivery. The incidence of this injury has not significantly decreased over the past decades, despite all the advances in perinatal care. Although primary repair of the nerves with microsurgical techniques is the common treatment strategy nowadays, there are late cases in which secondary procedures in tendons or bones are necessary. Read More

Childs Nerv Syst 2019 Jan 4. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

Peripheral Nerve Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Purpose: The outcome from microsurgical reconstruction of neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) varies, and comparison between different series is difficult, given the differences in preoperative evaluation, surgical strategies, and outcome analysis. To evaluate our results, we reviewed a series of children who underwent surgical treatment in a period of 14 years.

Methods: We made a retrospective review of 104 cases in which microsurgical repair of the brachial plexus was performed. Read More

Health Phys 2019 Jan 2. Epub 2019 Jan 2.

Radiation Technology Department, Allied Medical Sciences Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

This study aimed to compare and evaluated the dosimetric characteristics of esophagus, spinal cord, carotid artery, lungs, and brachial plexus in patients with breast cancer undergoing four various techniques of supraclavicular irradiation. By keeping unchanged the breast tangential radiotherapy fields, four different treatment field arrangements were created to irradiate the supraclavicular region as follows: (1) four field (4F; 1 anterior-posterior and 1 posterior-anterior), (2) six field (6F; 2 anterior-posterior and 2 posterior-anterior), (3) five field-1 (5F-1; 2 anterior-posterior and 1 posterior-anterior), and (4) five field-2 (5F-2; 1 anterior-posterior and 2 posterior-anterior). Then, the dosimetric parameters for the above-mentioned organs were evaluated. Read More

J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj 2018 Jan 31;13(1):e20-e23. Epub 2018 Dec 31.

The Institute for Advanced Reconstruction, Shrewsbury, New Jersey, United States.

Brachial plexus injuries can be debilitating. We have observed that manual reduction of the patients' shoulder subluxation improves their pain and have used this as a second reason to perform the trapezius to deltoid muscle transfer beyond motion. The authors report a series of nine patients who all had significant improvement of pain in the shoulder girdle and a decrease in pain medication use after a trapezius to deltoid muscle transfer. Read More

JBJS Case Connect 2018 Oct-Dec;8(4):e85

Mercy Health-Cincinnati Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Case: Brachial plexopathy is a rare complication of nonoperatively treated clavicular fractures. We describe a 68-year-old man who presented with fracture-callus-induced acute brachial plexopathy and dynamic thoracic outlet syndrome after 9 weeks of nonoperative management for a clavicular fracture. He underwent fracture fixation with brachial plexus decompression via callus excision; intraoperative neuromonitoring was used to evaluate brachial plexus function. Read More

World J Orthop 2018 Dec 18;9(12):292-299. Epub 2018 Dec 18.

Department of Orthopedics, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands.

Aim: To examine humeral retroversion in infants who sustained brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBI) and suffered from an internal rotation contracture. Additionally, the role of the infraspinatus (IS) and subscapularis (SSc) muscles in the genesis of this bony deformation is explored.

Methods: Bilateral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 35 infants (age range: 2-7 mo old) with BPBI were retrospectively analyzed. Read More

Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2018 Dec 28. Epub 2018 Dec 28.

Division of Neurosurgery, Gaffree e Guinle University Hospital, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Background: The phrenic nerve can be transferred to the musculocutaneous nerve using video-assisted thoracoscopy, aiming at the recovery of elbow flexion in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries. There are few scientific papers in the literature that evaluate the results of this operative technique.

Objective: To evaluate biceps strength and pulmonary function after the transfer of the phrenic nerve to the musculocutaneous nerve using video-assisted thoracoscopy. Read More

Ann Thorac Surg 2018 Dec 26. Epub 2018 Dec 26.

Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Electronic address:

Neurology 2018 Dec 28. Epub 2018 Dec 28.

From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.A.T., I.J.T.H., J.-T.H.v.A., L.H.V.), Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.A.T., I.J.T.H., H.S.G., W.L.v.d.P., L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (C.V.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; and Department of Biostatistics (S.N.), Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Objective: To determine interobserver variability of nerve ultrasound in peripheral neuropathy in a prospective, systematic, multicenter study.

Methods: We enrolled 20 patients with an acquired chronic demyelinating or axonal polyneuropathy and 10 healthy controls in 3 different centers. All participants underwent an extensive nerve ultrasound protocol, including cross-sectional area measurements of median, ulnar, fibular, tibial, and sural nerves, and brachial plexus. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Dec;97(52):e13743

The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology.

Rationale: Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) is a serious well-described pulmonary complication. It occurs after an intense inspiratory effort against an obstructed or closed upper airway and generates a large negative airway pressure, leading to severe pulmonary edema (transvascular fluid filtration and interstitial/alveolar edema) and hypoxemia. We present a case of NPPE following general anesthesia in a patient who underwent median nerve neurorrhaphy with graft from lower left limb (sural nerve) due to sharp injury. Read More

J Child Health Care 2018 Dec 28:1367493518814916. Epub 2018 Dec 28.

1 Department of Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.

To investigate health-care use (HCU) and information needs of children aged 0-18 years with neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP), a cross-sectional study was performed. Patients and/or parents seen in our NBPP clinic were invited to complete a survey comprising questions on HCU due to NBPP and current information needs. Outcomes were described for three age-groups (0-1/2-9/10-18 years), based on follow-up status (early/late/no-discharge). Read More

J Pain Res 2018 13;11:3171-3179. Epub 2018 Dec 13.

Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China,

Background: Neuropathic pain is a common and intractable sequel of brachial plexus injury.

Materials And Methods: To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we established a unique model of neuropathic pain in rats by creating brachial plexus avulsion injury.

Results: Behavioral test of mechanical stimulation suggested that all rats developed neuropathic pain, and the pain thresholds of bilateral hind limbs significantly decreased. Read More

J Clin Anesth 2018 Dec 22;55:13-14. Epub 2018 Dec 22.

Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:

J Magn Reson Imaging 2018 Dec 21. Epub 2018 Dec 21.

GE Healthcare, New York, New York, USA.

Background: Oblique sagittal MRI sequences, orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the brachial plexus, can reliably depict morphologic and signal abnormalities. However, nerve visualization may be obscured by ghosting artifact from periodic respiratory motion. Respiratory triggering (RT) with a thoracoabdominal bellows can reduce ghosting artifact, but it is not routinely used for brachial plexus MRI. Read More

Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2018 Dec 21. Epub 2018 Dec 21.

Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.

Background: Axillary nerve injuries are uncommon, although the incidence is higher in athletes, both related to direct contusion or quadrilateral space syndrome. While few studies have investigated conservative strategies that could be proposed to avoid surgery, no previous case report documented the possible role of rehabilitation in axillary nerve re- injuries.

Case Report: Our patient is a 27-year-old male professional rugby player who experienced a recurrent episode of deltoid strength loss, after a previous axillary nerve injury. Read More

Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2018 Dec;32(12):1540-1544

Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang Henan, 471002, P.R.China.

Objective: To summarize a new type of proximal humerus fracture-proximal humerus degloving fracture, and discuss its injury mechanism, classification criteria, and treatment methods.

Methods: The clinical data of 23 patients with proximal humerus degloving fracture between September 2009 and September 2016 was retrospectively analyzed. There were 14 males and 9 females, with an average age of 39. Read More

World J Clin Cases 2018 Dec;6(15):1029-1035

Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China.

Background: A floating shoulder may be associated with catastrophic neurovascular injury and requires a multidisciplinary approach for its management. To maximize the likelihood of good patient outcomes, this unique injury pattern should be recognized in patients as early as possible. This can be difficult to achieve, however, as there are currently few reports of floating shoulder in the literature, meaning that associated neurovascular injuries may be overlooked. Read More

J Pain Res 2018 27;11:2997-3002. Epub 2018 Nov 27.

IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Messina, Messina, Italy,

Purpose: Brachial plexopathy can sometimes cause severe chronic pain. There are many possible treatments for such neuropathic pain, including neuromodulation. However, rigorous scientific evidence on the usefulness of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is still scarce. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Nov 28;11(1). Epub 2018 Nov 28.

Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.

Pancoast's syndrome may be the result of neoplastic, inflammatory or infectious disease. We report an unusual case of Pancoast's syndrome in a patient with metastatic breast cancer. A 54-year-old woman, affected by metastatic breast cancer, presented for severe shoulder pain, paraesthesia and numbness in the right arm. Read More

Brain Behav 2018 Dec 22;8(12):e01174. Epub 2018 Nov 22.

Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Introduction: Contralateral cervical seventh nerve root (CC7) transfer has been widely applied for treatment of traumatic brachial plexus injury. The purpose of the study was to evaluate outcomes of patients with global brachial plexus avulsion (GBPA) after CC7 transfer and compare the recoveries of median nerve as the only recipient nerve and one of the multiple recipient nerves.

Methods: A retrospective review of 51 patients treated with CC7 transfers after GBPA was carried out. Read More

Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2018 Dec 17. Epub 2018 Dec 17.

Department of Anaesthesiology, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.

Aim: To evaluate the influence of the specific procedure performed and other variables on the intensity of acute postoperative pain following outpatient shoulder arthroscopy.

Methods: One hundred patients undergoing outpatient shoulder arthroscopy under single-shot interscalene block plus general anaesthesia were prospectively studied. Acetaminophen with ibuprofen was prescribed for postoperative pain control and tramadol HCl as rescue medication. Read More

Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2018 Dec 2;2(4):382-386. Epub 2018 Nov 2.

Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN.

We describe a 51-year-old woman who over 5 years had 9 painful monophasic attacks affecting the brachial plexus before a fascicular plexus biopsy diagnosed large B-cell lymphoma. The initial attacks were responsive to steroids with clinical resolution. At last attack, magnetic resonance imaging showed multifocal T2 hyperintensities and nodular gadolinium enhancement in the right brachial plexus not seen previously. Read More

Radiol Bras 2018 Nov-Dec;51(6):358-365

Instituto de Radiologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InRad/HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Objective: To assess the accuracy of ultrasound in the visualization of the brachial plexus and to determine the value of the method in comparison with that of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials And Methods: This was an anatomical study of the brachial plexuses of 20 asymptomatic adults (40 plexuses), comparing ultrasound and MRI in terms of their accuracy. In the ultrasound study, a high-frequency linear transducer was used, and a neurovascular coil was used in the MRI study. Read More

JCO Precis Oncol 2018 4;2018. Epub 2018 May 4.

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD.

J Clin Anesth 2018 Dec 13;54:166-167. Epub 2018 Dec 13.

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Meram Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019 Jan 12;508(4):1126-1132. Epub 2018 Dec 12.

Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China. Electronic address:

Brachial plexus root avulsion causes severe sequelae Treatments and prognosis face many problems, including inflammatory reaction, oxidative damage, and myelin related inhibitory effect. l-Theanine has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and neuroprotective effects. NEP1-40 competitively inhibits Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) promotes axonal regeneration. Read More