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BMC Psychiatry 2021 06 15;21(1):310. Epub 2021 Jun 15.

Department of Psychology and Sport Science, University of Münster, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Objective: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is associated with low self-esteem. The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine the strength of the cross-sectional relationship between BDD symptom severity and global self-esteem in individuals with BDD, mentally healthy controls, community or student samples, and cosmetic surgery patients. Moreover, the role of depressive symptom severity in this relationship and other moderating factors were investigated. Read More

Compr Psychiatry 2021 Jun 15;109:152256. Epub 2021 Jun 15.

Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts & Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia; Department of Mental Health, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Background: Childhood maltreatment and trauma may be risk factors for the development of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). However, the limited research to date on these topics has been constrained by either the absence of a matched healthy control group or non-comprehensive assessments.

Methods: This study assessed the prevalence and severity of childhood maltreatment and other traumatic events in 52 BDD participants (56% female) and 57 matched controls (51% female) with no history of mental illness, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and a checklist assessing broader traumatic events. Read More

Behav Ther 2021 07 24;52(4):821-829. Epub 2020 Oct 24.

Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and CAP Research Centre, Stockholm Health Care Services.

Determining response or remission status in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) usually requires a lengthy interview with a trained clinician. This study sought to establish empirically derived cutoffs to define treatment response and remission in BDD using a brief self-report instrument, the Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI). Results from three clinical trials of BDD were pooled to create a sample of 123 individuals who had received cognitive-behavioral therapy for BDD, delivered via the Internet. Read More

Case Rep Psychiatry 2021 19;2021:6636124. Epub 2021 May 19.

Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University, USA.

Body dysmorphic disorder is a chronic disorder involving imagined or partial appearance defects that lead to significant impairment in everyday life. It is quite prevalent but remains a clinically underdiagnosed psychiatric condition especially in the inpatient psychiatric setting. Onset of body dysmorphic disorder typically begins in adolescence with subclinical symptoms. Read More

BMC Psychiatry 2021 06 8;21(1):297. Epub 2021 Jun 8.

The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.

Background: Representing the pathological extreme pursuit of muscularity, muscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by a pervasive belief or fear around insufficient muscularity and an elevated drive for muscularity. Despite evidence of elevated body image-related concerns among sexual minority populations, little is known about the degree of muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms among sexual minorities, particularly based on Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) scores. The objective of this study was to examine the nature and severity of MD symptoms in cisgender sexual minority men and women and provide community norms of the MDDI for these populations. Read More

BMC Psychiatry 2021 06 7;21(1):294. Epub 2021 Jun 7.

Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Research, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.

Background: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), defined as the obsessive idea that some aspect of one's own body or appearance is severely flawed/deformed, is relatively common in the general population and has been shown to have strong associations with mood and anxiety disorders and substance abuse disorders. Furthermore, a previous study on symptoms of BDD among people in the military showed that muscles are an important area of preoccupation. Hence, this study aimed to 1. Read More

J Pak Med Assoc 2021 May;71(5):1350-1352

Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.

Objective: To assess the relationship between drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphic tendencies in Pakistani bodybuilders.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in Lahore, Pakistan, from June to September 2017, and comprised male bodybuilders in their early and middle adulthood. Data was collected using an indigenous Drive for Muscularity Inventory and the Body Dysmorphic Disorder factors of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Read More

J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2021 Jan-Mar;14(1):20-25

Beautiful Mind Healthcare, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

In recent times, there has been a huge surge in the demand for cosmetology. However, not every patient is an ideal candidate for cosmetic interventions, and this needs to be carefully evaluated at outpatient visit. Various patients have underlying undetected psychiatric co-morbidities which prompt them to seek cosmetic care. Read More

Neuropsychopharmacology 2021 May 28. Epub 2021 May 28.

Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by preoccupations with misperceptions of one's physical appearance. Previous neuroimaging studies in BDD have yet to examine dynamic functional connectivity (FC) patterns between brain areas, necessary to capture changes in activity in response to stimuli and task conditions. We used Leading Eigenvector Dynamics Analysis to examine whole-brain dynamic FC from fMRI data during an own-face viewing task in 29 unmedicated adults with BDD with facial concerns and 30 healthy controls. Read More

Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021 May 25. Epub 2021 May 25.

Aesthetic Plastic Surgical Institute, 3185 Pacific Coast Hwy, Suite 201, Laguna Beach, CA, 92651, USA.

Background: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a controversial topic in the field of plastic surgery.

Objective: Our aim was to determine whether BDD knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) are affected by the experience of the surgeon in the field, sex of the surgeon, country of practice, and the number of patients the surgeon sees annually. We were particularly interested in uncovering any significant relations in KAP of BDD between plastic surgeons practicing in developed versus developing countries. Read More

J Nerv Ment Dis 2021 Apr 23. Epub 2021 Apr 23.

Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi.

Abstract: Existing literature demonstrates strong links between emotion regulation (ER) difficulties and depression. Although high rates of depression are observed among individuals with body dysmorphic disorder and skin disease, little is known about these co-occurring syndromes. To advance our understanding of a vulnerable population, this study examined facets of ER difficulties in relation to depression among adults with skin disease symptoms and body dysmorphic concerns (N = 97). Read More

Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2021 May;128(5):263-268

Oral healthcare professionals are frequently consulted by patients who are dissatisfied with their teeth and/or facial looks. Sometimes, this dissatisfaction takes a pathological form. When someone is preoccupied with a (supposed) abnormality barely or not visible to others, performs certain actions in response to the concerns about their appearance and experiences significant suffering, this may be a case of body dysmorphic disorder. Read More

Sci Adv 2021 May 12;7(20). Epub 2021 May 12.

Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.

Intellectual disability encompasses a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders, with many linked genetic loci. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for more than 50% of the patients remains elusive. We describe pathogenic variants in , encoding the ATPase motor of the ISWI chromatin remodeler, as a cause of a previously unidentified neurodevelopmental disorder, identifying 12 individuals with de novo or dominantly segregating rare heterozygous variants. Read More

Body Image 2021 May 4;38:241-250. Epub 2021 May 4.

Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address:

Despite increasing empirical interest in muscle dysmorphia (MD), a dearth of research has assessed this construct in sexual minority populations. In particular, the psychometric properties of one of the most widely used measures of MD symptoms-the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI)-have not been evaluated in sexual minority populations despite emerging evidence suggesting differential risk for MD symptoms across sexual orientation groups. In this study, we assessed the psychometric properties of the MDDI in a sample of 715 cisgender gay men and 404 cisgender lesbian women ages 18-50 years who participated in a large-scale national longitudinal cohort study of sexual and gender minority adults. Read More

Psychiatr Hung 2021 ;36(2):143-161

Debreceni Egyetem, Human Tudomanyok Doktori Iskola, Pszichologiai Program, Debrecen, Hungary, E-mail:

Body dysmorphic disorder is a common psychiatric disease; its respective prevalence is 2% in the general population, 3.3% in tertiary students, 7.4% among adolescent and adult psychiatric in-patients, and above 10% in patients of cosmetic surgery or dermatology. Read More

Psychiatr Hung 2021 ;36(2):113-123

Debreceni Egyetem Nepegeszsegugyi Kar Magatartastudomanyi Intezet Debrecen, Hungary, E-mail:

Introduction: the purpose of our study was to investigate the link between specific traits that determine muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders and the parental behaviours which play a role in developing these schemata, as well as the eating-disorder-specific traits which differentiate bodybuilders from the normal population.

Aim: conceptualising the similarities of personality traits in case of muscle dysmorphia and eating disorders, as well as their etiology based on the schema theory.

Method: to measure muscle dysmorphia was used the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale. Read More

J Psychiatr Res 2021 Jun 3;138:228-239. Epub 2021 Apr 3.

Norfolk & Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, UK.

The associations between the distinct types of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders and experiential avoidance have received mixed evidence. We, thus, undertook this meta-analysis to i) re-examine the association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and experiential avoidance, ii) extend this association to hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and body dysmorphic disorder, and iii) identify potential variables affecting these associations. Five databases, including Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, Web of Science and CINAHL, were searched until March 15th, 2021. Read More

Indian J Plast Surg 2021 Jan 22;54(1):8-19. Epub 2021 Feb 22.

Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India.

 Psychiatric disorders are more common among people undergoing cosmetic procedures than the general population and evaluating mental health can be cumbersome for plastic surgeons. We aim to summarize the available literature in this regard and propose an integrated approach to psychiatric assessment and management of mental health issues among this group.  Electronic search of MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO databases was done to identify relevant peer-reviewed English language articles from inception till April 2020. Read More

CNS Spectr 2021 Apr 12:1-10. Epub 2021 Apr 12.

Department of Psychiatry, University of Southampton; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK.

Background: The extent to which obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) are impulsive, compulsive, or both requires further investigation. We investigated the existence of different clusters in an online nonclinical sample and in which groups DSM-5 OCRDs and other related psychopathological symptoms are best placed.

Methods: Seven hundred and seventy-four adult participants completed online questionnaires including the Cambridge-Chicago Compulsivity Trait Scale (CHI-T), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-15), and a series of DSM-5 OCRDs symptom severity and other psychopathological measures. Read More

Am J Hum Genet 2021 05 2;108(5):929-941. Epub 2021 Apr 2.

Etablissement Français du Sang, 44000 Nantes, France; CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; LabEx IGO, Nantes 44000, France.

Proteins involved in transcriptional regulation harbor a demonstrated enrichment of mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders. The Sin3 (Swi-independent 3)/histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex plays a central role in histone deacetylation and transcriptional repression. Among the two vertebrate paralogs encoding the Sin3 complex, SIN3A variants cause syndromic intellectual disability, but the clinical consequences of SIN3B haploinsufficiency in humans are uncharacterized. Read More

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021 03 11;18(6). Epub 2021 Mar 11.

Addictology and Liaison Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, 44000 Nantes, France.

(1) Summary: Many studies have evaluated the association between traditional media exposure and the presence of body dissatisfaction and body image disorders. The last decade has borne witness to the rise of social media, predominantly used by teenagers and young adults. This study's main objective was to investigate the association between how often one compares their physical appearance to that of the people they follow on social media, and one's body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. Read More

Dermatol Surg 2021 Apr;47(4):585-586

Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.

Bull Menninger Clin 2020 ;84(4):319-336

National Specialist Clinic for Young People with OCD, BDD and related disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London.

Family accommodation (FA) is significant in a range of disorders, yet it has never been explored in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Interviews were conducted with five young people with BDD, five parents, and five clinicians to explore the types, impact, and purpose of FA in BDD. Every participant reported significant FA of BDD, and the types reported were broadly similar to those found in other disorders. Read More

Front Psychiatry 2021 10;12:648501. Epub 2021 Mar 10.

Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom.

Little is known about the impact of restrictive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic on self-image and engagement in exercise and other coping strategies alongside the use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) to boost performance and appearance. To assess the role of anxiety about appearance and self-compassion on the practice of physical exercise and use of IPEDs during lockdown. An international online questionnaire was carried out using the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI), the Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI), and the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) in addition to questions on the use of IPEDs. Read More

Mol Syndromol 2021 Mar 9;12(1):33-40. Epub 2020 Dec 9.

Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA.

Tubulinopathies are a group of conditions caused by variants in 6 tubulin genes that present with a spectrum of brain malformations. One of these conditions is -related tubulinopathy. Currently, there are 9 reported individuals with pathogenic variants within the gene, with common manifestations including, but not limited to, global developmental delay, seizures, cortical dysplasia, and dysmorphic corpus callosum. Read More

J Affect Disord 2021 05 11;287:34-40. Epub 2021 Mar 11.

Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School.

Background: Research on predictors of treatment outcome in body dysmorphic disorder, a common and severe disorder, is very limited, and no prior studies have examined moderators of outcome. Because treatment is often but not always efficacious, it is important to identify who is more likely to benefit. We examined predictors and moderators of improvement with therapist-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy versus supportive psychotherapy in the only study of these treatments for body dysmorphic disorder. Read More

Rev Prat 2020 Sep;70(7):774-776

Institut du Cerveau, et Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.

Classification of obsessive-compulsive disorder : evolution in the DSM V. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) criteria were first described in the third edition of Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM), in the 1980's. OCD was then classified as an anxious disorder. Read More

Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021 03 18;16(1):136. Epub 2021 Mar 18.

Sackler School of Medicine at Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Background: An identical homozygous missense variant in EIF3F, identified through a large-scale genome-wide sequencing approach, was reported as causative in nine individuals with a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by variable intellectual disability, epilepsy, behavioral problems and sensorineural hearing-loss. To refine the phenotypic and molecular spectrum of EIF3F-related neurodevelopmental disorder, we examined independent patients.

Results: 21 patients were homozygous and one compound heterozygous for c. Read More

Psychiatry Res 2021 May 8;299:113865. Epub 2021 Mar 8.

First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, 74 Vas. Sophias Ave., 11528, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", (UMHRI), Athens, Greece.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by excessive preoccupation with imagined or slight physical defects in appearance. BDD is associated with cognitive impairments (attention, visual processing). Our study aims to evaluate the early neural responses (N100, P200) to prepulse inhibition (PPI) and prepulse facilitation (PPF), to investigate attentional processing of BDD in the auditory domain. Read More