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PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020 Jul 2;14(7):e0008260. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya.

Background: An estimated 59,000 people die from rabies annually, with 99% of those deaths attributable to bites from domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). This preventable Neglected Tropical Disease has a large impact across continental Africa, especially for rural populations living in close contact with livestock and wildlife. Mass vaccinations of domestic dogs are effective at eliminating rabies but require large amounts of resources, planning, and political will to implement. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2020 Jun 30;20(1):458. Epub 2020 Jun 30.

Departments of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 588 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61453, Republic of Korea.

Background: Anaplasmosis is an emerging acute febrile disease that is caused by a bite of an Anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected hard tick. As for healthy patients, reports on asymptomatic anaplasmosis resulting from such tick bites are rare.

Case Presentation: A 55-year-old female patient visited the hospital with a tick bite in the right infraclavicular region. Read More

Int Marit Health 2020;71(2):129-139

Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Medicine; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.

Until last year, terrorism, economic instability, poverty and natural disasters were considered the major threats to humans globally. Infectious diseases were seen as a minor problem. This, however, changed in 2020 when the global COVID-19 pandemic broke out and a new danger emerged. Read More

MSMR 2020 Jun;27(6):10-15

Limited data exist on animal-related injuries in the U.S. Army veterinary service (VS). Read More

Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020 Jun 22. Epub 2020 Jun 22.

Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Saint Peter's University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.

This is a case of septic shock encountered in a 7-week-old infant without any bites, scratch marks, or history of licks by pet animals (dog and cats in household). The infant required 3 days of vasopressor support and 4 days of mechanical ventilation to achieve normal hemodynamics. This is an unidentified route of transmission and our literature search for this topic discovered reported cases of life-threatening presentation with infections in the absence of a bite or any form of invasive contact with animals. Read More

Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020 22;53:e20200151. Epub 2020 Jun 22.

Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Centro de Ciências Aplicadas e Educação, Rio Tinto, PB, Brasil.

Human envenomation by the snakes Colubridae and Dipsadidae are reported in Brazil, and envenomation by the Opisthoglyphous snake Philodryas olfersii could be dangerous. Here, we present the second record of an envenomation by Philodryas olfersii in Pernambuco, northeast Brazil. The male victim presented with mild erythema pain, paraesthesia, local numbness, and swollen lymph nodes. Read More

Malar J 2020 Jun 23;19(1):219. Epub 2020 Jun 23.

Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.

Background: In rural south-eastern Tanzania, Anopheles funestus is a major malaria vector, and has been implicated in nearly 90% of all infective bites. Unfortunately, little is known about the natural ecological requirements and survival strategies of this mosquito species.

Methods: Potential mosquito aquatic habitats were systematically searched along 1000 m transects from the centres of six villages in south-eastern Tanzania. Read More

JAMA 2020 06;323(24):2535

Fishbein Fellow.

Malar J 2020 Jun 22;19(1):212. Epub 2020 Jun 22.

Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.

Background: Zanzibar provides a good case study for malaria elimination. The islands have experienced a dramatic reduction in malaria burden since the introduction of effective vector control interventions and case management. Malaria prevalence has now been maintained below 1% for the past decade and the islands can feasibly aim for elimination. Read More

Stud Health Technol Inform 2020 Jun;270:1283-1284

Health Information System Office, Ministry of Health, Buenos Aires City, Argentina.

Toxicon X 2019 Oct 2;4:100015. Epub 2019 Oct 2.

Intensive Care Unit, Teaching Hospital, Ratnapura, Sri Lanka.

The Ceylon krait () is a highly venomous elapid snake endemic to Sri Lanka. Its bites are rare and only seven reports are found in the literature. Therefore, the clinical manifestations and natural history of envenoming of Ceylon krait are not well studied yet. Read More

J Trop Med 2020 26;2020:6419104. Epub 2020 May 26.

Community Health Department, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.

Introduction: Each year, an estimated 25000 rabies death occurs in Africa. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) remains the only proven approach in preventing rabies deaths. Most of rabies deaths occur among those who delayed, did not receive, or complete rabies PEP. Read More

R Soc Open Sci 2020 May 13;7(5):192079. Epub 2020 May 13.

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Recent population growth of the harbour porpoise (), grey seal () and common seal () in the North Sea has increased potential interaction between these species. Grey seals are known to attack harbour porpoises. Some harbour porpoises survive initially, but succumb eventually, often showing severely infected skin lesions. Read More

Lancet 2020 Jun 11;395(10242):1998-2007. Epub 2020 Jun 11.

LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Background: In animal models, immunity to mosquito salivary proteins protects animals against mosquito-borne disease. These findings provide a rationale to vaccinate against mosquito saliva instead of the pathogen itself. To our knowledge, no vector salivary protein-based vaccine has been tested for safety and immunogenicity in humans. Read More

Infect Dis Poverty 2020 Jun 5;9(1):62. Epub 2020 Jun 5.

The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.

Background: Rabies is a fatal but preventable viral disease, which causes an estimated 59 000 human deaths globally every year. The vast majority of human rabies cases are attributable to bites from infected domestic dogs and consequently control of rabies in the dog population through mass vaccination campaigns is considered the most effective method of eliminating the disease. Achieving the WHO target of 70% vaccination coverage has proven challenging in low-resource settings such as Sub Saharan Africa, and lack of public awareness about rabies vaccination campaigns is a major barrier to their success. Read More

N Engl J Med 2020 06;382(23):2230-2237

From the VITROME (Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes) Research Unit, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille (P.P.), and the Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny (A.I.) - both in France.

South Med J 2020 Jun;113(6):267-274

From the School of Public Health, Environmental, and Occupational Health Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.

Red meat allergies have followed tick bites on every continent except Antarctica. The sensitizing antigen is galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal), an oligosaccharide constituent of nonprimate blood and meat, acquired by ticks during animal bloodfeeding. Because red meat allergy after tick bites is a worldwide phenomenon, the objectives of this review were to describe the global epidemiology of red meat allergy after tick bites and its immunological mechanisms; to identify the human risk factors for red meat allergy after tick bites; to identify the most common tick vectors of red meat allergy worldwide; to describe the clinical manifestations, diagnostic confirmation, and management of patients with red meat allergy after tick bites; and to recommend strategies for the prevention of tick bites. Read More

Parasitol Res 2020 Jul 28;119(7):2067-2073. Epub 2020 May 28.

Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35040, İzmir, Turkey.

Fleas are ectoparasites of mammals and birds. In livestock such as sheep and goat, flea bites cause many clinical signs. Several types of insecticides including pyrethroids are used to struggle against fleas. Read More

IDCases 2020 11;21:e00801. Epub 2020 May 11.

Department of Hospital Medicine, Marshfield Clinic Health System - Marshfield, Marshfield, WI, 54444, United States.

() is a gram-negative coccobacillus that comprises the normal oral, upper respiratory, and gastrointestinal flora of many wild and domestic animals. Disease transmission primarily occurs via animal bites, scratches, and licks on broken skin. most commonly causes skin and soft tissue infection and local abscess formation; however, we report a unique case of spinal epidural abscess due to infection in a patient with a history of recent epidural steroid injection and repeated cat bites. Read More

Int J Mol Sci 2020 May 18;21(10). Epub 2020 May 18.

L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, F-44007 Nantes, France.

It is now more than a century since Albert Calmette from the Institut Pasteur changed the world of envenomation by demonstrating that antibodies raised against animal venoms have the ability to treat human victims of previously fatal bites or stings. Moreover, the research initiated at that time effectively launched the discipline of toxicology, first leading to the search for toxic venom components, followed by the demonstration of venoms that also contained compounds of therapeutic value. Interest from pharmaceutical companies to treat envenomation is, however, declining, mainly for economic reasons, and hence, the World Health Organization has reclassified this public health issue to be a highest priority concern. Read More

Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019 Nov-Dec;12(6):560-565

Department of Dental Materials, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

In children, accidental injuries (AI) are the most common cause of major trauma. Although rare, nonaccidental injuries (NAI) can also cause major trauma. Among NAI, animal bites form a significant fraction. Read More

Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020 May 18. Epub 2020 May 18.

Department of Family Practice, St Luke's University Health Network, Phillipsburg, New Jersey, USA.

Pasteur discovered the causative agent of fowl cholera () in 1880. Since then, multiple zoonotic infections affecting humans have been reported. infections usually result from bites of cats or dogs. Read More

Zoonoses Public Health 2020 May 18. Epub 2020 May 18.

Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.

This study investigated self-reported dog bites in humans in rural and urban households in southern Ontario, Canada. Our objectives were to determine, and compare, the incidence of dog bites in rural and urban households, and to describe the profile of bite victims, biting dogs, and the proportion of biting dogs that respondents self-reported as being not up to date on rabies vaccination. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study using an online questionnaire. Read More

Front Vet Sci 2020 28;7:241. Epub 2020 Apr 28.

Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.

Treatment of craniomaxillofacial (CMF) trauma in dogs often requires a multidisciplinary approach and a thorough understanding of the CMF skeletal structures involved. The aim of this retrospective study was to use a large number of CT studies of dogs evaluated for CMF trauma and to describe fracture location and morphology in relation to demographic data and trauma etiology. The medical records and CT studies of 165 dogs over a 10-year period were evaluated. Read More

Sci Rep 2020 May 14;10(1):7990. Epub 2020 May 14.

Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA.

Individuals exposed to sand fly bites develop humoral and cellular immune responses to sand fly salivary proteins. Moreover, cellular immunity to saliva or distinct salivary proteins protects against leishmaniasis in various animal models. In Tbilisi, Georgia, an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), sand flies are abundant for a short period of ≤3 months. Read More

Science 2020 05;368(6492):695

Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020 11;62:e26. Epub 2020 May 11.

Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil

Scorpionism has a high incidence rate in Brazil. It is considered a serious public health problem mainly in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The number of scorpion accidents have increased over the years and the highest frequencies have been reported mainly in the Brazilian Northeast region. Read More

Rev Med Suisse 2020 May;16(693):984-988

Service de médecine tropicale et humanitaire, HUG, 1211 Genève 14.

Sea bathing is often a priority activity for travelers, with widely recognized health benefits. The dangers, in contrast, are underestimated, especially in tropical seas. We describe the scope of marine envenoming, trauma, and infections, representing 1-3 % of tropical and travel medicine consultations in the literature. Read More

Acta Med Hist Adriat 2019 12;17(2):285-294

University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social Sciences and Medical Humanities, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia. E-mail:

Zvonimir Maretić was the pioneer of the study of venomous animals and plants, toxicology, and tourism medicine. His achievements have been recognized, but insufficiently researched. His work covers a broad range of biomedical sciences: from public health, ecology, and environmental protection, to epidemiology and infectology. Read More

Vet World 2020 Mar 5;13(3):419-425. Epub 2020 Mar 5.

Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

Aim: This study examined the incidence, demographic predictors, and map patterns of dog bites to humans in unincorporated Harris County, Texas, USA.

Materials And Methods: Dog bites reported to Harris County Veterinary Public Health (HCVPH) between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2016, were analyzed in this retrospective cohort study. Canine and victim characteristics and bite circumstances were evaluated to establish risk factors for bites. Read More

Travel Med Infect Dis 2020 Apr 28:101698. Epub 2020 Apr 28.

T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Massachusetts, USA.

Background: Currently, the main travel health surveillance system relies on ill-returned travelers data and has been mainly designed for countries of origin in developed regions. This study aims to develop an integrated travel health surveillance and information system for destination sites in Bali.

Methods: The first stage of the project included mapping and geo-tagging of health hazards and risks as well as travel health facilities, involving 197 tourist attractions in 8 regencies and 1 city in Bali. Read More

South Med J 2020 May;113(5):232-239

From the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, Marilyn Goss Haskell, Innovative One Health Solutions, Raleigh, North Carolina, and the Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.

Objectives: Injuries resulting from contact with animals are a significant public health concern. This study quantifies and updates nonfatal bite and sting injuries by noncanine sources using the most recent data available (2011-2015) from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program with the purpose of using these updates to better understand public health consequences and prevention techniques. Increased rates of bites and stings can be expected in this study's time frame, possibly caused by the increasing human population expanding into animal territories, as well as changes in animal geographic distribution and pet ownership. Read More

BMC Public Health 2020 Apr 29;20(1):584. Epub 2020 Apr 29.

Ecole de santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.

Background: In Nunavik, Arctic rabies is still endemic due to a spillover from wildlife to dogs. The prevention of human exposure and the management of potential exposure is a significant public health concern in this region.

Methods: This study retrospectively describes cases of potential exposure to rabies in humans as reported to the Nunavik Public Health Board through their registry of reported cases. Read More

Toxicon 2020 May 18;179:92-100. Epub 2020 Mar 18.

Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. Electronic address:

Specimens of the Crotalus genus represent a potential snakebite problem in Mexico, and despite the great number of species of Crotalus present in this country, only a few of them are relevant from a medical point of view. Crotalus envenomed patients can present a range of signs and symptoms, depending on the species involved, and their treatment is indistinctly with either of the anti-viperid antivenoms available in the Mexican Public Health System. One of these antivenoms is produced by immunization of horses with a mixture of only two venoms: Crotalus basiliscus and Bothrops asper venoms. Read More

PLoS One 2020 28;15(4):e0232189. Epub 2020 Apr 28.

Division of Experimental Clinical Research, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a Th-2, IgE-mediated dermatitis of horses caused by bites of insects of the genus Culicoides that has common features with human atopic dermatitis. Together with Th-2 cells, the epithelial barrier plays an important role in development of type I hypersensitivities. In order to elucidate the role of the epithelial barrier and of the skin immune response in IBH we studied the transcriptome of lesional whole skin of IBH-horses (IBH-LE; n = 9) in comparison to non-lesional skin (IBH-NL; n = 8) as well as to skin of healthy control horses (H; n = 9). Read More

Wilderness Environ Med 2020 Jun 23;31(2):131-143. Epub 2020 Apr 23.

Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peredeniya, Sri Lanka.

Introduction: Hump-nosed pit vipers (Hypnale spp) cause the highest number of venomous snakebites in Sri Lanka. Bites commonly cause local envenoming leading to local pain, swelling, and necrosis of the site of the bite. Acute kidney injury is the most common systemic manifestation, and some patients develop venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC). Read More

Sci Rep 2020 Apr 24;10(1):6975. Epub 2020 Apr 24.

Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland.

Tick-borne diseases are a major threat to human and animal health. An increasing number of natural habitats have been transformed into urban areas by human activity; hence, the number of reported tick bites in urban and suburban areas has risen. This retrospective analysis evaluated 53 scientific reports concerning infections of Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from urban and suburban areas of Europe between 1991 and 2017. Read More

Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020 22;53:e20190458. Epub 2020 Apr 22.

Centro Universitário São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.

We present the first recent reported case of traumatic injury caused by catfish in the Americas. Although 66.2% of fish-related injuries occur in the Amazon Region, they are scarcely reported. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2020 Apr 19;20(1):288. Epub 2020 Apr 19.

4th Medical Department with Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Süd - Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Spital mit Gottfried von Preyer'schem Kinderspital, KFJ-Spital, Kundratstrasse 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria.

Background: The diagnosis of human anaplasmosis remains elusive and is probably often missed. This case report highlights the efficacy of molecular diagnostic techniques.

Case Presentation: We would like to report the case of a 74-year-old man who was admitted to hospital because of a high fever, marked chills, transient diplopic images and vertigo, 6 weeks after multiple tick bites. Read More

J Equine Vet Sci 2020 May 2;88:102971. Epub 2020 Mar 2.

Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ.

Field studies characterizing equine grazing activity primarily rely on observational protocols, limiting the quantity and accuracy of collected data. The objectives of this study were to validate an automated chew sensor technology, the EquiWatch System (EWS), for detecting grazing behaviors and to demonstrate potential applications of the EWS in equine grazing research. Eight mature standardbred mares were used in this study. Read More

Parasit Vectors 2020 Apr 17;13(1):199. Epub 2020 Apr 17.

University of Strasbourg, Virulence bactérienne précoce UR7290-Lyme borreliosis group, FMTS - CHRU Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, Strasbourg, France.

Background: Borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever Borrelia species transmitted by ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex. Human disease caused by B. miyamotoi was first described in Russia and later in the USA and Japan. Read More

Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020 04;8(2):e00582

Pharmacy One™ Poison Control Center, Amman, Jordan.

The Pharmacy One™ Poising Call Center (P PCC), located in Amman, Jordan, was created to address deficiencies identified by the pharmacy service, including in the management of poisoning cases. The aims of this study were to analyze the patterns of poisoning cases reported to the P PCC and to describe the role of the P PCC pharmacist in ensuring preparedness and managing the response to poisoning cases. In addition, the information from these interventions was used to survey human poisoning in Jordan. Read More

Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2020 Jul 16;140(7):981-985. Epub 2020 Apr 16.

Division of Hand Surgery, St. Vincent Hospital Hanau, Hanau, Germany.

Introduction: Animal bites of the hand are common injuries in the emergency department. Serious complications may occur if those injuries are not treated adequately. The purpose of the study was to examine if there is a difference between the treatment of animal bite injuries at an early stage (first treatment within the first 24 h after injury, group I) versus a later stage (first treatment more than 24 h after injury, group II) retrospectively. Read More

N Engl J Med 2020 Apr;382(16):1544-1553

From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (N.B.); and the Departments of Radiology (S.M.), Medicine (A.K.W., S.E.T.), and Pathology (S.E.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (S.M.), Medicine (A.K.W., S.E.T.), and Pathology (S.E.T.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston.

Ann Glob Health 2020 Apr 7;86(1):38. Epub 2020 Apr 7.

Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR.

Background: Animal bite due to the risk of rabies is a major public health problem. Rabies is of great importance because of fatalities and economic damage.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological patterns of animal bite in Najaf Abad during the years of 2012 to 2017. Read More

Toxicon 2020 Jun 11;180:39-42. Epub 2020 Apr 11.

National Poisons Information Centre, Tox Info Suisse, Associated Institute of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Bothrops venezuelensis is a venomous snake of the Viperidae family. It is associated with a high snakebite-related morbidity and mortality in Venezuela, although clinical case descriptions are scarce. Bites by other Bothrops sp. Read More

Toxicon 2020 Jun 11;180:28-30. Epub 2020 Apr 11.

Cairns Hospital, 165 Esplanade, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia; The Kirby Institute, Wallace Wurth Building, University of New South Wales, High St, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia. Electronic address:

A previously well man developed acute, marked tender bilateral gynaecomastia two months after confirmed taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) envenomation. He had had laboratory evidence of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) including microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury. Scrotal ultrasound revealed bilateral testicular atrophy, his serum testosterone was repeatedly low, while his luteinising and follicle stimulating hormone were elevated. Read More

Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2020 May 10;28(4):213-215. Epub 2020 Apr 10.

University Paediatrics Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka.

Cardiac complications following envenomation by Russell's viper venom are uncommon. We describe a 14-year-old girl who developed delayed-onset sinus node dysfunction. She presented with mucosal bleeding, ptosis, and muscle weakness. Read More

Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020 Jul 6;11(4):101422. Epub 2020 Apr 6.

Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States. Electronic address:

Dermacentor andersoni, the Rocky Mountain wood tick, occurs predominantly in the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada. There are relatively few contemporary data to evaluate the occurrence of Rickettsia and Anaplasma species in D. andersoni in western North America, and even less information about these associations in the state of Washington, where this tick species is widely distributed and often bites humans. Read More

Malar J 2020 Apr 8;19(1):148. Epub 2020 Apr 8.

Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.

Background: Outdoor and early evening mosquito biting needs to be addressed if malaria elimination is to be achieved. While indoor-targeted interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, remain essential, complementary approaches that tackle persisting outdoor transmission are urgently required to maximize the impact. Major malaria vectors principally bite human hosts around the feet and ankles. Read More