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Rev Sci Tech 2018 Aug;37(2):439-449

Rabies is an acute and progressive encephalitis caused by lyssaviruses (family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales). Approximately 99% of the estimated 59,000 annual human rabies deaths in Africa and Asia are attributed to dog bites and are preventable through parenteral dog vaccination. In addition to dog rabies, the rabies virus also circulates in wildlife carnivores in southern Africa and virus exchange occurs readily across species barriers. Read More

Rev Sci Tech 2018 Aug;37(2):529-542

The Indian subcontinent comprises Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, the Maldives, Myanmar, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. In all of these countries, except the Maldives, rabies is endemic. An estimated 59,000 people die from rabies each year; 45% of these deaths occur on the Indian subcontinent and approximately 33% take place in India. Read More

Rev Sci Tech 2018 Aug;37(2):569-580

Rabies is an acute neurological infection of humans and animals, caused by rabies virus and usually transmitted by animal bites. After an incubation period usually lasting weeks or longer, a variety of prodromal symptoms may occur. Encephalitic rabies (80% of cases) is associated with episodes of generalised arousal or hyperexcitability and hydrophobia, in which spasms involve the contraction of inspiratory muscles with swallowing. Read More

Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2019 Feb 7. Epub 2019 Feb 7.

UFR Sciences médicales d'Abidjan, université Félix Houphouët Boigny de Cocody, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Institut national d'hygiène publique (Inhp), Cote d'Ivoire.

Aim: Human rabies is a major public health problem in many African countries, including Ivory Coast. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of human rabies knowledge on compliance with post-exposure prophylaxis.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study from September 2014 to May 2015 at the Abidjan Rabid Center, Treichville. Read More

Ann Parasitol 2018 ;64(4):309-315

Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, ul. Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland

Bartonellosis is a disease caused by Bartonella spp. microorganisms which belong to the Rickettsiales order. This disease is a zoonosis, B. Read More

Vet Ophthalmol 2019 Feb 4. Epub 2019 Feb 4.

Department of Pathological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.

Purpose: To describe the clinical and histopathologic features secondary to ocular and periocular snakebites in dogs requiring enucleation.

Methods: Retrospective review of patients with recorded snakebite envenomation from the archives of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) and Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (1997-2017). The cases included in this study required witnessed snakebites to the dog by the owner, clinical signs supportive of periocular or ocular envenomation, and/or histopathologic lesions compatible with snakebites. Read More

J Dairy Sci 2019 Jan 31. Epub 2019 Jan 31.

Agroscope, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland. Electronic address:

Information about the individual herbage DMI (HDMI) of grazing dairy cows is important for an efficient use of pasture herbage as an animal feed with a range of benefits. Estimating HDMI, with its multifaceted influencing variables, is difficult but may be attempted using animal, performance, behavior, and feed variables. In our study, 2 types of approaches were explored: 1 for HDMI estimation under a global approach (GA), where all variables measured in the 4 underlying experiments were used for model development, and 1 for HDMI estimation in an approach without information about the amount of supplements fed in the barn (WSB). Read More

Wilderness Environ Med 2019 Jan 30. Epub 2019 Jan 30.

Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peredeniya, Sri Lanka.

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), which includes the spectrum of hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, is an uncommon complication of hump-nosed pit viper envenomation. We describe 4 cases of TMA following hump-nosed pit viper (Hypnale spp) bites in Sri Lanka. The first case is a typical TMA that spontaneously resolved with supportive treatments. Read More

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019 Jan 31;16(3). Epub 2019 Jan 31.

The Centre for Global Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Lu, Hangzhou 310012, China.

Unintentional injury is the leading cause of childhood death and disability in many countries worldwide. This study aimed to quantify rates and risk factors for childhood unintentional injury in areas of rural China, where many children are left behind by migrant worker parents. We administered a questionnaire to children aged 9 to 15, in 56 schools in five counties in Zhejiang and Guizhou provinces. Read More

Infect Dis Ther 2019 Mar 31;8(1):119-136. Epub 2019 Jan 31.

Internal Medicine Department, Scripps Mercy Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA.

Introduction: Capnocytophaga canimorsus infections are associated with dog bites, especially in asplenic or immunocompromised patients, and typically manifest as sepsis and/or bacteremia. Meningitis has been rarely described, and its diagnosis may be delayed due to poor or slow growth using traditional culture techniques. We provide our experience using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to establish the diagnosis and perform a comprehensive review of C. Read More

J Ethnopharmacol 2019 Apr 25;233:218-233. Epub 2019 Jan 25.

National Innovation Foundation-India (Autonomous Body of Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India), Grambharti, Amarapur, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382650, India. Electronic address:

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman. (Family: Musaceae), commonly known as "Wild Banana" is well recorded as popular ethnomedicine for medicinal and nutritional uses by different people and communities native to India, Ethiopia, Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam. Read More

Parasit Vectors 2019 Jan 23;12(1):52. Epub 2019 Jan 23.

Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Background: Vector-borne diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA. Effective, convenient prevention methods are needed. Long-lasting permethrin-impregnated (LLPI) clothing can prevent tick bites, however, additional information is needed on the real-world effectiveness and safety of this preventative measure. Read More

Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2019 Jan 23;19(1). Epub 2019 Jan 23.

Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Purpose Of Review: The alpha-Gal (α-Gal) syndrome is characterized by the presence of IgE antibodies directed at the carbohydrate galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (α-Gal). In this article, we review the presence of α-Gal in food and non-food sources; we discuss the evolutionary context of the antibody response to α-Gal and highlight immune responses to α-Gal and other carbohydrates.

Recent Findings: IgE antibodies have been associated with delayed allergy to red meat. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 01 18;13(1):e0007017. Epub 2019 Jan 18.

Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.

Background: Naja annulifera is a medically important venomous snake occurring in some of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Accidental bites result in severe coagulation disturbances, systemic inflammation and heart damage, as reported in dogs, and death, by respiratory arrest, in humans. Despite the medical importance of N. Read More

Parasit Vectors 2019 Jan 15;12(1):34. Epub 2019 Jan 15.

Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche Scientifique et de l'Innovation, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, BP 545, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

Background: Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is a dermal filariasis caused by infection with the nematode parasite Onchocerca volvulus, transmitted to humans through the bites of blackflies of the genus Simulium. Despite the decade-long West African Regional Programme for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis, involving the mass administration of ivermectin to populations in endemic areas, recrudescence has occurred. An example is in the Cascades Region of south-west Burkina Faso where the resumption of transmission had resulted in infection prevalences of up to 70% in some villages. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 01 11;13(1):e0007067. Epub 2019 Jan 11.

Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.

Background: The vector-borne disease leishmaniasis is transmitted to humans by infected female sand flies, which transmits Leishmania parasites together with saliva during blood feeding. In Iran, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by Leishmania (L.) major and L. Read More

Am Fam Physician 2019 Jan;99(2):80

Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2018 11;3(1):e000250. Epub 2018 Dec 11.

Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.

Background: Injuries due to encounters with animals can be serious, but are often discussed anecdotally or only for isolated types of encounters. We sought to characterize animal-related injuries presenting to US emergency departments (ED) to determine the impact of these types of injuries.

Methods: All ED encounters with diagnosis codes corresponding to animal-related injury were identified using ICD-9-CM codes from the 2010 2014 National Emergency Department Sample (NEDS). Read More

Ethiop J Health Sci 2018 Nov;28(6):805-808

Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Background: Rabies still poses a significant health problem in most of African countries, where the majority of the cases result from dog bites. The situations in the marginalized pastoral areas were not well documented.

Case: In September 2015, rabid wild fox entered the pastoralist village and bit a domestic dog. Read More

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019 Jan 4;67(5152):1410-1414. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

On May 9, 2017, the Virginia Department of Health was notified regarding a patient with suspected rabies. The patient had sustained a dog bite 6 weeks before symptom onset while traveling in India. On May 11, CDC confirmed that the patient was infected with a rabies virus that circulates in dogs in India. Read More

Zoonoses Public Health 2019 Mar 28;66(2):216-222. Epub 2018 Dec 28.

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is recognized as the most important zoonotic tick-transmitted virus in Europe. TBEV is mainly transmitted to humans through bites from TBEV-infected ticks (Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus). However, alimentary infection after consumption of unpasteurized milk and cheese from domestic ruminants has been reported. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Dec;97(52):e13737

Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Rationale: Two clinical cases are reported of envenomation by the nose-horned viper (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes) venom of a 9-year-old boy and of an 84-year-old woman.

Patient Concerns: Both patients had been bitten on their extremities by such a snake in August near Split, a town in southern Croatia.

Diagnoses: Clinical manifestation of envenomation was severe in the case of the boy, being characterized by a severe coagulopathy. Read More

Parasit Vectors 2018 Dec 27;11(1):669. Epub 2018 Dec 27.

Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.

Background: Different mosquito-borne pathogens are circulating in Iran including Sindbis virus, West Nile virus, filarioid worms and malaria parasites. However, the local transmission cycles of these pathogenic agents are poorly understood, especially because ecological data on vector species are scarce and there is limited knowledge about the host range; this understanding could help to direct species-specific vector control measurements or to prioritize research.

Methods: In the summers of 2015 and 2016, blood-fed mosquitoes were collected at 13 trapping sites on the coast of the Caspian Sea in northern Iran and at an additional trapping site in western Iran. Read More

Ann Agric Environ Med 2018 Dec 16;25(4):630-634. Epub 2017 Oct 16.

First Department of General, Oncological & Gastroenterological Surgery Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.

Introduction: The Vipera berus (common viper) is the only species of venomous snake found in Poland. The aim of this study was to determine to what extent coagulopathy has occurred as a post-bite complication.

Material And Methods: The medical records of 138 adult patients in the Sucha Beskidzka hospital with the diagnosis of snake bite between 2001-2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Read More

Prev Vet Med 2018 Dec 17. Epub 2018 Dec 17.

European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy.

Lumpy skin disease has recently emerged as a major threat to cattle populations outside of Africa, where it is endemic. In 2015 the first ever European outbreaks occurred in Greece, which were followed by spread across much of the Balkans in 2016. Here we use a simple mathematical model for the transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) between herds to explore factors influencing its spread by fitting it to data on outbreaks in Albania in 2016. Read More

Vaccine 2018 Dec 17. Epub 2018 Dec 17.

The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Electronic address:

Background: Costs of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) often remain high in regions where rabies has been controlled in dogs, presenting a challenge for sustaining rabies elimination programmes. We investigated the potential for bite patient risk assessments to improve PEP provision and surveillance in settings approaching elimination of dog-mediated rabies.

Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study of patients presenting to animal bite treatment centres (ABTCs) on the island province of Bohol in the Philippines to investigate the health status of biting dogs and to quantify current expenditure on PEP. Read More

J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2018 11;8(6):370-372. Epub 2018 Dec 11.

Discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1880, Pasteurella multocida is the most common cause of zoonotic infection in humans which is transmitted via pet bites and/or scratches. However, animal contact may be absent or not identified in up to 40% of cases which usually occur in individuals with comorbidities. Despite having a low virulence, PM can cause serious and life threatening infections in rare instances. Read More

Parasit Vectors 2018 Dec 17;11(1):661. Epub 2018 Dec 17.

Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.

Background: Protecting people outdoors against mosquito-borne diseases is a major challenge. Here we compared commercially available personal protection methods to identify the most effective method for outdoor use in northern Lao PDR.

Methods: From June to August 2016 the protective efficacy of treatments were compared in a secondary forest during the afternoon and a village during the evening. Read More

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018 Dec 13. Epub 2018 Dec 13.

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

Background: Hump-nosed pit vipers (Hypnale hypnale) are highly venomous snakes found in Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats region of India. They are the most common cause of venomous snakebites in Sri Lanka, mainly causing local envenoming leading to pain, swelling and necrosis. Systemic envenoming causing acute kidney injury and coagulopathy are more commonly recognized following their bites. Read More

Sante Publique 2018 May June;30(3):418-428

Introduction: Rabies, an infectious disease mainly transmitted by dog bites, is fatal due to lack of appropriate knowledge-attitudes-practices (KAP). The KAP of healthcare providers are particularly important because of their presence in the communities and their profession and were evaluated in the present study.

Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based descriptive study was conducted in healthcare providers recruited from four health districts in Chad in 2015. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2018 Oct 3;6(10):e1839. Epub 2018 Oct 3.

Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

The nose plays a critical role in olfaction, air filtration and humidification, and facial aesthetics. Most nasal amputations result from animal bites, human bites, and lacerations from glass. Successful replantation yields the best aesthetic and functional outcomes and is preferred compared with multistage nasal reconstruction. Read More

J Vet Intern Med 2019 Jan 6;33(1):266-274. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland.

Background: Genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence suggests that, in horses, there are manifestations of hypersensitivity that can occur together.

Objectives: To investigate whether concurrent insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) and severe equine asthma (EA) is associated with higher allergen-specific and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations than only EA or IBH.

Animals: Healthy control horses (C, n = 40), horses with IBH (IBH, n = 24), severe EA (EA, n = 18), and both conditions (IBH/EA, n = 23) were included. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018 12 3;12(12):e0007014. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.

Taiwan is an island located in the south Pacific, a subtropical region that is home to 61 species of snakes. Of these snakes, four species-Trimeresurus stejnegeri, Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, Bungarus multicinctus and Naja atra-account for more than 90% of clinical envenomation cases. Currently, there are two types of bivalent antivenom: hemorrhagic antivenom against the venom of T. Read More

Int J Health Geogr 2018 12 4;17(1):41. Epub 2018 Dec 4.

Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Background: The bacteria of the group Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. are the etiological agents of Lyme borreliosis in humans, transmitted by bites of ticks. Read More

Viruses 2018 11 30;10(12). Epub 2018 Nov 30.

Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.

Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV), the causative agent of an emerging zoonotic disease in Africa and Arabia, can infect a variety of species, predominantly ruminants, camelids, and humans. While clinical symptoms are mostly absent in adult ruminants and camelids, RVFV infection may lead to a serious, sometimes fatal disease in humans. Virus transmissions between individuals and between species mainly occur through mosquito bites, but direct or even indirect contact with infectious materials may also result in infection. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018 12 4;12(12):e0006981. Epub 2018 Dec 4.

Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.

Background: Phlebotomus orientalis is a vector of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of life threatening visceral leishmaniasis spread in Eastern Africa. During blood-feeding, sand fly females salivate into the skin of the host. Sand fly saliva contains a large variety of proteins, some of which elicit specific antibody responses in the bitten hosts. Read More

Vet Med Sci 2018 Nov 29. Epub 2018 Nov 29.

Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Irrawaddy squirrel (Callosciurus pygerythrus) may play an important role in the transmission of zoonotic bacteria, but little is known about the carriage of zoonotic bacteria in this common frugivorous rodent in Bangladesh. We aimed to investigate the presence of common zoonotic bacterial pathogens in Irrawaddy squirrel in the southeast part of Bangladesh. A total of 27 rectal and 27 oro-nasal swabs were collected from 27 healthy wild Irrawaddy squirrels. Read More

Parasit Vectors 2018 Nov 27;11(1):606. Epub 2018 Nov 27.

James Cook University, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.

Background: Decisions on when vector control can be withdrawn after malaria is eliminated depend on the receptivity or potential of an area to support vector populations. To guide malaria control and elimination programmes, the potential of biting rates, sporozoite rates, entomological inoculation rates and parity rates to estimate malaria receptivity and transmission were compared within and among geographically localised villages of active transmission in the Western Province of the Solomon Islands.

Results: Malaria transmission and transmission potential was heterogeneous in both time and space both among and within villages as defined by anopheline species composition and biting densities. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2018 Nov 26;18(1):597. Epub 2018 Nov 26.

Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.

Background: Clinical Rabies is a widely distributed almost 100% fatal viral zoonotic disease. Most human rabies cases occur in developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa. It can be prevented by immunization, post exposure prophylaxis. Read More

Toxicon 2019 Jan 19;157:12-17. Epub 2018 Nov 19.

Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center - Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA.

Context: The vast majority of the 2.5 million annual worldwide venomous snakebites are attributed to Viperidae or Elapidae envenomations. Of the nearly 2000 Colubridae species described, only a handful are known to cause medically significant envenomations. Read More

Sci Rep 2018 Nov 21;8(1):17188. Epub 2018 Nov 21.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.

Rabies is still a public health threat in China. Evaluating the exposure history, clinical characteristics, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of the cases could help in identifying approaches to reducing the number of these preventable deaths. We analysed data collected from 10,971 case-investigations conducted in China from 2006 to 2012. Read More

Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018 21;48(10):961-967. Epub 2018 Nov 21.

b Biotechnology Research Center , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran.

The "bispecifics" market improved over the past decade due to the development of many technological platforms including bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs). The approval of blinatumomab, the most advanced bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) in clinical trials, can be a significant milestone in the development of bispecific antibodies. Both Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and E. Read More

Travel Med Infect Dis 2018 Nov - Dec;26:75-78. Epub 2018 Nov 16.

Amersham Vale Practice, London, UK. Electronic address:

Pol J Vet Sci 2018 Jun;21(2):371-376

Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economical Animals, Changchun 130112, China.

Self-biting disease occurs in most farmed fur animals in the world. The mechanism and rapid detection method of this disease has not been reported. We applied bulked sergeant analysis (BSA) in combination with RAPD method to analyze a molecular genetic marker linked with self-biting trait in mink group. Read More

Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019 Feb 15;216:110-119. Epub 2018 Nov 15.

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Neuquén y Jujuy s/n, 3370 Puerto Iguazú, Argentina. Electronic address:

Megalopygids Megalopyge lanata and Podalia orsilochus are common causative agents of accidents in agricultural workers. These accidents are provoked by dermal contact at their larval stage and are characterized by cutaneous reactions, such as burning pain, edema and erythema, typically mild and self-limited. There is very little information about their venoms and their toxicological implications on human health. Read More

Toxicon 2018 Dec 15;156:61-65. Epub 2018 Nov 15.

Institute for Community Health Research, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Viet Nam.

Background: The annual incidence of snakebites in Vietnam is not known and only few publications about snakebite envenoming and medically relevant snakes can be found in English language literature. The present community-based surveys provide data on incidence of snakebites in three different geographic regions of Thua Thien Hue (TT Hue) province, central Vietnam and snake species responsible for bites in this region.

Methodology/results: The cross-sectional community based surveys were conducted from March to July 2017. Read More

Toxicon 2019 Jan 16;157:77-79. Epub 2018 Nov 16.

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.

Overt myoglobinuria associated with myotoxicity is a classic feature of sea snake envenomation. Russell's viper bites usually result in coagulopathy, neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity but rarely myotoxicity has been reported, especially in the Sri Lankan variety (Daboia russelii). All those studies have demonstrated mild degree myotoxicity with microscopic level myoglobinuria. Read More

Travel Med Infect Dis 2018 Nov - Dec;26:3-4. Epub 2018 Nov 14.

Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Zoonoses Public Health 2019 Feb 14;66(1):108-116. Epub 2018 Nov 14.

Centre for African Wetlands, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.

Zoonotic pathogens cause an estimated 70% of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in humans, affecting various aspects of human development on a global scale. The significance of bats as a source of emerging infectious diseases is being progressively appreciated. This study was undertaken post-Ebola virus disease in West Africa and assessed the public health implications of human-bat interactions by exploring the reasons for contact between humans and bats, as well as reported actions taken upon experiencing bat bites or scratches. Read More