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J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2019 Jan-Apr;27(1):2309499018820349

1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.

Introduction:: The long head of the biceps (LHB) is often resected in shoulder surgery. However, its contribution to inflammatory processes in the shoulder remains unclear. In the present study, inflamed and noninflamed human LHBs were comparatively characterized for features of inflammation. Read More

Orthop J Sports Med 2019 Jan 14;7(1):2325967118821604. Epub 2019 Jan 14.

Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.

Background: Chronic overload injuries to tendons can be visualized using ultrasonography, with characteristics such as tendon thickening and darkening.

Purpose: To investigate whether these characteristics are evident in the patellar and Achilles tendons immediately after 1 session of high-intensity resistance training.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Read More

JSES Open Access 2018 Mar 13;2(1):69-73. Epub 2018 Mar 13.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA.

The long head of the biceps is a frequent pain generator in the shoulder. Tendinopathy of the long head of the biceps may be treated with biceps tenodesis. There has been great debate about the optimal technique for biceps tenodesis, without a clear distinction between different techniques. Read More

J Ultrasound 2018 Dec 10;21(4):351-354. Epub 2018 Nov 10.

Unit of Ultrasound in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.

Calcific tendinopathy is characterized by the deposition of calcium, mostly hydroxyapatite crystals, in tendons. Women are more frequently affected than men, with prevalence in the fourth and fifth decades of life. This condition has been reported between 2. Read More

Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018 Oct 3. Epub 2018 Oct 3.

Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital North Norway, 9038, Tromsø, Norway.

Purpose: Tendon disorders are a major problem in the general population. It is known that rotator cuff tendinopathy contributes to osteoarthritis (OA) of the shoulder. The aim of the study was to analyse the presence of tendinopathy in patients with shoulder OA and an intact rotator cuff, using a multimodal approach. Read More

Mol Cell Biochem 2018 Sep 28. Epub 2018 Sep 28.

Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.

Tendonosis is characterized by an increase in collagen type III relative to collagen type I, but the precise ratio of collagen type I to collagen type III in pathologic shoulder tendons has not been reported. A tendon continuously bathed in an OA synovial environment may exhibit histomorphologic differences as compared to those from shoulders with a preserved articular surface. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biochemical and histological differences in the proximal portion of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) from a non-arthritic versus an arthritic glenohumeral joint. Read More

J Ultrasound Med 2018 Sep 27. Epub 2018 Sep 27.

Cabinet Imagerie Médicale, Geneva, Switzerland.

The hamstring muscle complex is made by a group of posterior biarticular thigh muscles, originating at the ischial tuberosity, which extend the hip and flex the knee joint. Proximal hamstring injuries are frequent among athletes, commonly involving their long myotendinous junction during an eccentric contraction. In this pictorial essay, we describe the ultrasound technique to visualize the normal anatomy of the proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone complex and present ultrasound findings in patients with traumatic injuries and tendinopathies. Read More

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2018 Dec;11(4):598-606

Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, UniversitàdegliStudi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy.

Purpose Of Review: Platelet-rich plasma is used in many orthopedic pathologies such as tendinopathies and ligament injuries. The clinical results reported in the scientific literature are, however, confusing. The aim of this manuscript is to provide a narrative literature review regarding the role of PRP in the most common elbow soft tissue pathologies. Read More

J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018 Dec 18;43:7-13. Epub 2018 Aug 18.

Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul Des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Quebec G9A 5H7, Canada; Groupe de recherche sur les affections neuro-musculo-squelettiques (GRAN), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul Des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Quebec G9A 5H7, Canada. Electronic address:

The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of foot orthoses (FOs) with and without a lateral bar on muscle activity of participants with cavus feet. Fifteen participants were recruited from the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières students and podiatry clinic. The muscle activity of the tibialis anterior, fibularis longus, gastrocnemius lateralis and medialis, vastus medialis and lateralis, biceps femoris and gluteus medius were recorded during fast walking under two experimental conditions (FOs with and without a lateral bar) and a control condition (shoes). Read More

Zhongguo Gu Shang 2018 Jul;31(7):612-616

Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shool of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China;

Objective: To explore operative technique and clinical efficacy of tenotomy fixed on distal trochlea under arthroscopy for long head of biceps tendon and rotator cuff tear.

Methods: From June 2015 to November 2016, 23 patients with long head of biceps tendon and rotator cuff tear were treated with tenotomy fixed on distal trochlea under arthroscopy and rotator cuff repair. Among them, including 9 males and 14 females aged from 44 to 71 years old with an average of(56. Read More

Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2018 Sep;26(3):139-144

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.

The long head of the biceps brachii is a well-known "pain generator" in the shoulder. Biceps tendinitis, instability, and rupture encompass the majority of symptomatic lesions. Clinical diagnosis, particularly of biceps tendinitis, can be difficult, given the nonspecific physical examination findings. Read More

Physiother Theory Pract 2018 Jun 22:1-11. Epub 2018 Jun 22.

a Physical Therapy Program , University of Colorado , Aurora , CO , USA.

Objectives: To describe the outcomes of 10 patients with chronic biceps tendinopathy treated by physical therapy with the novel approach of dry needling (DN), eccentric-concentric exercise (ECE), and stretching of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT).

Methods: Ten individuals reporting chronic anterior shoulder symptoms (> 3 months), pain with palpation of the LHBT, and positive results on a combination of tests including active shoulder flexion, Speed's, Hawkins Kennedy, Neer, and Yergason's tests participated in this case series. Validated self-reported outcome measures including the mean numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) were taken at baseline. Read More

J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018 Jul/Aug;54(4):226-230. Epub 2018 May 14.

From the Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom.

A 4 mo old German shepherd dog was presented following an acute onset lameness and swelling of the thoracic limb. Clinical signs, surgical findings, and culture results were consistent with a diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. Initial management consisted of extensive surgical debridement, wound lavage, and bandaging. Read More

Med Ultrason 2018 May;20(2):192-198

Department of Physical therapy and rehabilitation, Kirikkale University School of Medicine, Kirikkale, Turkey.

Aim: To investigate strain (SE) and shear wave elastography (SWE) characteristics of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) tendinosis in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.

Material And Methods: Twenty patients with a MRI diagnosis of tendinosis and twenty healthy subjects with normal LHBT in MRI were prospectively examined by SE and SWE. SE color mapping was divided into four types in accordance with elasticity designs: type I predominantly blue (hardest tissue), type II predominantly blue-green (hard tissue), type III predominantly green (intermediate tissue), type IV predominantly green-yellow-red (soft tissue). Read More

Pain Med 2019 Jan;20(1):138-142

Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Objective: Long head biceps tendon peritendinous or sheath injections are routinely administered at or immediately distally to the bicipital groove. The main indication for injection remains the clinical diagnosis or treatment of biceps tendinopathy, although true inflammation of the tendon within the bicipital groove is rare. Because the tendon sheath is merely an extension of the joint cavity, it is plausible to assume that an injection into the sheath would result in intraarticular spread. Read More

Arthroscopy 2018 Jun 21;34(6):1790-1796. Epub 2018 Mar 21.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.

Purpose: To correlate preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intraoperative anatomic findings within the proximal long head biceps tendon to histologic evaluation of 3 separate zones of the tendon in patients with chronic biceps tendinopathy.

Methods: Sixteen patients with chronic biceps tendinopathy were treated with open subpectoral biceps tenodesis. Preoperative MRI tendon grading was as follows: normal tendon, increased signal, tendon splitting, incomplete/complete tear. Read More

Orthop J Sports Med 2018 Feb 22;6(2):2325967118756576. Epub 2018 Feb 22.

Department of Family Community Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.

Office-based ultrasonography has become increasingly available in many settings, and its use to guide joint and soft tissue injections has increased. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the use of ultrasound-guided injections over traditional landmark-guided injections, with a rapid growth in the literature over the past few years. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to demonstrate increased accuracy of ultrasound-guided injections regardless of anatomic location. Read More

Clin J Sport Med 2018 Feb 14. Epub 2018 Feb 14.

Division of Shoulder and Sports Medicine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California.

Objective: Musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging is increasingly being used for static and dynamic imaging of tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bones. New, hand-held, pocket-sized ultrasounds are more portable and affordable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of pocket-sized ultrasound to diagnose shoulder pathology. Read More

Arthrosc Tech 2017 Oct 25;6(5):e1667-e1674. Epub 2017 Sep 25.

Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, U.S.A.

With a range of tear characteristics such as chronicity, degree of fatty atrophy, and number of tendons involved as well as varying patient-specific characteristics including age, injury mechanism, and expectations after treatment to consider, proper and successful treatment of a rotator cuff tear is multifactorial and, consequently, challenging. Although conservative management of a rotator cuff tear may be successful, a more severe tear with involvement of more tendons may warrant surgical intervention. Furthermore, additional pathology including biceps tendinopathy may result in greater patient morbidity and an even more complex treatment decision-making process and surgical technique. Read More

Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2018 5;77(3):583-590. Epub 2018 Feb 5.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Multidisciplinary Hospital, Inowrocław, Poland.

Background: Disorders of the long head of the biceps (LHB) tendon are a common source of shoulder pain and disability. This tendon can be well visualised using ultrasonography; however, little is known if such examination allows clinicians to predict pathological changes of the tendon structure. In the study described below, we compare preoperative sonographic findings with the data from shoulder arthroscopy and microscopic examination of the excised tendon fragments in 19 consecutive patients with LHB tendinopathy and clinical suspicion of its instability. Read More

Arthrosc Tech 2017 Oct 18;6(5):e1625-e1631. Epub 2017 Sep 18.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

The long head of the biceps (LHB) tendon is a potential source of shoulder pain encountered by orthopaedic surgeons. A multitude of approaches to addressing LHB tendinopathy have been described. These include various surgical techniques such as tenodesis versus tenotomy, an arthroscopic versus an open approach, and differing methods of tenodesis fixation. Read More

Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2018 Mar 24;100(3):e59-e61. Epub 2018 Jan 24.

Mid Cheshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , UK.

Snapping biceps femoris syndrome has been reported in the literature in a handful of case reports but not yet with a demonstration of clinical examination and intraoperative findings. We present an educational clinical video of snapping biceps femoris with intraoperative demonstration of findings and surgical repair. Read More

Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2018 04 12;99(4):615-622. Epub 2018 Jan 12.

Division of Sports Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.

Objectives: To determine (1) agreement of musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSK-US) findings of shoulder pathology and related shoulder special test results in individuals with varied durations of manual wheelchair (MWC) use after spinal cord injury (SCI); and (2) whether shoulder musculoskeletal impairments, per MSK-US and clinical examination, differed in individuals with SCI and varying durations of MWC use.

Design: Cross-sectional cohort study.

Setting: Laboratory setting. Read More

BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017 Nov 21;18(1):476. Epub 2017 Nov 21.

Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center - Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.

Background: Glenohumeral exploration is routinely performed during arthroscopic removal of rotator cuff calcifications in patients with calcific tendinitis of the shoulder (CTS). However, evidence on the prevalence of intraarticular co-pathologies is lacking and the benefit of glenohumeral exploration remains elusive. The aim of the present study was to assess and quantify intraoperative pathologies during arthroscopic removal of rotator cuff calcifications in order to determine whether standardized diagnostic glenohumeral exploration appears justified in CTS patients. Read More

J Orthop Sci 2018 Mar 17;23(2):304-309. Epub 2017 Nov 17.

Gazi University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of superior labrum anterior posterior (SLAP) lesions, long head of biceps tendon (LHBT) pathologies, and superior rotator cuff tears accompanying subscapularis tears. We hypothesised that LHBT lesions, superior rotator cuff tears, and especially SLAP lesions were very frequent with subscapularis tears.

Methods: The digital files of patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy were reviewed retrospectively. Read More

Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2018 13;77(2):371-377. Epub 2017 Nov 13.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Multidisciplinary Hospital, Poznanska street, 97, 88-100 Inowroclaw, Poland.

Background: The ultrastructural alterations related to tendinopathy have not been well described. Most studies on this subject have been conducted many years ago and focused on material from the Achilles tendon. It was demonstrated that various comorbidities can affect ultrastructural alterations in the advanced tendinopathy; however, there is very little data on ultrastructural morphology in tendinopathies related to mechanical overload as in case of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon (LHBT). Read More

Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018 02;57(2):345-353

Department of Rheumatology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.

Objectives: To characterize 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake on whole-body PET/CT in PMR, and identify its precise anatomic correlate using MRI.

Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed PMR according to the 2012 EULAR/ACR classification criteria were prospectively recruited. Participants with GCA were excluded. Read More

BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017 Nov 6;18(1):430. Epub 2017 Nov 6.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.

Background: Long head biceps tendon pathology is a common cause of anterior shoulder pain and is often associated with other shoulder conditions, such as rotator cuff tears and osteoarthritis. It is well accepted that older patients are at increased risk for major and minor peri- and postoperative complications. The purpose of this study is to investigate patients over 65 years old who underwent subpectoral biceps tenodesis and compare the complication rates of this group to those of patients younger than 65 years old. Read More

Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2018 24;77(2):378-385. Epub 2017 Oct 24.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Multidisciplinary Hospital Inowrocław, Poland.

Background: Tendinopathy of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon (LHBT) is one of the most common, painful conditions of the anterior part of the shoulder and often coexists with rotator cuff tears. Multifactorial aetiopathology of tendi-nopathy is poorly understood; however, several studies indicated that it is seen predominantly in areas with decreased vascularity of the tissue; the pathology is also characterised by expansive and abundant neovascular in-growth. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the neovascularisation of proximal part of the LHBT and pain along the bicipital groove. Read More

Med Sci Monit 2017 Oct 17;23:4961-4972. Epub 2017 Oct 17.

Department and Clinic of Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.

BACKGROUND To date, no consensus has been reached regarding the preferred fixation method to use in the repair of distal biceps brachii tendon rupture. The aim of this study was to clinically and functionally (Mayo Elbow Performance Index, MEPI) assess the upper limb after surgical anatomic reinsertion of the distal biceps brachii tendon with the use of suture anchor fixation method with regard to postoperative time and limb dominance, and to assess postoperative complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS The sample comprised 18 males (age 52. Read More

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2017 28;3(1):e000211. Epub 2017 Jul 28.

Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.

Background: Waterpolo consists of a combination of swimming and throwing with close contact between players. The shoulder is the most frequently injured joint, with a combination of rotator cuff tear and tendinopathy, long head biceps tendinopathy, superior labral lesions and shoulder impingement. This unique combination is a challenge for the clinician who must determine which of these shoulder pathologies is responsible for the onset of pain and the best strategy to rehabilitate the joint and prevent recurrence. Read More

Int Orthop 2018 06 25;42(6):1347-1355. Epub 2017 Aug 25.

Université François Rabelais de Tours - Faculté de Médecine de Tours - CHRU Trousseau Service d'Orthopédie Traumatologie, 1C Avenue de la République, 37170, Chambray-les-Tours, France.

Introduction: The goal of this prospective study was to assess the reliability of pre-operative cross-sectional imaging for the diagnosis of long head of biceps (LHB) tendinopathy in patients with a rotator cuff tear.

Methods: Cross-sectional imaging with MRI or CT arthrography data from 25 patients operated upon because of a rotator cuff tear between 1 October 2015 and 1 April 2016 was analysed by one experienced orthopaedic surgeon, one experienced radiologist and one orthopaedic resident. The analysis consisted of determining whether the LHB was present, the extrinsic tendon abnormalities (dislocation, tendon coverage) and intrinsic abnormalities (fraying, inflammation, degeneration). Read More

Am J Transl Res 2017 15;9(6):2668-2683. Epub 2017 Jun 15.

Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of MedicineOmaha, NE, USA.

Biceps tendinopathy is a relatively common ailment that typically presents as pain, tenderness, and weakness in the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii. Though it is often associated with degenerative processes of the rotator cuff and the joint, this is not always the case, thus, the etiology remains considerably unknown. There has been recent interest in elucidating the pathogenesis of tendinopathy, since it can be an agent of chronic pain, and is difficult to manage. Read More

Mol Cell Biochem 2018 Jan 20;437(1-2):81-97. Epub 2017 Jun 20.

Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.

Inflammation is associated with glenohumeral arthritis and rotator cuff tendon tears. Epigenetically, miRNAs tightly regulate various genes involved in the inflammatory response. Alterations in the expression profile of miRNAs and the elucidation of their target genes with respect to the pathophysiology could improve the understanding of their regulatory role and therapeutic potential. Read More

Bull Hosp Jt Dis (2013) 2017 Apr;75(2):109-113

Purpose: Traditionally, biceps tenotomy has been recommended for obese, older, and less active patient populations, while tenodesis is preferred in younger, thinner, and more active individuals. In an effort to better understand the impact obesity has on the surgical management of long head of the biceps tendinopathy, the current study analyzed the effect body mass index had on surgical outcomes following open subpectoralis major biceps tenodesis.

Methods: Patients who underwent biceps tenodesis between June 2006 and December 2013 were identified from our institution's surgical database. Read More

J Chiropr Med 2017 Jun 18;16(2):156-162. Epub 2017 Mar 18.

Basic and Clinical Sciences at National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, IL.

Objective: The purpose of this case report was to describe the use of dry needling in conjunction with auricular acupuncture, core exercises, and light aerobic activity for treating chronic tendinopathy of the biceps femoris.

Clinical Features: A 30-year-old white female presented with chronic biceps femoris tendinopathy. The injury had occurred 18 months prior while training for a triathlon. Read More

Skeletal Radiol 2017 Oct 20;46(10):1335-1342. Epub 2017 May 20.

Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumiro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea.

Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic value of MR arthrography (MRA) in diagnosing instability of the LHBT in patients with rotator cuff tendon tear.

Materials And Methods: The MR arthrograms of 101 patients were retrospectively reviewed and correlated with arthroscopic findings as the standard reference. Images were evaluated for (1) the integrity of the LHBT, (2) the position of the LHBT (subluxation/dislocation on axial images, inferior displacement on oblique sagittal image) and (3) the integrity of the biceps pulley (SGHL, supraspinatus and subscapularis tendon adjacent to the rotator interval). Read More

J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2017 Aug 4;26(8):1484-1492. Epub 2017 May 4.

Department of Orthopedics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Sports Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address:

Background: Clinical examination of the shoulder joint has gained attention as clinicians aim to use an evidence-based examination of the biceps tendon, with the desire for a proper diagnosis while minimizing costly imaging procedures. The purpose of this study is to create a decision tree analysis that enables the development of a clinical algorithm for diagnosing long head of biceps (LHB) pathology.

Methods: A literature review of Level I and II diagnostic studies was conducted to extract characteristics of clinical tests for LHB pathology through a systematic review of PubMed, Medline, Ovid, and Cochrane Review databases. Read More

Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2017 Jun 3;137(6):829-835. Epub 2017 Apr 3.

Klinik für Unfall-, Hand-, Plastische und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Zentrum für Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany.

Purpose: Several techniques for performing a tenodesis of the long head of biceps (LHB) are described. Only few outcome studies are published. This note describes a unicortical fixation via a suture plate-comparable to a distal biceps refixation-performed arthroscopically or mini-open via standard suprapectoral approach. Read More

J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2017 Aug 27;26(8):1416-1422. Epub 2017 Mar 27.

Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. Electronic address:

Background: Arthroscopic examination of the tendon has been described as the "gold standard" for diagnosis of tendinitis of the long head of the biceps (LHB). An arthroscopic finding of an inflamed and hyperemic LHB within the bicipital groove has been described as the "lipstick sign." Studies evaluating direct visualization in diagnosis of LHB tendinitis are lacking. Read More

Am J Sports Med 2017 Jun 10;45(7):1640-1644. Epub 2017 Mar 10.

University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

Background: Data regarding risk factors for revision surgery after superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) repair are limited to institutional series.

Purpose: To define risk factors for revision surgery after SLAP repair among patients in a large national database.

Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Read More

Phys Sportsmed 2017 05 22;45(2):184-190. Epub 2017 Feb 22.

a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , New York Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center , New York , USA.

Elbow tendinopathy accounts for the majority of elbow pathology in patients presenting to upper extremity and sports medicine surgeons. With increased participation in overhead sports in an aging population, the incidence of elbow injuries has risen. A comprehensive knowledge of elbow anatomy and biomechanical function of the elbow complex is prerequisite in the assessment of patients with elbow injuries; however, a thorough understanding of alternative and confounding pathologies is essential for accurate diagnosis. Read More

Br J Sports Med 2018 Oct 1;52(19):1253-1260. Epub 2017 Mar 1.

Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Objective: Primary to provide an overview of diagnostic accuracy for clinical tests for common elbow (sport) injuries, secondary accompanied by reproducible instructions to perform these tests.

Design: A systematic literature review according to the PRISMA statement.

Data Sources: A comprehensive literature search was performed in MEDLINE via PubMed and EMBASE. Read More

Unfallchirurg 2017 Mar;120(3):184-191

Unfallchirurgische Klinik, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland.

Background: Tendinopathies of the shoulder and elbow joint are a common problem. According to the current state of knowledge tendinopathies can be separated into acute and chronic tendinitis as well as degenerative tendinosis.

Origin: The causes of tendinopathy can be intrinsic, extrinsic or a combination of both. Read More

J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018 Jul-Aug;58(7-8):1090-1095. Epub 2017 Feb 22.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China -

Calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder is characterized with the formation of the calcium deposits in tendon, which mostly involves supraspinatus. The formation of the calcium deposits may be related to the excessive mechanical stimulation and non-tenocytes generation from tendon stem cell. The disease is usually associated with pain, especially when activating the shoulder. Read More

Pain Ther 2017 Jun 9;6(1):45-60. Epub 2017 Feb 9.

Utah Orthopaedic Specialists, Salt Lake City, USA.

Introduction: What is the rate of injecting patients with shoulder corticosteroid injections to alleviate excessive stiffness and pain within 6 months after shoulder surgery?

Methods: Retrospective 10-year review of a shoulder surgeon's practice. Participants included 754 patients who had 945 non-arthroplasty shoulder surgeries. Outcome measures included the rate of injections, diagnoses, patient characteristics, and efficacy via questionnaire. Read More

Sci Rep 2017 01 16;7:40840. Epub 2017 Jan 16.

Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.

Evidence indicates that hyaluronic acid (HA) mitigates tendinopathy, but the effect of molecular weight is unclear. We investigated the effects of different concentrations and different molecular weights of HA (350 kDa, 1500 kDa, and 3000 kDa) on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and -3 expression in IL-1β-stimulated rat tenocytes, and on their dynamic expression in peritendinous effusion from patients with long head of biceps (LHB) tendinopathy after high-molecular-weight (HMW)-HA treatments. Reverse transcription PCR, real-time PCR, and ELISA were used to determine MMP-1 and -3expression. Read More

Hand (N Y) 2017 01 3;12(1):NP1-NP5. Epub 2016 Mar 3.

The Orthopaedic Center, Rockville, MD, USA.

Given the appreciable prevalence of gout, gout-induced tendon ruptures in the upper extremity are extremely rare. Although these events have been reported only 5 times in the literature, all in patients with a risk factor for or history of gout, they have conspicuously never been diagnosed in the shoulder or elbow. A 45-year-old, right-hand-dominant man with a history of gout presented with pain in his right anterior elbow and weakness in his forearm after a trivial injury. Read More