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Drugs Context 2022 12;11. Epub 2022 Jan 12.

Gynecology Section, Clinical Area of Women's Diseases, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain.

Three women with diverse gynaecological medical histories (one with endometriosis, one having had an episiotomy and obstetric anal sphincter injury during a recent delivery, and one having had a recent cystectomy of the left Bartholin gland) developed acute episodes of gynaecological pelvic pain. In each case, clinical investigations (including objective tools for assessing the source, nature and severity of the pain) were conducted early on, and a multimodal approach to therapy was introduced to control the pain and avoid central sensitization or chronicity. The multimodal approach included hormone therapy, antineuropathic medications, and corticosteroid or botulinum neurotoxin infiltrations in some of the patients according to their medical conditions but consistently included behavioural adjustments, physical interventions and a nutraceutical supplement (alpha-lipoic acid, palmitoylethanolamide and myrrh). Read More

Diagnostics (Basel) 2021 Nov 10;11(11). Epub 2021 Nov 10.

Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.

Bartholin gland adenocarcinoma (BGA) is extremely rare and is characterized by high rates of lymph-node recurrence and distant metastases. No effective palliative treatments are available for metastatic BGA; therefore, advanced BGA remains a challenge for gynecologic oncologists. Considering the rarity of this disease and the lack of a standardized approach, the present study aims to discuss the available literature on current therapies for BGA and to describe an emblematic case treated with a novel tailored approach. Read More

Indian J Radiol Imaging 2021 Jul 6;31(3):566-572. Epub 2021 Oct 6.

Departments of Medical Oncology, Dr. B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

 Aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) is a rare mesenchymal tumor predominantly affecting the pelvis and perineum of females. Due to its variable clinical presentation, it is often misinterpreted and treated as other pathologies like Bartholin gland cyst, vulvar abscess, and hernia. The tumor is locally infiltrative, making its complete surgical removal difficult. Read More

IDCases 2021 19;26:e01314. Epub 2021 Oct 19.

Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, USA.

Lemierre syndrome has classically been described as septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular veins resulting from primary oropharyngeal disease caused by However, many cases have been reported of the syndrome originating from other primary sites of infection, resulting in limited utility of the diagnostic criteria and increased difficulty in making the diagnosis. We describe a 22-year-old female who developed the syndrome through a Fusobacterium infection which originated from a Bartholin gland abscess, a phenomenon that has not yet been described in the literature. Understanding and recognizing the variable forms of Lemierre syndrome allows us to better define the condition and provide optimal care to patients. Read More

Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2021 Dec 3;155(3):539-540. Epub 2021 Jul 3.

Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.

Int J Gynecol Pathol 2022 Jan;41(1):93-97

Melanocytic pigmentation occurs in multiple sites in the lower female genital tract, but is rare within benign cysts of the vulva. We report 3 patients with multiloculated cystic lesions of the vulvar vestibule exhibiting prominent melanocytic pigmentation. The current cases differ from a previous report of melanosis in a Bartholin gland cyst in that the population of melanocytes occupies the acinar structures of the gland, rather than a squamous-lined surface. Read More

Mol Clin Oncol 2021 Apr 9;14(4):69. Epub 2021 Feb 9.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'G. Chatzikosta' General Hospital, Ioannina 45001, Epirus, Greece.

Vulvar sarcomas located in the Bartholin's gland area are extremely uncommon mesenchymal vulvar tumors. These neoplasms can be mistaken as Bartholin' gland benign lesions such as cysts or abscesses, leading to a delay in the diagnosis of underlying malignancy. Currently, only a few cases of these aggressive cancers have been reported in the literature. Read More

Prz Menopauzalny 2020 Dec 7;19(4):184-187. Epub 2021 Jan 7.

Saint Marina University Hospital, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria.

Introduction: Leiomyosarcoma of the vulva is a rare disease accounting for about 1% of all primary vulvar neoplasia but it is the most common type of vulvar sarcomas. Usually it arises from the smooth muscles, blood vessels, rough ligaments, and erector-pili muscles. No treatment algorithms have been established yet. Read More

Oral Dis 2022 Apr 2;28(3):639-647. Epub 2021 Feb 2.

Department of Odontology, Section for Oral Biology and Immunopathology, Oral Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.

Objectives: A lifelong gluten-free (GF) diet ameliorates autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and most likely in humans. Besides diabetes, NOD mice develop focal sialadenitis, as seen in Sjögren's syndrome (SS). In humans, type 1 diabetes (T1D) is also linked to SS. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2021 Jan 11;14(1). Epub 2021 Jan 11.

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.

Primary Bartholin gland carcinoma (BGC) is an extremely rare disease. It typically presents in elderly women. It can be confused with Bartholin gland cyst, which is a benign condition leading to a delay in diagnosis and treatment. Read More

Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba 2020 12 13;77(4):345-350. Epub 2020 Dec 13.

Estudiante de internado - CAJA NACIONAL DE SALUD-Universidad Mayor de San Andrés.

Introduction: Bartholin's glands, also known as major vestibular glands, are responsible for a large number of gynecological diseases of the vulva. Bartholin's gland cysts and abscesses can present with different symptoms and the required surgical management should be marsupialization and not incision and drainage. Although the incision and drainage procedure was shown to be relatively quick and easy to perform, and the cure rate is rapid among patients receiving this type of surgical technique, it has nevertheless been shown that the recurrence trend has increased. Read More

Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2021 08 23;156(4):504-506. Epub 2020 Nov 23.

Section of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

Semin Diagn Pathol 2021 Jan 25;38(1):71-84. Epub 2020 Sep 25.

Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology Division, University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA.

Approximately half of adenocarcinomas that involve the vulva are secondary, either through direct extension or metastases from elsewhere. Primary vulvar adenocarcinomas are rare and encompass a diverse array of neoplasms that are nominally classified based on the presumed tissue or organ of origin, the tumoral phenotype, or both. In this review, we summarize the clinicopathologic features of adenocarcinomas that originate from the vulva and related structures, including the terminal urethra. Read More

J Pak Med Assoc 2020 Aug;70(8):1445-1447

Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the Bartholin gland is a rare vulval cancer. Available literature suggests an aggressive nature with protracted clinical symptoms and local recurrence despite adequate surgical excision with or without adjuvant radiotherapy. This case demonstrates the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interstitial brachytherapy with less radical surgery, in the treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the Bartholin gland. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2020 Jul 1;14(1):85. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

Department of Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands.

Background: In this case report we present a case of endometriosis in the Bartholin gland without surgery in the perineal area. So far, only five cases concerning endometriosis in the Bartholin gland, which may or may not be an isolated finding, have been reported in the literature.

Case Presentation: A 31-year-old Indo-surinamese woman with primary infertility presented at our out-patient clinic with cyclical vulvar pain. Read More

Diagn Pathol 2020 May 28;15(1):64. Epub 2020 May 28.

Genomics Unit, Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.

Background: Bartholin gland carcinomas (BGCs) are rare tumor types, for which no molecular analyses including genomic sequencing have been reported to date. Adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs) of the Bartholin's glands are an atypical histological type of BGC, and currently nothing is known regarding their genetic profiles or similarity to ACC carcinogenesis in other organs including the salivary glands, thereby limiting possible therapeutic options using precision medicine.

Case Presentation: We used targeted gene sequencing to analyze the occurrence of 160 cancer-related genes in two patients with BG-ACC. Read More

J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020 Sep 20;49(7):101809. Epub 2020 May 20.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, HFME, Hospices civils de Lyon, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France.

Bartholin gland abscesses are common problems in women and their management represents a mainstay of gynecology. Various treatment methods have been described. We present a technique performed under local anesthesia, without hospitalization or postoperative care. Read More

Oncology 2020 14;98(8):513-519. Epub 2020 May 14.

National Center of Oncological Hadrontherapy (Fondazione CNAO), Pavia, Italy.

Background and summary: Among all vulvar cancers, primary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of Bartholin's gland is a very rare tumor characterized by a slow growth, a high local aggressiveness, and a remarkable recurrence rate. Due to its rarity, treatment remains a challenge for oncologists and gynecological surgeons. Key message: The present paper reports clinical, radiological, and histological features of ACC of Bartholin's gland and reviews the literature data on the treatment options with a particular focus on the potential role of particle radiation therapy. Read More

Am J Emerg Med 2021 06 15;44:323-327. Epub 2020 Apr 15.

Department of Emergency, Medicine Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America. Electronic address:

Introduction: Bartholin gland cysts or abscesses account for many gynecologic visits in the emergency department (ED). Previous smaller studies have suggested a link between Bartholin cysts/abscesses and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), but few studies have involved the ED.

Methods: We retrospectively identified patients aged 18 years or older seen in 1 ED between January 2012 and March 2017 who had urinalysis and urine culture and/or were tested for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or trichomonas by nucleic acid amplification testing. Read More

Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol 2020 06 26;48(6):529-531. Epub 2020 Feb 26.

Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpital Maison-Blanche, université Reims-Champagne-Ardennes, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51100 Reims, France.

J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020 Apr 20;49(4):101689. Epub 2020 Jan 20.

Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, CIC, centre d'investigation clinique de Nantes, Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes University Hospital, 38 Boulevard Jean Monnet, 44000 Nantes, France; Nantes Faculty of Medicine, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44000, Nantes, France.

Introduction: Bartholin's gland abscesses cause severe pain and are a source of frequent emergency room visits. The most widespread treatment in France is incision-drainage during hospitalisation. A Word catheter, whose efficiency and safety would be identical, could be used without the need for hospitalisation, thus reducing the costs of Bartholin's gland abscess management. Read More

BJOG 2020 05 4;127(6):671-678. Epub 2020 Feb 4.

Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.

Background: No consensus on the management of symptomatic cysts or abscesses of the Bartholin's gland exists.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and safety of surgical interventions for a symptomatic Bartholin's cyst or abscess.

Search Strategy: We searched bibliographical databases from inception to April 2019. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2019 Sep;98(39):e17043

Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, West China Second Hospital.

Rationale: Post-hysterectomy collision tumors of the vulva has rarely been reported. Though long-term HPV infection may induce vulva tumor, but the relationship between HPV infection and collision vulva tumor is not clear. And there are no clear rules of the post-hysterectomy cancer surveillance for human papilloma virus (HPV) long-term infections. Read More

Emerg Med Clin North Am 2019 Nov;37(4):771-784

Emergency/Internal/Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Electronic address:

The emergency medicine provider sees a broad range of pathology involving the female genitourinary system on a daily basis. Must-not-miss diagnoses include pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian torsion, because these diagnoses can have severe complications and affect future fertility. Although most patients with abnormal uterine bleeding are hemodynamically stable, it can present as a life-threatening emergency and providers should be adept managing severe hemorrhage. Read More

Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol 2019 10 26;47(10):713-717. Epub 2019 Jul 26.

Pôle de gynécologie-obstétrique, maternité régionale universitaire, CHRU de Nancy, 10, rue du Docteur Heydenreich, 54000 Nancy, France.

Objectives: Acute Bartholinitis is a common pathology affecting nearly 2% of women in their lifetime. Many treatments are used, although their effectiveness is not demonstrated in the literature. The main objective was to evaluate the success rate of first-line antibiotic therapy. Read More

Int J Gynecol Pathol 2020 Sep;39(5):443-446

Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, also known as Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD), is a self-limited histiocytic disorder of unclear etiology which most commonly presents with cervical lymphadenopathy. Purely extranodal presentation of RDD is uncommon, and isolated intralymphatic/intravascular confinement of this entity has not previously been described. We report a 16-yr-old female who presented with vaginal swelling and mass-like enlargement of the right labia. Read More

Diagn Pathol 2019 Jun 26;14(1):66. Epub 2019 Jun 26.

Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.

Background: Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma (PMHE) is a recently described vascular neoplasm which typically occurs in the lower extremities of young to middle-aged adults.

Case Presentation: We present here a unique case of PMHE arising primarily in the vulva of a 51-year-old woman who presented with a painful vulvar nodule. Clinically, it was thought as Bartholin gland cyst, vulvar hematoma or papilloma. Read More

J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021 Apr 16;34(7):1127-1132. Epub 2019 Jun 16.

Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.

Objective: The data regarding microbiological and clinical characteristics of Bartholin gland abscesses during pregnancy is limited. Given the hormonal and physiological changes during pregnancy we aimed to examine whether a difference exists in the clinical and microbiological features of Bartholin's gland abscess during pregnancy and the puerperium as compared with nonpregnant patients. In addition, we aim to evaluate whether a Bartholin's gland abscess during pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Read More

Int Cancer Conf J 2019 Apr 14;8(2):89-93. Epub 2019 Feb 14.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Steel Memorial Yahata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan.

Primary adenocarcinoma of the vulva is a rare disease, and usually arises in a Bartholin gland or occurs in association with Paget's disease. Furthermore, adenocarcinoma of intestinal type of the vulva is an extremely rare neoplasm, and few cases have been reported. The appropriate treatment for optimal prognosis is unclear. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2019 Apr 24;12(4). Epub 2019 Apr 24.

Department of Clinical Pathology Service, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

Gynaecological infections are frequent in women, particularly in young women during their reproductive time. Anatomophysiologically, Bartholin's gland is greatly susceptible to infections and is characterised by an inherent polymicrobial population. In fact, gynaecological microbiota has a set of agents coming from the perianal region that colonise the vagina and, in particular, Bartholin's gland. Read More