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Acta Derm Venereol 2021 May 26;101(5):adv00466. Epub 2021 May 26.

Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.

Balanoposthitis is a common inflammatory condition of male genitalia, while the overall microbiota spectrum and its relevance to contributing factors have yet to be determined. This case-control study included patients with balanoposthitis (n = 26) and matched healthy controls (n = 29), both uncircumcised. Overt fungal infection in balanoposthitis was excluded, swab samples were collected, 16S rRNA gene sequenced and analysed. Read More

Clin Exp Dermatol 2021 Apr 29. Epub 2021 Apr 29.

Department of, Internal Diseases, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.

Int J STD AIDS 2021 Apr 29:9564624211010056. Epub 2021 Apr 29.

Male Genital Dermatology (Urodermatology) Unit, 226552Hospital de Clínicas "Dr Manuel Quintela", Montevideo, Uruguay.

The role of circumcision in partially protecting against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and other dermatoses has been documented. Neonatal circumcision is not routinely practiced in South America. Although it is logical to assume that male genital dermatoses are more prevalent in Hispanic men, they are underrepresented in the existing literature. Read More

Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020 Jul-Dec;41(2):176-180. Epub 2020 Jul 31.

Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are dynamic and show a variable prevalence in different parts of the country. Moreover, the prevalence changes with time in the same geographical area. It is important to have the knowledge of current trend of STIs and partner notification (PN) rate in a particular area for the effective implementation of preventive and control measures. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021 03 31;3:CD012250. Epub 2021 Mar 31.

Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.

Background: Medical circumcisions are among the most common surgical procedures performed in males. The usual indications are phimosis (inability to completely retract the foreskin and expose the glans due to a congenital or acquired constriction of the prepuce), paraphimosis (when the foreskin is not pulled back over the glans after retraction resulting in a tight constricting band which causes swelling of the distal penis and acute discomfort), balanoposthitis (erythema and edema of the prepuce and glans) and balanitis (inflammation is confined to the glans; the foreskin is usually non-retractile). Circumcision devices have been developed to shorten the operative time, simplify techniques, and improve safety and cosmetic outcomes. Read More

IJU Case Rep 2021 Mar 12;4(2):101-103. Epub 2021 Jan 12.

Department of Urology Faculty of Medicine Saga University Nabeshima Saga Japan.

Introduction: Men who require intermittent catheterization may be susceptible to balanoposthitis. Benzalkonium chloride is commonly used to disinfect reusable catheters, but the concentration of this solution is critical.

Case Presentation: A 40-year-old man presented with fever, pus around the glans and foreskin, and difficult catheterization. Read More

Aust Vet J 2021 Mar 13;99(3):89-92. Epub 2020 Dec 13.

School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia.

Male guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), especially older animals, are prone to urethritis and posthitis. Severe, chronic balanoposthitis/posthitis can result in fibrosis, localised infection and the deposition of mineralised plaques in the prepuce. Severe cases may require surgical intervention, such as penile amputation and urethrostomy, to achieve resolution. Read More

J Virol Methods 2021 03 10;289:114041. Epub 2020 Dec 10.

Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.

As the causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis/Balanoposthitis (IPV/IPB), Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is responsible for high economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. This study aimed to establish a fast, colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of viral DNA. Phenol red is used as pH-sensitive readout, relying on a distinct color change from pink to yellow in case of a positive reaction. Read More

J Comp Pathol 2020 Oct 8;180:5-8. Epub 2020 Sep 8.

Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

We describe a case of penile tuberculosis in a bull. The prepuce was thickened, firm and pale with multifocal to coalescent caseous nodules, and the inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes were moderately enlarged. Lesions in the prepuce, penis and lymph nodes were characterized by multifocal to coalescent areas of caseous necrosis and marked granulomatous inflammation. Read More

Acta Virol 2020 ;64(4):409-416

Herpesviruses are DNA viruses that cause serious latent infections in humans and animals. These pathogens significantly influence the animal health and economy of animal husbandry. The reduction of production parameters, abortions, birth of weak individuals and by costs associated with the elimination and monitoring of herpesvirus diseases are among the most serious harms caused by herpesviruses. Read More

J Pediatr Urol 2020 Dec 25;16(6):842.e1-842.e6. Epub 2020 Aug 25.

Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, Cnopfsche Kinderklinik, St. Johannis-Mühlgasse 19, 90419, Nürnberg, Germany. Electronic address:

Background: Acute urinary retention is a common emergency in adult patients, foremost in older men. In childhood urinary retention is a rare entity with only sparse literature on the etiology.

Objective: To assess the etiology and treatment of acute urinary retention in the pediatric population and assess age and sex distribution. Read More

IDCases 2020 20;21:e00832. Epub 2020 May 20.

Department of Dermatology, JR Tokyo General Hospital, Japan.

The main causative organism of balanoposthitis in sexually active adolescents is reportedly the group B hemolytic streptococcus. While cases of balanoposthitis caused by group A streptococcal infection in children have been reported, their occurrence in the adolescent age group is relatively rare. We describe a case of balanoposthitis caused by (group A streptococcus) in a 31-year-old man who presented to the hospital with complaints of pain and swelling in his penile foreskin for the past 6 days. Read More

Curr Urol 2020 Mar 20;14(1):1-13. Epub 2020 Mar 20.

East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, Stevenage.

Background: It is estimated that between 50 and 89% of non-gonococcal urethritis is not caused by . Associations between non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis (NCNGU) with balanoposthitis, epididymo-orchitis and reactive arthritis have been suggested, but evidence to support these often-theoretical relationships is sparse and further investigation is called for. Concerns over increasing antimicrobial resistance has rendered the need for clarity over this question ever more pressing in recent years. Read More

Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019 Jan-Dec;33:2058738419866582

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a widespread disease in our country. Urogenital infections, including urinary tract infections, vaginitis, balanitis, balanoposthitis, and male accessory gland infections, show a higher risk of occurrence in patients with DM that non-diabetic subjects. Both non-drug-related and drug-related mechanisms are involved in their pathogenesis. Read More

Arch Esp Urol 2019 Dec;72(10):1056-1057

Clinica del Pilar de Zaragoza. Zaragoza. España.

Virus Res 2019 11 6;273:197742. Epub 2019 Sep 6.

University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, 32611, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Electronic address:

An adult male harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) stranded off the coast of Alaska displaying poor body condition, scattered mild ulcerative dermatitis, and necrotizing balanoposthitis. Necropsy findings included severe verminous panniculitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, and enteritis. Histopathological examination of skin lesions revealed a pustular epidermitis and dermatitis, with ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes and occasional amphophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Read More

J Pediatr Urol 2019 Aug 28;15(4):388.e1-388.e5. Epub 2019 Apr 28.

Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; CHOC Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA. Electronic address:

Background: Phimosis is a common condition affecting most infant boys and generally resolves over time without symptoms. Severe cases of phimosis can lead to balanoposthitis, urinary tract infections, and urinary retention. Medical treatment for symptomatic phimosis includes topical corticosteroids with manual foreskin retraction. Read More

J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019 04;17(4):456-458

Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale).

J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019 04 15;17(4):456-458. Epub 2019 Mar 15.

Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.

Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2018 Nov-Dec;22(6):837-842

Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd., Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and is associated with several comorbidities and complications. Genital infection is one such complication that is often associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Even though abnormalities in immune system, high urine glucose, and bladder dysfunction are important contributors for the increased risk of genitourinary symptoms, yet the possible role of pharmacologically induced glucosuria cannot be completely overlooked in such patients. Read More

Afr J Paediatr Surg 2019 Jan-Mar;16(1):17-22

General Pathology Division, Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Introduction: Histopathological analysis of the foreskin has become more common in the last two decades.

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the morphology of the foreskin and determine the effects of topical corticosteroid therapy on this tissue.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively evaluated forty foreskin samples from children aged from 2 years to 15 years with phimosis undergoing circumcision at our institution over a 2-year period. Read More

Res Rep Urol 2018 18;10:89-94. Epub 2018 Sep 18.

Department of Pediatric Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan,

Introduction: Lichen sclerosus (LS), or balanitis xerotica obliterans, is a chronic, inflammatory disease accompanied by cicatrizing skin conditions resulting in pathologic phimosis. LS can be detected clinically by the whitish appearance of the glans or the foreskin, thickened, nonretractable foreskin, dysuria, and spraying. However, diagnosis is confirmed histopathologically. Read More

Diabetes Obes Metab 2019 02 11;21(2):434-438. Epub 2018 Oct 11.

Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

The extent to which sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors increase the risk of genital infections in routine clinical care, compared with other antidiabetic medications, is not clear, or whether the increased risk is consistent across gender or age subgroups, within individual SGLT2 agents, or if it is more pronounced at a particular time after treatment initiation. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using two US commercial claims databases (2013-2017). In the primary analysis, 1:1 propensity score-matched cohorts of female and male subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus initiating SGLT2 versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors were created. Read More

Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2018 Jul;24(7):645-650

Department of Andrology, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China.

Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) was first isolated by Tully from the urinary tract of the male patient with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in 1981. MG is extremely difficult to be cultured and was rarely studied until the development and application of molecular biology technology. The research on MG in China is still in the primary stage. Read More

Gland Surg 2018 Apr;7(2):228-233

Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.

Background: Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin cannot be portrayed on the glans. It is a physiological and common condition in the pediatric age. The pathological form derives from an inflammatory or traumatic lesion. Read More

Urology 2018 Jul 2;117:e7-e8. Epub 2018 May 2.

Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. Electronic address:

Genital lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) is an uncommon genital dermatosis. Its resemblance to vitiligo, especially during the earlier stages, leads to delay in its diagnosis. Apart from the common complications such as meatal stenosis, balanoposthitis, phimosis, and painful erections, squamous cell carcinoma is a rare but ominous complication of genital LSA. Read More

Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018 Jan 31;6(1):61-63. Epub 2017 Dec 31.

Università Degli Studi "G. Marconi", Rome, Italy.

Background: Zoon's balanitis is a benign disease characterized by an asymptomatic, chronic, solitary, shiny, red-orange plaque of the glans and/ or prepuce. In rare cases of Zoon's disease, penile squamous cell carcinoma developed in the chronic inflammatory lesions.

Case Report: We report on a 68-year-old male patient presenting with phimosis and coexistent Zoon's disease and penile carcinoma in situ treated successfully by circumcision. Read More