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IDCases 2020 20;21:e00832. Epub 2020 May 20.

Department of Dermatology, JR Tokyo General Hospital, Japan.

The main causative organism of balanoposthitis in sexually active adolescents is reportedly the group B hemolytic streptococcus. While cases of balanoposthitis caused by group A streptococcal infection in children have been reported, their occurrence in the adolescent age group is relatively rare. We describe a case of balanoposthitis caused by (group A streptococcus) in a 31-year-old man who presented to the hospital with complaints of pain and swelling in his penile foreskin for the past 6 days. Read More

Curr Urol 2020 Mar 20;14(1):1-13. Epub 2020 Mar 20.

East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, Stevenage.

Background: It is estimated that between 50 and 89% of non-gonococcal urethritis is not caused by . Associations between non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis (NCNGU) with balanoposthitis, epididymo-orchitis and reactive arthritis have been suggested, but evidence to support these often-theoretical relationships is sparse and further investigation is called for. Concerns over increasing antimicrobial resistance has rendered the need for clarity over this question ever more pressing in recent years. Read More

Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019 Jan-Dec;33:2058738419866582

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a widespread disease in our country. Urogenital infections, including urinary tract infections, vaginitis, balanitis, balanoposthitis, and male accessory gland infections, show a higher risk of occurrence in patients with DM that non-diabetic subjects. Both non-drug-related and drug-related mechanisms are involved in their pathogenesis. Read More

Arch Esp Urol 2019 Dec;72(10):1056-1057

Clinica del Pilar de Zaragoza. Zaragoza. España.

Virus Res 2019 11 6;273:197742. Epub 2019 Sep 6.

University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, 32611, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Electronic address:

An adult male harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) stranded off the coast of Alaska displaying poor body condition, scattered mild ulcerative dermatitis, and necrotizing balanoposthitis. Necropsy findings included severe verminous panniculitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, and enteritis. Histopathological examination of skin lesions revealed a pustular epidermitis and dermatitis, with ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes and occasional amphophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Read More

J Pediatr Urol 2019 Aug 28;15(4):388.e1-388.e5. Epub 2019 Apr 28.

Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; CHOC Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA. Electronic address:

Background: Phimosis is a common condition affecting most infant boys and generally resolves over time without symptoms. Severe cases of phimosis can lead to balanoposthitis, urinary tract infections, and urinary retention. Medical treatment for symptomatic phimosis includes topical corticosteroids with manual foreskin retraction. Read More

J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019 04;17(4):456-458

Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale).

J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019 04 15;17(4):456-458. Epub 2019 Mar 15.

Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.

Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2018 Nov-Dec;22(6):837-842

Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd., Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and is associated with several comorbidities and complications. Genital infection is one such complication that is often associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Even though abnormalities in immune system, high urine glucose, and bladder dysfunction are important contributors for the increased risk of genitourinary symptoms, yet the possible role of pharmacologically induced glucosuria cannot be completely overlooked in such patients. Read More

Res Rep Urol 2018 18;10:89-94. Epub 2018 Sep 18.

Department of Pediatric Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan,

Introduction: Lichen sclerosus (LS), or balanitis xerotica obliterans, is a chronic, inflammatory disease accompanied by cicatrizing skin conditions resulting in pathologic phimosis. LS can be detected clinically by the whitish appearance of the glans or the foreskin, thickened, nonretractable foreskin, dysuria, and spraying. However, diagnosis is confirmed histopathologically. Read More

Diabetes Obes Metab 2019 02 11;21(2):434-438. Epub 2018 Oct 11.

Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

The extent to which sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors increase the risk of genital infections in routine clinical care, compared with other antidiabetic medications, is not clear, or whether the increased risk is consistent across gender or age subgroups, within individual SGLT2 agents, or if it is more pronounced at a particular time after treatment initiation. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using two US commercial claims databases (2013-2017). In the primary analysis, 1:1 propensity score-matched cohorts of female and male subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus initiating SGLT2 versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors were created. Read More

Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2018 Jul;24(7):645-650

Department of Andrology, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China.

Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) was first isolated by Tully from the urinary tract of the male patient with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in 1981. MG is extremely difficult to be cultured and was rarely studied until the development and application of molecular biology technology. The research on MG in China is still in the primary stage. Read More

Gland Surg 2018 Apr;7(2):228-233

Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.

Background: Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin cannot be portrayed on the glans. It is a physiological and common condition in the pediatric age. The pathological form derives from an inflammatory or traumatic lesion. Read More

Urology 2018 Jul 2;117:e7-e8. Epub 2018 May 2.

Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. Electronic address:

Genital lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) is an uncommon genital dermatosis. Its resemblance to vitiligo, especially during the earlier stages, leads to delay in its diagnosis. Apart from the common complications such as meatal stenosis, balanoposthitis, phimosis, and painful erections, squamous cell carcinoma is a rare but ominous complication of genital LSA. Read More

Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018 Jan 31;6(1):61-63. Epub 2017 Dec 31.

Università Degli Studi "G. Marconi", Rome, Italy.

Background: Zoon's balanitis is a benign disease characterized by an asymptomatic, chronic, solitary, shiny, red-orange plaque of the glans and/ or prepuce. In rare cases of Zoon's disease, penile squamous cell carcinoma developed in the chronic inflammatory lesions.

Case Report: We report on a 68-year-old male patient presenting with phimosis and coexistent Zoon's disease and penile carcinoma in situ treated successfully by circumcision. Read More

Clin Genitourin Cancer 2018 06 31;16(3):e533-e534. Epub 2018 Jan 31.

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brookline, MA. Electronic address:

Prog Urol 2018 Apr 7;28(5):251-281. Epub 2018 Feb 7.

Service d'urologie, CHRU de Tours, université François-Rabelais, 37000 Tours, France; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, PRES centre Val-de-Loire, 37000 Tours, France.

This article aimed to gather male genital dermatoses that may lead to consult a urologist, except pre-neoplastic or neoplastic lesion.

Method: This review is based on a research on Pubmed and EM-consult database, in English and in French, using the following key terms "male genital dermatoses", "male genital lesions", "balanitis", "balanoposthitis", "dermatoses des organes génitaux externes masculines", "lésions des organes génitaux externes de l'homme", "balanoposthites".

Results: It highlights normal morphological aspects, acute balanoposthitis (nonspecific, infectious, allergic, irritative and traumatic), common skin disease localized to male genital and male genital specific dermatoses. Read More

J Family Med Prim Care 2017 Apr-Jun;6(2):274-278

Department of Community Health Administration, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India.

Introduction: The Government of India provides treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) through government's sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics with the mandate of providing curative and preventive services for clients in the context of STIs. However, besides the patients suffering from STDs, other clients with problems related to reproductive and sexual health also attend these clinics. This study aimed to assess the profile and treatment-seeking behavior of clients attending STD clinics in government hospitals in India. Read More

Semergen 2018 Jan - Feb;44(1):23-29. Epub 2017 Dec 1.

CS Delicias Sur, Zaragoza, España.

Objective: To analyse the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) caused by Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2i) notified in Spain since they have been on the market.

Material And Methods: An analysis was made of all the notifications registered in the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System of drugs for human use, arising from the use of SGLT2i.

Results: A total of 311 notifications were recorded, of which 169 (54. Read More

J Infect Chemother 2018 Feb 17;24(2):99-102. Epub 2017 Oct 17.

Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Japan.

Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG) are parts of normal flora of the oral cavity and associated with abscess forming in various sites on the body. Although the clinical features of infections caused by each member of the SAG in adults has been reported, it has not well been known in children. The aim of this study was to clarify the site of infections associated with individual SAG species among children. Read More

Vet Rec Open 2017 22;4(1):e000203. Epub 2017 Jun 22.

Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is the causative agent for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis in cows or balanoposthitis in bulls. In this study, individual and bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from 5 Catalan dairy farms with different control strategies against BoHV-1 were analysed during the course of a year for milk quality parameters and glycoprotein E gE) antibodies. Detection of gE antibodies was carried out with ELISA techniques. Read More

Int J Prev Med 2017 4;8:32. Epub 2017 May 4.

Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Section of Urology, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA.

Penile inflammatory skin conditions such as balanitis and posthitis are common, especially in uncircumcised males, and feature prominently in medical consultations. We conducted a systematic review of the medical literature on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cohrane databases using keywords "balanitis," "posthitis," "balanoposthitis," "lichen sclerosus," "penile inflammation," and "inflammation penis," along with "circumcision," "circumcised," and "uncircumcised." Balanitis is the most common inflammatory disease of the penis. Read More

J Med Microbiol 2017 Apr;66(4):511-516

Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.

Purpose: Streptococcus pyogenes causes a variety of diseases, such as pharyngitis and toxic shock syndrome. In addition, this bacterium is a causative agent of balanoposthitis. To reveal the bacteriological characteristics of the isolates from balanoposthitis patients, we analysed 47 isolates. Read More

J Pediatr Urol 2017 Jun 15;13(3):278.e1-278.e4. Epub 2017 Mar 15.

Department of Paediatric Surgery, "Spedali Civili" Children's Hospital, Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.

Objective: To evaluate the functional and cosmetic result of modified-triple incision preputial plasty for surgical management of phimosis in children.

Materials And Methods: This prospective study involved all consecutive children (age 3-15) with phimosis, managed at our Institution in a one-year period. All patients unable to retract the foreskin and symptomatic with episodes of posthitis or balanoposthitis or ballooning of the foreskin with voiding were initially included. Read More

Braz J Microbiol 2017 Jul - Sep;48(3):560-565. Epub 2017 Feb 20.

Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Ovine/caprine ureaplasmas have not yet been assigned a species designation, but they have been classified into nine serotypes. Herein ureaplasmas were searched for in 120 samples of vulvo vaginal mucous from sheep and 98 samples from goats at 17 farms. In addition, semen samples were collected from 11 sheep and 23 goats. Read More

J Pediatr Urol 2017 Apr 9;13(2):208.e1-208.e4. Epub 2016 Dec 9.

Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Paediatric Surgery, E Prescot Rd, Liverpool, L14 5AB, UK.

Introduction: Over 27,000 circumcisions were performed in England in 2012-13. The complication rate is generally perceived to be low, although published figures vary widely. Balanitis xerotica obliterans, more correctly termed Lichen Sclerosus et atrophicus (LS), is one of the commonest indications for medical circumcision. Read More

J Korean Med Sci 2017 Jan;32(1):135-142

Department of Preventive Medicine, The Armed Forces Medical Command, Seongnam, Korea.

We sought to describe the incidence rate of the urologic disease in the Korean military by reviewing diagnoses made in active duty soldiers from 2008 to 2013. A total of 72,248 first visits were generated in the Defense Medical Statistics Information System (DMSIS) with its gradually increasing trend over 6 years. A sharp increase of first visit was observed after implementation of the regular health check-up for all conscripted soldiers since 2013. Read More

Med J Armed Forces India 2016 Oct 18;72(4):407-409. Epub 2016 Oct 18.

Assistant Professor (Pathology), Base Hospital Delhi Cantt, New Delhi 110010, India.

Protein Expr Purif 2017 02 28;130:21-27. Epub 2016 Sep 28.

Núcleo de Biotecnologia - CDTec, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil.

Bovine herpesvirus (BoHV) glycoprotein E (gE) is a non-essential envelope glycoprotein and the deletion of gE has been used to develop BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 differential vaccine strains. The DIVA (Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals) strategy, using marker vaccines based on gE-negative BoHV strains, allows the identification of vaccinated or infected animals in immunoassays designed to detect anti-gE antibodies. In this study a codon optimized synthetic sequence of gE containing highly conserved regions from BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 was expressed in Pichia pastoris. Read More

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016 Oct 16;30(10):1810-1813. Epub 2016 Jul 16.

Outpatient Clinic of Dermato-Venereology, Triemli Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.

Background: Eugène Follmann first described syphilitic balanitis as a manifestation of primary syphilis in 1948 and since then it has been known as syphilitic balanitis of Follmann (SBF). So far, SBF has rarely been described in literature.

Objectives: We are reporting five additional cases of SBF considering the broad differential diagnosis of balanitis. Read More

Arch Ital Urol Androl 2016 Oct 5;88(3):243-244. Epub 2016 Oct 5.

Surgery Department, Section of Urology, ASUR Marche Area Vasta 4, A. Murri Hospital, Fermo.

Introduction: Testicular cancer is one of the most frequent in young men and its incidence is increasing in recent years because of incidental finding during routine ultrasound exams. Adenomatous hyperplasia of the rete testis is one of the benign and rare pathological types incidentally detected and very few cases are described in the literature.

Case Report: A 40 years old man come to our attention for a balanoposthitis without testicular pain. Read More

Can J Urol 2016 Oct;23(5):8495-8502

School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

Introduction: The Canadian Pediatrics Society (CPS) recently released a position statement on early infant (newborn) male circumcision (EIMC). It concluded that since benefits do not exceed risks, circumcision should only be performed on boys in high-risk populations or circumstances. This contradicts recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) whose policies each support more widespread implementation of EIMC. Read More

Mycopathologia 2017 Apr 22;182(3-4):397-402. Epub 2016 Sep 22.

Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 183 West Zhongshan Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China.

Candida albicans is the most common pathogen that causes balanoposthitis. It often causes recurrence of symptoms probably due to its antifungal resistance. A significant number of balanitis Candida albicans isolates are resistant to azole and terbinafine antifungal agents in vitro. Read More

Hautarzt 2016 Oct;67(10):793-805

Andrologicum München, Burgstr. 7, 80331, München, Deutschland.

During complete inspection of skin a variety of penile skin alterations may be found. Not all dermatological findings have clinical relevance. Pearly papules and heterotopic sebaceous glands are physiological variations. Read More

Arch Virol 2016 Nov 27;161(11):3269-74. Epub 2016 Aug 27.

Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Meanagle, NSW, Australia.

Bovine herpesvirus subtype 1.2b (BoHV-1.2b) is associated primarily with bovine infectious pustular vulvovaginitis. Read More

J Pak Med Assoc 2016 Aug;66(8):1039-41

Department of Diabetology, North Delhi Diabetes Centre, New Delhi, India.

This review describes the association of balanoposthitis with diabetes. It reviews the multifaceted relationship of both conditions, and summarizes the etiology, clinical features and treatment options for this condition. The commonest etiology of balanoposthitis in males with diabetes is Candida, and the mainstay of treatment is maintenance of hygiene, euglycaemia, and eradication of infection. Read More

Urologe A 2016 Jun;55(6):829-42

Gemeinschaftspraxis für Dermatologie und Urologie, Gießen, Deutschland.

The urological examination of male patients includes an inspection of the external genitalia whereby a variety of dermatological alterations can be found. Not all dermatological findings are of clinical relevance. Pearly penile papules and heterotopic sebaceous glands are examples of normal physiological variations. Read More

S Afr Med J 2016 Apr 19;106(5):49-51. Epub 2016 Apr 19.

Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.

An inguinal lymph node was discovered incidentally during surgery for a suspected strangulated inguinal hernia. The patient had recently been treated for candidal balanoposthitis and was known to have a paraphimosis. A new foreskin ulcer was discovered when he was admitted for the hernia surgery. Read More

Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2015 Jul-Dec;36(2):158-61

Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, SMS Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) increase the risk of transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection causing immense need to understand the patterns of STIs prevailing in the regions of a country for proper planning and implementation of STI control strategies. Due to the lack of adequate laboratory infrastructure in the country, information regarding the profile of STIs relies essentially on syndromic diagnosis.

Aims And Objectives: To study the pattern of common STIs and the prevalence of HIV infection in patients attending the STI clinic of a tertiary care hospital in northern part of India using a syndromic approach. Read More

Biomed Res Int 2015 19;2015:185387. Epub 2015 Nov 19.

Medical Mycology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.

Candida africana, an emerging yeast pathogen, is closely related to Candida albicans and most commonly involved in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). However, its prevalence in candidal balanoposthitis is still unclear. In this study, the prevalence of C. Read More

Open Vet J 2015 10;5(1):30-3. Epub 2015 Apr 10.

Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

A Boer-Kajang cross male goat was presented to the Veterinary Hospital, University Malaysia Kelantan with a history of dysuria, hematuria and restlessness. The goat was intensively managed (confined to the pen) and fed with only palm kernel cake for the last three months. Physical examination revealed that the goat was dull, depressed, having an inflamed penis and prepuce with blood stained urine dripping from the penis. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2015 Sep;42(9):524-5

From the Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

The typical finding in primary syphilis stage is a unique, painless chancre with indurated borders. We report a case of primary syphilis presenting as erosive and crusted balanoposthitis with an underlying chancre, penile edema, and bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy in a heterosexual man. Read More

Urologiia 2015 Jan-Feb(1):90-3

Treatment and prevention of diseases of the male reproductive organs largely influence male population fertility and the health of the future generations. This review summarizes current views on the problem of infectious balanoposthitis and presents generalized information on its pathogens. Refined classification and diagnostic workup are provided. Read More

Rev Sci Tech 2014 Dec;33(3):927-36

Infectious pustular balanoposthitis (IPB) is one of the reproductive disorders caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) that can be transmitted through artificial insemination. A herd of 63 breeding bulls at a frozen semen bank in Odisha state in India experienced a suspected outbreak of IPB, with 11 bulls showing clinical signs of the infection. Clinical signs were noticed in two bulls initially and a few days after in the other nine animals. Read More

Indian Pediatr 2015 Feb;52(2):149-50

Department of Pediatric Surgery, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children Maria Sklodowska Curie, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania. Correspondence to: Dr Spataru Radu-Iulian: 20, Bld. Brancoveanu C., PC 041451, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children Maria Sklodowska Curie, Bucharest, Romania.

Background: Preputial calculi are rarely encountered in childhood.

Case Characteristics: A 5-year-old boy with symptoms of chronic balanoposthitis.

Observation: A preputial stone was documented and removed at circumcision. Read More

Urol Int 2015 12;94(3):255-61. Epub 2015 Feb 12.

Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of treatment for male circumcision using modified sleeve circumcision and subcuticular suture with the Quill™ device.

Methods: From May 2011 to March 2012, 70 consecutive cases of male circumcision were performed using an alternative technique with the Quill™ device by a single surgeon in our institution. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the selection process of this procedure were the same as for conventional circumcision. Read More

Actas Urol Esp 2015 Mar 26;39(2):118-21. Epub 2014 Sep 26.

Clinica Urológica Dr. Peyri, Barcelona, España.

Objectives: Despite scientific literature mentions the application of "water of the 3 sulfates" (copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and alum) as a treatment for acute balanitis and balanoposthitis, no clinical trials evaluating its efficacy have been found. In our study we evaluate the efficacy of this solution in acute balanitis and balanoposthitis.

Material And Methods: A double-blind randomized study was designed to compare the efficacy of "water of the 3 sulfates" (intervention) with saline solution (control) in 50 patients (30 patients and 20 patients, respectively) who suffer from acute balanitis or balanoposthitis. Read More