Int J Prev Med 2017 4;8:32. Epub 2017 May 4.

Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Section of Urology, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA.

Penile inflammatory skin conditions such as balanitis and posthitis are common, especially in uncircumcised males, and feature prominently in medical consultations. We conducted a systematic review of the medical literature on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cohrane databases using keywords "balanitis," "posthitis," "balanoposthitis," "lichen sclerosus," "penile inflammation," and "inflammation penis," along with "circumcision," "circumcised," and "uncircumcised." Balanitis is the most common inflammatory disease of the penis. Read More

J Med Microbiol 2017 Apr;66(4):511-516

1​Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.

Purpose: Streptococcus pyogenes causes a variety of diseases, such as pharyngitis and toxic shock syndrome. In addition, this bacterium is a causative agent of balanoposthitis. To reveal the bacteriological characteristics of the isolates from balanoposthitis patients, we analysed 47 isolates. Read More

J Pediatr Urol 2017 Jun 15;13(3):278.e1-278.e4. Epub 2017 Mar 15.

Department of Paediatric Surgery, "Spedali Civili" Children's Hospital, Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.

Objective: To evaluate the functional and cosmetic result of modified-triple incision preputial plasty for surgical management of phimosis in children.

Materials And Methods: This prospective study involved all consecutive children (age 3-15) with phimosis, managed at our Institution in a one-year period. All patients unable to retract the foreskin and symptomatic with episodes of posthitis or balanoposthitis or ballooning of the foreskin with voiding were initially included. Read More

Braz J Microbiol 2017 Feb 20. Epub 2017 Feb 20.

Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Ovine/caprine ureaplasmas have not yet been assigned a species designation, but they have been classified into nine serotypes. Herein ureaplasmas were searched for in 120 samples of vulvo vaginal mucous from sheep and 98 samples from goats at 17 farms. In addition, semen samples were collected from 11 sheep and 23 goats. Read More

J Pediatr Urol 2017 Apr 9;13(2):208.e1-208.e4. Epub 2016 Dec 9.

Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Paediatric Surgery, E Prescot Rd, Liverpool, L14 5AB, UK.

Introduction: Over 27,000 circumcisions were performed in England in 2012-13. The complication rate is generally perceived to be low, although published figures vary widely. Balanitis xerotica obliterans, more correctly termed Lichen Sclerosus et atrophicus (LS), is one of the commonest indications for medical circumcision. Read More

J Korean Med Sci 2017 Jan;32(1):135-142

Department of Preventive Medicine, The Armed Forces Medical Command, Seongnam, Korea.

We sought to describe the incidence rate of the urologic disease in the Korean military by reviewing diagnoses made in active duty soldiers from 2008 to 2013. A total of 72,248 first visits were generated in the Defense Medical Statistics Information System (DMSIS) with its gradually increasing trend over 6 years. A sharp increase of first visit was observed after implementation of the regular health check-up for all conscripted soldiers since 2013. Read More

Med J Armed Forces India 2016 Oct 18;72(4):407-409. Epub 2016 Oct 18.

Assistant Professor (Pathology), Base Hospital Delhi Cantt, New Delhi 110010, India.

Protein Expr Purif 2017 Feb 28;130:21-27. Epub 2016 Sep 28.

Núcleo de Biotecnologia - CDTec, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil.

Bovine herpesvirus (BoHV) glycoprotein E (gE) is a non-essential envelope glycoprotein and the deletion of gE has been used to develop BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 differential vaccine strains. The DIVA (Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals) strategy, using marker vaccines based on gE-negative BoHV strains, allows the identification of vaccinated or infected animals in immunoassays designed to detect anti-gE antibodies. In this study a codon optimized synthetic sequence of gE containing highly conserved regions from BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 was expressed in Pichia pastoris. Read More

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016 Oct 16;30(10):1810-1813. Epub 2016 Jul 16.

Outpatient Clinic of Dermato-Venereology, Triemli Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.

Background: Eugène Follmann first described syphilitic balanitis as a manifestation of primary syphilis in 1948 and since then it has been known as syphilitic balanitis of Follmann (SBF). So far, SBF has rarely been described in literature.

Objectives: We are reporting five additional cases of SBF considering the broad differential diagnosis of balanitis. Read More

Arch Ital Urol Androl 2016 Oct 5;88(3):243-244. Epub 2016 Oct 5.

Surgery Department, Section of Urology, ASUR Marche Area Vasta 4, A. Murri Hospital, Fermo.

Introduction: Testicular cancer is one of the most frequent in young men and its incidence is increasing in recent years because of incidental finding during routine ultrasound exams. Adenomatous hyperplasia of the rete testis is one of the benign and rare pathological types incidentally detected and very few cases are described in the literature.

Case Report: A 40 years old man come to our attention for a balanoposthitis without testicular pain. Read More

Can J Urol 2016 Oct;23(5):8495-8502

School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

Introduction: The Canadian Pediatrics Society (CPS) recently released a position statement on early infant (newborn) male circumcision (EIMC). It concluded that since benefits do not exceed risks, circumcision should only be performed on boys in high-risk populations or circumstances. This contradicts recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) whose policies each support more widespread implementation of EIMC. Read More

Mycopathologia 2017 Apr 22;182(3-4):397-402. Epub 2016 Sep 22.

Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 183 West Zhongshan Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China.

Candida albicans is the most common pathogen that causes balanoposthitis. It often causes recurrence of symptoms probably due to its antifungal resistance. A significant number of balanitis Candida albicans isolates are resistant to azole and terbinafine antifungal agents in vitro. Read More

Hautarzt 2016 Oct;67(10):793-805

Andrologicum München, Burgstr. 7, 80331, München, Deutschland.

During complete inspection of skin a variety of penile skin alterations may be found. Not all dermatological findings have clinical relevance. Pearly papules and heterotopic sebaceous glands are physiological variations. Read More

Arch Virol 2016 Nov 27;161(11):3269-74. Epub 2016 Aug 27.

Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Meanagle, NSW, Australia.

Bovine herpesvirus subtype 1.2b (BoHV-1.2b) is associated primarily with bovine infectious pustular vulvovaginitis. Read More

J Pak Med Assoc 2016 Aug;66(8):1039-41

Department of Diabetology, North Delhi Diabetes Centre, New Delhi, India.

This review describes the association of balanoposthitis with diabetes. It reviews the multifaceted relationship of both conditions, and summarizes the etiology, clinical features and treatment options for this condition. The commonest etiology of balanoposthitis in males with diabetes is Candida, and the mainstay of treatment is maintenance of hygiene, euglycaemia, and eradication of infection. Read More

Urologe A 2016 Jun;55(6):829-42

Gemeinschaftspraxis für Dermatologie und Urologie, Gießen, Deutschland.

The urological examination of male patients includes an inspection of the external genitalia whereby a variety of dermatological alterations can be found. Not all dermatological findings are of clinical relevance. Pearly penile papules and heterotopic sebaceous glands are examples of normal physiological variations. Read More

S Afr Med J 2016 Apr 19;106(5):49-51. Epub 2016 Apr 19.

Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.

An inguinal lymph node was discovered incidentally during surgery for a suspected strangulated inguinal hernia. The patient had recently been treated for candidal balanoposthitis and was known to have a paraphimosis. A new foreskin ulcer was discovered when he was admitted for the hernia surgery. Read More

Indian J Sex Transm Dis 2015 Jul-Dec;36(2):158-61

Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, SMS Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) increase the risk of transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection causing immense need to understand the patterns of STIs prevailing in the regions of a country for proper planning and implementation of STI control strategies. Due to the lack of adequate laboratory infrastructure in the country, information regarding the profile of STIs relies essentially on syndromic diagnosis.

Aims And Objectives: To study the pattern of common STIs and the prevalence of HIV infection in patients attending the STI clinic of a tertiary care hospital in northern part of India using a syndromic approach. Read More

Biomed Res Int 2015 19;2015:185387. Epub 2015 Nov 19.

Medical Mycology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.

Candida africana, an emerging yeast pathogen, is closely related to Candida albicans and most commonly involved in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). However, its prevalence in candidal balanoposthitis is still unclear. In this study, the prevalence of C. Read More

Open Vet J 2015 10;5(1):30-3. Epub 2015 Apr 10.

Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

A Boer-Kajang cross male goat was presented to the Veterinary Hospital, University Malaysia Kelantan with a history of dysuria, hematuria and restlessness. The goat was intensively managed (confined to the pen) and fed with only palm kernel cake for the last three months. Physical examination revealed that the goat was dull, depressed, having an inflamed penis and prepuce with blood stained urine dripping from the penis. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2015 Sep;42(9):524-5

From the Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

The typical finding in primary syphilis stage is a unique, painless chancre with indurated borders. We report a case of primary syphilis presenting as erosive and crusted balanoposthitis with an underlying chancre, penile edema, and bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy in a heterosexual man. Read More

Urologiia 2015 Jan-Feb(1):90-3

Treatment and prevention of diseases of the male reproductive organs largely influence male population fertility and the health of the future generations. This review summarizes current views on the problem of infectious balanoposthitis and presents generalized information on its pathogens. Refined classification and diagnostic workup are provided. Read More

Rev Sci Tech 2014 Dec;33(3):927-36

Infectious pustular balanoposthitis (IPB) is one of the reproductive disorders caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) that can be transmitted through artificial insemination. A herd of 63 breeding bulls at a frozen semen bank in Odisha state in India experienced a suspected outbreak of IPB, with 11 bulls showing clinical signs of the infection. Clinical signs were noticed in two bulls initially and a few days after in the other nine animals. Read More

Indian Pediatr 2015 Feb;52(2):149-50

Department of Pediatric Surgery, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children Maria Sklodowska Curie, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania. Correspondence to: Dr Spataru Radu-Iulian: 20, Bld. Brancoveanu C., PC 041451, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children Maria Sklodowska Curie, Bucharest, Romania.

Background: Preputial calculi are rarely encountered in childhood.

Case Characteristics: A 5-year-old boy with symptoms of chronic balanoposthitis.

Observation: A preputial stone was documented and removed at circumcision. Read More

Urol Int 2015 12;94(3):255-61. Epub 2015 Feb 12.

Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of treatment for male circumcision using modified sleeve circumcision and subcuticular suture with the Quill™ device.

Methods: From May 2011 to March 2012, 70 consecutive cases of male circumcision were performed using an alternative technique with the Quill™ device by a single surgeon in our institution. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the selection process of this procedure were the same as for conventional circumcision. Read More

Actas Urol Esp 2015 Mar 26;39(2):118-21. Epub 2014 Sep 26.

Clinica Urológica Dr. Peyri, Barcelona, España.

Objectives: Despite scientific literature mentions the application of "water of the 3 sulfates" (copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and alum) as a treatment for acute balanitis and balanoposthitis, no clinical trials evaluating its efficacy have been found. In our study we evaluate the efficacy of this solution in acute balanitis and balanoposthitis.

Material And Methods: A double-blind randomized study was designed to compare the efficacy of "water of the 3 sulfates" (intervention) with saline solution (control) in 50 patients (30 patients and 20 patients, respectively) who suffer from acute balanitis or balanoposthitis. Read More

Indian J Sex Transm Dis 2014 Jul-Dec;35(2):155-7

Department of Skin and VD, Baroda Medical College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Urology 2014 Aug 21;84(2):e3. Epub 2014 Jun 21.

Urology Department, Centro Medico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal.

Immunotherapy with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is widely used for treatment of superficial urothelial cancer. Complications associated with BCG treatment are common. The most common are minor reactions as cystitis, hematuria, fever, malaise. Read More

Vet J 2014 Sep 6;201(3):249-56. Epub 2014 Jun 6.

Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia.

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, abortion and balanoposthitis, as well as neurological and systemic disease in cattle. The virus is endemic in cattle populations worldwide although in Europe six countries and several regions in other countries have achieved 'IBR-free' status by implementing control measures. According to European Union (EU) directives, all member states must comply with specific requirements related to BHV-1 infection status in semen and embryos. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2014 Aug 14;25(9):615-26. Epub 2014 May 14.

Department of Dermatology, Havenziekenhuis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Balanoposthitis can be caused by a disparate range of conditions affecting the penile skin. This guideline concentrates on a selected group of conditions and offers recommendations on the diagnostic tests and treatment regimens needed for the effective management of balanoposthitis. Read More

Vet Surg 2014 Aug 11;43(6):691-6. Epub 2014 Mar 11.

William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California.

Objective: To report the clinical findings, incidence of complications, and outcome associated with perineal urethrotomy in equids.

Study Design: Retrospective case series.

Animals: Equids (n = 27). Read More

Clin Dermatol 2014 Mar-Apr;32(2):307-14

Department of Dermatology, University of Siena, Italy.

The genitalia may be the site of non-infectious inflammatory lesions that are generally manifested as balanoposthitis and vulvovaginitis. In men, these forms constitute 50% of all balanoposthitis forms, and in women, vulvovaginitis frequency is even higher. They consist of genital locations of general skin diseases, such as psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen sclerosus, and other clinical entities with their own physiognomy, such as Zoon's balanitis-vulvitis. Read More

Case Rep Urol 2013 17;2013:984757. Epub 2013 Sep 17.

Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71121 Foggia, Italy.

Pilonidal sinus is a long-standing chronic inflammatory condition consisting of a sinus tract from the skin-lined orifice extending into subcutaneous tissue, with hairs attached to the wall of the tract and projecting outside of the opening. Penile location is rare, and differential diagnosis with severe balanoposthitis, epidermal cysts, and neoplasms can be difficult. We report a rare case of pilonidal cyst located between coronal sulcus and prepuce which, due to its ulcerated aspect and absence of a tract with projecting hairs, simulated a penile carcinoma. Read More

Korean J Urol 2013 Sep 10;54(9):624-30. Epub 2013 Sep 10.

Department of Urology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea.

Purpose: We report our experience with the use of a topical steroid, 0.05% clobetasol propionate, for the treatment of phimosis with clinical complications.

Materials And Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of the clinical outcomes of all patients presenting with phimosis to a single institution during the time period from October 2008 to May 2012. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2013 Dec 19;24(12):938-43. Epub 2013 Jul 19.

Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Karolinska Hospital and Institute of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

The purpose of this study was to analyse, among men treated with diathermy, whether there was a difference in balanoposthitis between men with histopathologically benign human papillomavirus-associated lesions and those with penile intraepithelial neoplasia. Data were derived from patient material from a previously published study. Two clinically identical lesions from the same genital site were collected for analysis with routine histopathology and with nested PCR. Read More

Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013 Nov 17;19(11):1574-80. Epub 2013 Aug 17.

Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address:

We assessed the prevalence and clinical features of genital skin changes in men after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and evaluated the correlation between genital chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) and other manifestations of cGVHD as well as sexual issues. In a cross-sectional cohort study, 155 male recipients alive 1 year or more after HSCT were assessed during their annual follow-up evaluation. Correlation between genital skin changes and other cGVHD manifestations was evaluated, and post-transplantation sexual contentment and sexual functioning were assessed by 2 self-assessment questionnaires, including the 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and the modified Brief Sexual Symptom Checklist (mBSSC). Read More

Ir Vet J 2013 Aug 1;66(1):15. Epub 2013 Aug 1.

Animal Health Ireland, Main Street, Carrick on Shannon, County Leitrim, Ireland.

Bovine reproductive disease attributable to bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1) was first described in Germany in the 19th century, being recognised primarily as the cause of infectious vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis until the mid-1950s when a more virulent strain of the virus (BoHV-1.1) associated with respiratory disease (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis; IBR) emerged in the western United States. Subsequently, IBR emerged as a clinical condition in Europe, from the 1970s onward. Read More

Afr J Paediatr Surg 2013 Apr-Jun;10(2):164-6

Department of Pediatric Surgery, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.

Background: The aim of this article is to evaluate the histopathological findings of foreskin after circumcision for medical indications and to find out if analyzing the biopsy is a waste of resources.

Material And Methods: This retrospective analysis was carried out of the medical records and histopathological findings of 112 boys who underwent circumcision from June 2002 to June 2005. The study group consisted of 52 boys that were circumcised for medical indications, while the control group consisted of 60 boys who underwent circumcision for religious belief. Read More

Int Braz J Urol 2013 Jan-Feb;39(1):55-62

Hospital Policlinica Cascavel, Cascavel.

Purpose: To report the prevalence and risk factors of penile lesions/anomalies in a Metropolitan Brazilian city.

Materials And Methods: All participants undergoing prostate cancer screening in the city of Curitiba were systematically examined to identify penile lesions including cutaneous mycosis, sexually transmitted diseases, penile cancer, meatal stenosis, hypospadias, and Peyronie's disease. Outcomes of interest included the prevalence and the relative risk and 95% confidence intervals of the lesions/anomalies according to age, school level, race, personal history of diabetes, arterial hypertension, nonspecific urethritis, and vasectomy. Read More

Aust Vet J 2013 Mar 25;91(3):99-101. Epub 2013 Jan 25.

School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.

In cattle, Ureaplasma diversum has been associated with decreased fertility, granular vulvovaginitis, endometritis, salpingitis and spontaneous abortion in cows and seminal vesiculitis, balanoposthitis and changes in bull sperm. The presence of U. diversum within the Australian cattle population has not been established. Read More

Vet Pathol 2013 Jul 11;50(4):686-92. Epub 2012 Oct 11.

Dermatology Department, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.

Equine penile papillomas, in situ carcinomas, and invasive carcinomas are hypothesized to belong to a continuum of papillomavirus-induced diseases. The former ones clinically present as small grey papules, while the latter 2 lesions are more hyperplasic or alternatively ulcerated. To test the hypothesis that these lesions are papillomavirus-induced, samples of 24 horses with characteristic clinical and histologic findings of penile papillomas or in situ or invasive squamous cell carcinomas were collected. Read More

Med Pregl 2012 Jul-Aug;65(7-8):295-300

Klinika za deiju hirurgiju, Institut za zdravstvenu zastitu dece i omladine Vojvodine, Novi Sad

Introduction: The prepuce envelops the glans as a variant of a mucocutaneous tissue presenting with a lot offunctions, the most important of them being to protect the infant's glans from feces and ammonia in diapers, to protect the glans from abrasions and trauma throughout life, and to provide sufficient skin in erection. Circumcision was recognized as a method of solving foreskin problems a long time before Christ. Practicing male circumcision in history was customary several thousand years ago and has spread worldwide. Read More

J Crohns Colitis 2013 May 26;7(4):e146-9. Epub 2012 Jul 26.

Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Crohn's disease is a chronic relapsing, granulomatous, and inflammatory bowel disorder. Variable extra-intestinal manifestations may occur, which include erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, pyoderma gangrenosum, and other non-specific skin lesions. Here, we present a case of metastatic penile Crohn's disease without scrotal involvement, which was initially approached as a balanoposthitis with penile cellulitis, and completely treated with infliximab infusion in a short time. Read More

Intern Med J 2012 Jul;42(7):822-8

School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Infant male circumcision (MC) is an important issue guided by Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) policy. Here we analytically review the RACP's 2010 policy statement 'Circumcision of infant males'. Comprehensive evaluation in the context of published research was used. Read More

Urologe A 2012 Jul;51(7):1005-16

FEAPU, Sektion Kinderurologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Deutschland.

Phimosis is a common condition in which the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis. First appearing at 8 weeks gestation as a ridge of thickened epithelium, the prepuce grows forward over the developing glans. Physiological phimosis is common in male patients up to 3 years of age. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2012 Mar;23(3):153-9

Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Here we provide an up-to-date review of research that explains why uncircumcised men are at higher risk of HIV infection. The inner foreskin is a mucosal epithelium deficient in protective keratin, yet rich in HIV target cells. Soon after sexual exposure to infected mucosal secretions of a HIV-positive partner, infected T-cells from the latter form viral synapses with keratinocytes and transfer HIV to Langerhans cells via dendrites that extend to just under the surface of the inner foreskin. Read More

Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2012 ;20(1):30-3

Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Department of Urology, Croatia.

Penile cutaneous horn is a clinical term that describes protruding hyperkeratosis, usually conical in shape, located on penile glans. Penile localization of this lesion, predominantly located on sun-exposed areas, is very rare. The association with malignancy on the penis makes proper identification of these lesions essential. Read More

BMC Pediatr 2012 Feb 28;12:20. Epub 2012 Feb 28.

School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.

Background: Circumcision is a common procedure, but regional and societal attitudes differ on whether there is a need for a male to be circumcised and, if so, at what age. This is an important issue for many parents, but also pediatricians, other doctors, policy makers, public health authorities, medical bodies, and males themselves.

Discussion: We show here that infancy is an optimal time for clinical circumcision because an infant's low mobility facilitates the use of local anesthesia, sutures are not required, healing is quick, cosmetic outcome is usually excellent, costs are minimal, and complications are uncommon. Read More

J Wildl Dis 2011 Oct;47(4):1019-25

Veterinary Department, Perth Zoo, South Perth, 6151, Western Australia.

The Gilbert's potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) is one of Australia's most critically endangered mammals with a current estimated population of 70 individuals. Both the wild and captive populations have a long history of balanoposthitis with associated crusting, ulceration, and preputial discharge. We sought to identify the microbial species found in the discharge, determine their significance in causing balanoposthitis, and correlate these findings with reproductive success and survivorship. Read More

Chin Med J (Engl) 2011 Sep;124(17):2776-8

Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.

Background: Candidal balanoposthitis (CB) is a common male genital infection. Autoimmune mechanisms may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CB. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an important molecule in cell-mediated immunity. Read More