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J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019 Mar 23. Epub 2019 Mar 23.

Urology Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.

Background: Zoon balanitis (ZB) is a chronic inflammatory benign mucositis. Its etiopathogenesis still remains hypothetical and speculative.

Objectives: To determine risk factors associated with genital ZB in men. Read More

Postgrad Med J 2019 Feb 26. Epub 2019 Feb 26.

Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2018 Nov-Dec;22(6):837-842

Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd., Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and is associated with several comorbidities and complications. Genital infection is one such complication that is often associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Even though abnormalities in immune system, high urine glucose, and bladder dysfunction are important contributors for the increased risk of genitourinary symptoms, yet the possible role of pharmacologically induced glucosuria cannot be completely overlooked in such patients. Read More

J Urol 2019 03;201(3):431

Int J Surg Case Rep 2019 19;55:37-40. Epub 2019 Jan 19.

Department of Urology, Inje University, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:

Introduction: Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis (PKMB) is an extremely rare disease. Herein, we report a case of PKMB in a patient who underwent two surgical procedures, since the 5-FU cream was not available.

Presentation Of Case: A 50 year-old Korean man undergoing circumcision in a local clinic presented with a tumor-like lesion on the glans penis. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2019 Jan 3. Epub 2019 Jan 3.

San Diego Family Dermatology, National City, CA, USA.

Am J Transplant 2019 Mar 25;19(3):907-919. Epub 2019 Jan 25.

Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

The safety and efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in posttransplantation diabetes mellitus is unknown. We converted stable kidney transplant patients to 10 mg empagliflozin, aiming at replacing their insulin therapy (<40 IU/d). N = 14 participants (the required sample size) completed the study visits through 4 weeks and N = 8 through 12 months. Read More

Curr Opin Urol 2019 Mar;29(2):145-149

Department of Urology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Purpose Of Review: Our objective is to present an overview of epidemiologic, clinical, and molecular risk factors with a focus on contemporary literature.

Recent Findings: Penile cancer is a rare and aggressive neoplasm that accounts for less than 1% of male malignancies in the United States. Geographical disparities in incidence of disease are evident with high rates concentrated in the developing world (2. Read More

J Pediatr Urol 2018 Dec 21;14(6):536.e1-536.e7. Epub 2018 Jun 21.

Department of Urology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia.

Introduction: The importance of the pathology of the dartos fascia in hypospadias and buried penis is still debatable. Understanding the properties of connective tissue of dartos fascia in hypospadias and buried penis may give a clue to the underlying mechanism.

Objective: This study aimed to compare connective tissue and vascularization of dartos fascia between normal penis, buried penis, and hypospadias. Read More

An Bras Dermatol 2018 Nov/Dec;93(6):881-883

Department of Dermatopathology, Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória (ES), Brasil.

Zoon's plasma cell balanitis is a chronic genital inflammatory dermatosis that affects uncircumcised men, especially the elderly. It's characterized by painless erythematous plaques of orange hue, located on the glans penis and foreskin. Circumcision is the most effective treatment; however, it can be hard for patients to accept. Read More

J Pediatr Urol 2019 Feb 29;15(1):45.e1-45.e5. Epub 2018 Mar 29.

Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK. Electronic address:

Introduction: Circumcision has long been the mainstay of management for genitourinary lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LS); however, there has been growing interest in surgical techniques that preserve the foreskin.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess population-based surgical management of LS in England and determine surgical outcomes.

Study Design: Cases of LS treated in English NHS trusts (2002-2011) were extracted from the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) Database. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2019 Mar 23;58(3):e55-e57. Epub 2018 Nov 23.

State Department of Dermatology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece.

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018 Nov 23. Epub 2018 Nov 23.

Department of Medical Area, Institute of Dermatology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.

Background: Clinical differentiation of erythroplasia of Queyrat (EQ) and chronic forms of balanitis may be challenging, especially in early phases or in overlapping cases. Dermoscopy has been shown to be a useful supportive tool in facilitating the distinction between tumoral and inflammatory skin conditions; yet, data on EQ and balanitis are scarce or sparse.

Objectives: To systematically assess the dermoscopic features of both EQ and common forms of chronic balanitis and to investigate the accuracy of dermoscopy in distinguishing these conditions. Read More

Acta Derm Venereol 2019 Mar;99(3):315-320

Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Skane University Hospital, SE-214 28 Malmö, Sweden. Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Skane University Hospital, SE-214 28 Malmö, Sweden.

Studies on risk factors for penile intraepithelial neo-plasia have been small in size, have not distinguished penile intraepithelial neoplasia from invasive cancer, and have relied on self-reported information. This study investigated risk factors for penile intraepithelial neoplasia in a cohort of 580 penile intraepithelial neoplasia cases and 3,436 controls using information from 7 Swedish registers. Cases with penile intraepithelial neoplasia had increased odds ratios (ORs) for inflammatory skin diseases (14. Read More

Cent European J Urol 2018 22;71(3):346-352. Epub 2018 Sep 22.

Luton and Dunstable Hospital, Department of Urology, Luton, United Kingdom.

Introduction: Buried penis is a condition that causes the penis to become hidden beneath the skin. It has a significant impact on quality of life and can present in a variety of ways, with lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction being common. Whilst there are several causes, obesity is the most common in adults. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2018 Oct 12. Epub 2018 Oct 12.

Department of Dermatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), or penile lichen sclerosus, is a progressive sclerosing inflammatory dermatosis of the glans penis and foreskin. It is associated with significant morbidity and may result in impaired urinary and sexual function. It was initially described by Stuhmer in 1928, named after its pathological features, and is considered the male equivalent of vulvar lichen sclerosis (LS). Read More

Res Rep Urol 2018 18;10:89-94. Epub 2018 Sep 18.

Department of Pediatric Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan,

Introduction: Lichen sclerosus (LS), or balanitis xerotica obliterans, is a chronic, inflammatory disease accompanied by cicatrizing skin conditions resulting in pathologic phimosis. LS can be detected clinically by the whitish appearance of the glans or the foreskin, thickened, nonretractable foreskin, dysuria, and spraying. However, diagnosis is confirmed histopathologically. Read More

Dermatol Ther 2018 11 24;31(6):e12661. Epub 2018 Sep 24.

Shalby Multi-Specialty Hospital, Mohali, Punjab, India.

J Paediatr Child Health 2018 Dec 23;54(12):1299-1307. Epub 2018 Sep 23.

Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Circumcision is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the world. Despite this, the practice of paediatric circumcision remains highly controversial, and continues to generate ongoing debate. This debate has become more relevant recently with the provisional guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommending a change of practice. Read More

Transl Androl Urol 2018 Aug;7(4):618-627

Department of Urology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.

Adult acquired buried penis represents the clinical manifestation of a wide spectrum of pathology due to a variety of etiologies. It can be related to obesity, a laxity in connective tissue, lichen sclerosis (LS), complications from penile/scrotal enlargement surgery, scrotal lymphedema, or hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Buried penis can be associated with poor cosmesis and hygiene, voiding dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction. Read More

Diabetes Obes Metab 2019 02 11;21(2):434-438. Epub 2018 Oct 11.

Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

The extent to which sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors increase the risk of genital infections in routine clinical care, compared with other antidiabetic medications, is not clear, or whether the increased risk is consistent across gender or age subgroups, within individual SGLT2 agents, or if it is more pronounced at a particular time after treatment initiation. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using two US commercial claims databases (2013-2017). In the primary analysis, 1:1 propensity score-matched cohorts of female and male subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus initiating SGLT2 versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors were created. Read More

Dermatol Clin 2018 Oct;36(4):451-461

Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Ferrara, Via L. Ariosto 35, Ferrara 44121, Italy.

Diagnosis of genital inflammatory disorders may be difficult for several reasons, such as their similar appearance, possible misdiagnosis with infectious and malignant conditions, and peculiar anatomic conditions that may lead to modification of clinical features. Dermoscopy could be included as a part of the clinical inspection of genital diseases to support diagnosis, as well as to ideally avoid unnecessary invasive investigation. Practical guidance for the use of dermoscopy in the assessment of the main inflammatory genital diseases is provided, namely for lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, psoriasis, lichen simplex chronicus, and plasma cell mucositis. Read More

Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2018 Jul;24(7):645-650

Department of Andrology, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China.

Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) was first isolated by Tully from the urinary tract of the male patient with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in 1981. MG is extremely difficult to be cultured and was rarely studied until the development and application of molecular biology technology. The research on MG in China is still in the primary stage. Read More

Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2018 Aug;24(8):709-723

Changshu Medical Laboratory Center, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China.

Objective: To investigate the distribution of the human papilloma virus (HPV) and its genotypes in the male outpatients at the clinics of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in Changshu and analyze its association with the primary clinical symptoms so as to provide some evidence for the prevention and treatment of HPV infection in men.

Methods: We collected exfoliated cell samples from the external genitals of 602 male outpatients at the STD clinics in Changshu from February 2016 to February 2018, extracted and amplified nucleic acids from the samples, and detected the HPV genotypes using the gene chip technique. We performed statistical analyses on the types of symptoms in clinical diagnosis and their correlation with the genotypes of HPV using the chi-square test. Read More

Eur J Pediatr Surg 2018 Aug 21. Epub 2018 Aug 21.

Department of Paediatric Surgery, Evelina London Children Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

Introduction:  Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is uncommon in children. Diagnosis of the condition is almost always clinical and supported by histology. Our aim was to evaluate the outcomes of children undergoing circumcision for BXO and explore the correlation between surgical and histological findings. Read More

Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2018 Jul 3;34(3):546-548. Epub 2018 Mar 3.

1Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India.

Int J Dermatol 2018 11 17;57(11):e142-e144. Epub 2018 Aug 17.

Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

Eur J Rheumatol 2018 Dec 2;5(4):285-286. Epub 2018 Apr 2.

Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Arch Ital Urol Androl 2018 Jun 30;90(2):123-126. Epub 2018 Jun 30.

Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Unit of Paediatric Surgery, University of Messina.

Introduction: To evaluate the outcome of circumcised patients with balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) using uroflowmetry (UF).

Methods: Between 2011 and 2013, 180 children underwent a circumcision for phimosis. The foreskin was examined on microscopy. Read More

Am J Mens Health 2018 09 21;12(5):1692-1699. Epub 2018 Jun 21.

1 Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.

To evaluate the characteristics of lichen sclerosus (LS) accompanied by urethral squamous cell carcinoma (USCC) and to raise urologists' awareness about the early management of LS, a retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of 18 male genital LS accompanied by USCC patients who were referred to Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital between June 2000 and August 2014. All of the patients had a long-term history of LS, urethral strictures, and urethral dilatation. Seven patients are with distal (glanular or penile) USCC, 10 patients with proximal USCC, and one with entire USCC. Read More

J Pediatr Urol 2018 Dec 8;14(6):545.e1-545.e4. Epub 2018 Jun 8.

Department of Urology, New York-Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center (MKH), New York, NY, USA.

Introduction And Objectives: The desire to preserve the prepuce is often based on cultural norms. Recently, the concept of "genital autonomy" has been invoked to delay circumcision (or any genital altering procedure) until the individual reaches maturity and can make his or her own decision. However, some uncircumcised boys develop one or more episodes of balanitis resulting in scarring of the prepuce and pathologic phimosis which is difficult to treat. Read More

Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2017 Jun;23(6):527-530

No. 2 Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China.

Objective: To assess the effect of traversing the vertical pedicle flap (TVPF) for the treatment of severely buried penis in children.

Methods: Totally 43 children with severely buried penis underwentTVPF (n = 21)or modifiedShiraki surgery (control, n = 22) in our hospitalfrom February to December 2014. Wecompared the operation time, intra-operation blood loss, foreskin swelling time, and parents' satisfaction with penile appearance between the two groups. Read More

Chin Med J (Engl) 2018 May;131(10):1253-1254

Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.

Curr Urol Rep 2018 Apr 17;19(6):43. Epub 2018 Apr 17.

SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.

Purpose Of Review: Urethral reconstruction has evolved in the last several decades with the introduction of various techniques including fasciocutaneous skin flaps and buccal mucosal grafts. However, distal urethral strictures have continued to be a reconstructive challenge due to tendency for adverse cosmetic outcomes, risks of glans dehiscence or fistula formation, and stricture recurrence.

Recent Findings: The surgical options for treatment of distal urethral strictures have changed throughout the years; however, there is no one universally accepted technique for their treatment. Read More

Indian Dermatol Online J 2018 Mar-Apr;9(2):96-100

University Clinic of Dermatology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal.

Context: A variety of nonvenereal diseases can affect the penis and diminish quality of life. Many present similar clinical features and a cutaneous biopsy may be necessary to clarify the diagnosis.

Aims: To characterize nonvenereal penile dermatoses with histological confirmation in a southwestern Europe hospital during a 9-year period. Read More

Clin Dermatol 2018 Mar - Apr;36(2):197-207. Epub 2017 Oct 4.

Department of Dermatology, University College Hospital, London, UK.

Elderly men are at higher risk of developing genital dermatologic problems, including inflammatory and neoplastic conditions due to age-related physiologic changes, immunosenescence, comorbidities, and iatrogenesis. Clinical manifestations of genital dermatoses in men are varied and may include itching, pain, redness, dermatitis, lumps, and ulcers. Even when asymptomatic, the psychologic impact may be significant. Read More

G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2018 Apr;153(2):287-288

Division of Dermatology, Department of Specialized, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

Molecules 2018 Mar 13;23(3). Epub 2018 Mar 13.

Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98123 Messina, Italy.

Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder, considered the male genital variant of lichen sclerosus. Anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used in BXO. We evaluated the effects of an innovative formulation of ozonated olive oil with vitamin E acetate (OZOILE) on the inflammatory status and tissue remodeling in male children with BXO. Read More

Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018 Jan 31;6(1):61-63. Epub 2017 Dec 31.

Università Degli Studi "G. Marconi", Rome, Italy.

Background: Zoon's balanitis is a benign disease characterized by an asymptomatic, chronic, solitary, shiny, red-orange plaque of the glans and/ or prepuce. In rare cases of Zoon's disease, penile squamous cell carcinoma developed in the chronic inflammatory lesions.

Case Report: We report on a 68-year-old male patient presenting with phimosis and coexistent Zoon's disease and penile carcinoma in situ treated successfully by circumcision. Read More

Consult Pharm 2017 Dec;32(12):740-747

U Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

While diabetes is a common medical condition, the initial presentation of patients with diabetes may vary. In some cases, different types of infections or inflammatory conditions may prompt a patient to seek medical attention. Males may present to their primary care provider with a bothersome inflammation of the penis that may be the first recognition of previously undiagnosed diabetes. Read More

Clin Genitourin Cancer 2018 06 31;16(3):e533-e534. Epub 2018 Jan 31.

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brookline, MA. Electronic address:

Skin Res Technol 2018 Aug 18;24(3):499-503. Epub 2018 Feb 18.

Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.

Background: The term balanitis includes a variety of inflammatory skin diseases involving the glans penis whose clinical diagnosis may be challenging. A biopsy is often required to obtain a definitive diagnosis, although it is barely accepted by patients. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), that provides a real-time, en face imaging of the epidermis and upper dermis, is currently utilized for the diagnosis of some neoplastic and inflammatory skin diseases. Read More

Prog Urol 2018 Apr 7;28(5):251-281. Epub 2018 Feb 7.

Service d'urologie, CHRU de Tours, université François-Rabelais, 37000 Tours, France; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, PRES centre Val-de-Loire, 37000 Tours, France.

This article aimed to gather male genital dermatoses that may lead to consult a urologist, except pre-neoplastic or neoplastic lesion.

Method: This review is based on a research on Pubmed and EM-consult database, in English and in French, using the following key terms "male genital dermatoses", "male genital lesions", "balanitis", "balanoposthitis", "dermatoses des organes génitaux externes masculines", "lésions des organes génitaux externes de l'homme", "balanoposthites".

Results: It highlights normal morphological aspects, acute balanoposthitis (nonspecific, infectious, allergic, irritative and traumatic), common skin disease localized to male genital and male genital specific dermatoses. Read More

Med Mycol 2018 Jul;56(5):649-651

Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.

Previous studies have correlated the severity of recurrent vulvovaginal Candida infections (VVC) and balanitis in patients from China with the presence of some dominant genotypes at the ORF RLM1. Here we tested VVC vs non-VVC isolates from Portugal, Brazil and Greece and, although the same genotypes were identified in VVC isolates, they were present in only five out of 150 strains. However, this analysis showed that VVC isolates presented a higher percentage of genotypes with similar high molecular weight alleles, in comparison with strains isolated from other biological sources. Read More

Can Urol Assoc J 2018 May 6;12(5):E231-E233. Epub 2018 Feb 6.

Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Introduction: Circumcision is one of the most widely performed procedures in the world. One of the indications for circumcision is lichen sclerosis (LS). The natural history of LS in children is not as well-documented as in adult patients. Read More

J Pediatr Surg 2018 Nov 3;53(11):2225-2227. Epub 2018 Jan 3.

Department of Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom. Electronic address:

Purpose: To determine whether treatment of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LS), with topical steroids reduces the rate of circumcision.

Methods: Two independent reviewers performed a literature search of studies reporting treatment of LS with topical steroids using EMBASE and MEDLINE database(s).

Inclusion Criteria: boys aged 0-18 years, clinical diagnosis of LS, treatment with topical steroids. Read More

JAAD Case Rep 2018 Jan 19;4(1):58-60. Epub 2017 Dec 19.

Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.