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Adv Virol 2019 19;2019:8512363. Epub 2019 Mar 19.

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.

Influenza A viruses (IAV) are evolutionarily successful pathogens, capable of infecting a number of avian and mammalian species and responsible for pandemic and seasonal epidemic disease in humans. To infect new species, IAV typically must overcome a number of species barriers to entry, replication, and egress, even while virus replication is counteracted by antiviral host factors and innate immune mechanisms. A number of host factors have been found to regulate the replication of IAV by interacting with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). Read More

Can Commun Dis Rep 2018 Jun 7;44(6):123-128. Epub 2018 Jun 7.

Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON.

Background: There are many different influenza vaccines authorized for use in Canada and new evidence on influenza and vaccines is emerging all the time. The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) provides recommendations annually regarding seasonal influenza vaccines to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC).

Objective: To summarize the NACI recommendations regarding the use of seasonal influenza vaccines for the 2018-2019 influenza season in light of two NACI reviews conducted on 1) the risk of serious influenza-related complications in children and adults with neurologic and neurodevelopment conditions and 2) the efficacy/effectiveness of high-dose and adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccines in persons 65 years of age and older. Read More

Emerg Microbes Infect 2019 ;8(1):650-661

b Department of Zoology , Jahangirnagar University , Dhaka , Bangladesh.

Since November 2008, we have conducted active avian influenza surveillance in Bangladesh. Clades 2.2. Read More

Arch Razi Inst 2019 Mar 1;74(1):77-82. Epub 2019 Mar 1.

Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine; Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.

The aim of the present was to evaluate the prevalence of H9N2-specific antibodies among water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). To this end, blood samples were obtained from 80 randomly selected water buffaloes, 40 cases of which were obtained in the winter months, and 40 cases were sampled in the spring months. The presence of H9N2-specific antibody was determined by hemagglutination inhibition method. Read More

J Virol Methods 2019 Apr 17. Epub 2019 Apr 17.

Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA. Electronic address:

Influenza A virus is a negative-sense RNA virus with a segmented genome consisting of eight RNA segments. Avian influenza A virus (AIV) primarily infects avian hosts and sporadically infects mammals, which can lead to adaptation to new species. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of emerging AIV genomes extracted from respiratory samples collected on sequential days from animal models and clinical patients enables analysis of the emergence of evolutionary variants within the virus population over time. Read More

PLoS One 2019 19;14(4):e0215857. Epub 2019 Apr 19.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Background: From 2013 to 2017, more than one thousand avian influenza A (H7N9) confirmed cases with hundreds of deaths were reported in mainland China. To identify priorities for epidemic prevention and control, a risk assessing framework for subnational variations is needed to define the epidemic potential of A (H7N9).

Methods: We established a consolidated two-stage framework that outlined the potential epidemic of H7N9 in humans: The Stage 1, index-case potential, used a Boosted Regression Trees model to assess population at risk due to spillover from poultry; the Stage 2, epidemic potential, synthesized the variables upon a framework of the Index for Risk Management to measure epidemic potential based on the probability of hazards and exposure, the vulnerability and coping capacity. Read More

J Anim Ecol 2019 Apr 19. Epub 2019 Apr 19.

Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Studies on the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 suggest that wild bird migration may facilitate its long-distance spread, yet the role of wild bird community composition in its transmission risk remains poorly understood. Furthermore, most studies on the diversity-disease relationship focused on host species diversity without considering hosts' phylogenetic relationships, which may lead to rejecting a species diversity effect when the community has host species that are only distantly related. Here, we explored the influence of waterbird community composition for determining HPAI H5N1 occurrence in wild birds in a continental-scale study across Europe. Read More

QJM 2019 Apr 19. Epub 2019 Apr 19.

Department of Critical Care Medicine, Research Center for functional maintenance and reconstruction of viscera, Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China.

J Infect Dis 2019 Apr 18. Epub 2019 Apr 18.

School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)-H7N9 virus arising from low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)-H7N9 virus with polybasic amino acid substitutions in the haemagglutinin was detected in 2017. We compared the tropism, replication competence and cytokine induction of HPAI-H7N9, LPAI-H7N9 and HPAI-H5N1 in ex vivo human respiratory tract explants and in vitro culture of human alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-L). Replication competence of HPAI- and LPAI-H7N9 were comparable in ex vivo cultures of bronchus and lung. Read More

Emerg Microbes Infect 2019 ;8(1):637-639

a Virology Unit , Institute Pasteur du Cambodge , Phnom Penh , Cambodia.

J Virol 2019 Apr 17. Epub 2019 Apr 17.

Department of Basic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, United States

Subtype H10 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have been recovered from domestic poultry and various aquatic bird species, and sporadic transmission of these IAVs from avian species to mammals (i.e., human, seal, and mink) are well documented. Read More

J Virol 2019 Apr 17. Epub 2019 Apr 17.

State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China

The polymerase of the influenza virus is part of the key machinery necessary for viral replication. However, the avian influenza virus polymerase is restricted in mammalian cells. The cellular protein ANP32A has been recently found to interact with viral polymerase, and to both influence polymerase activity and interspecies restriction. Read More

Poult Sci 2019 Apr 16. Epub 2019 Apr 16.

College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, China.

Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is the causative agent of hydropericardium syndrome. To clarify the effects of FAdV-4 on immune organs in birds, we conducted a detailed examination of dynamic morphology and damage mechanisms in chickens randomly divided into 4 groups (FAdV-4, vaccination, FAdV-4 plus vaccination, and control). FAdV-4 caused the depletion of lymphocytes and subsequent growth impairment in the thymus and bursa. Read More

Sci Rep 2019 Apr 16;9(1):6177. Epub 2019 Apr 16.

IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France.

In winter 2016-2017, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus spread across Europe, causing unprecedented epizootics. France was massively affected, resulting in the culling of over 6 million poultry. Boosted regression tree (BRT) models were used to quantify the association between spatial risk factors and HPAI H5N8 infection in poultry holdings and to generate predictive maps for HPAI infection. Read More

Viruses 2019 Apr 2;11(4). Epub 2019 Apr 2.

Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.

Highly pathogenic avian H5 influenza viruses persist among poultry and wild birds throughout the world. They sometimes cause interspecies transmission between avian and mammalian hosts. H5 viruses possessing the HA of subclade 2. Read More

Biosens Bioelectron 2019 Jun 1;134:123-129. Epub 2019 Apr 1.

Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:

We report a selection of a cognate pair of aptamers for whole avian influenza virus particles of H5N2 by using graphene-oxide based systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (GO-SELEX), and the application of a pair of sandwich-type binding aptamers on the lateral flow strips. The aptamers were characterized by GO-FRET assay, and Kd values of the selected aptamers were estimated to be from 6.913 × 10 to 1. Read More

Respirology 2019 Apr 15. Epub 2019 Apr 15.

Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea.

In past decades, we have seen several epidemics of respiratory infections from newly emerging viruses, most of which originated in animals. These emerging infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) and avian influenza (AI) viruses, have seriously threatened global health and the economy. In particular, MERS-CoV and AI A(H7N9) are still causing infections in several areas, and some clustering of cases of A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) may imply future possible pandemics. Read More

Chin Med J (Engl) 2019 Apr 9. Epub 2019 Apr 9.

State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.

Sci China Life Sci 2019 Apr 9. Epub 2019 Apr 9.

State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.

Arch Virol 2019 Apr 11. Epub 2019 Apr 11.

National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA.

Sci Data 2019 04 11;6(1):26. Epub 2019 Apr 11.

Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA.

Knowledge of where, when, and how much paddy rice is planted is crucial information for understating of regional food security, freshwater use, climate change, and transmission of avian influenza virus. We developed seasonal paddy rice maps at high resolution (10 m) for Bangladesh and Northeast India, typical cloud-prone regions in South Asia, using cloud-free Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images from Sentinel-1 satellite, the Random Forest classifier, and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform. The maps were provided for all the three distinct rice growing seasons of the region: Boro, Aus and Aman. Read More

Virol J 2019 04 11;16(1):46. Epub 2019 Apr 11.

Innovation Team for Pathogen Ecology Research on Animal Influenza Virus, and Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.

Background: Compared with chickens, ducks are normally resistant to avian influenza virus without clinical signs while they habor almost all subtypes of influenza A viruses. To date, however the mechanism for duck anti-influenza has not been completely understood. The H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is the most prevalent subtype of influenza A virus that infects chickens and ducks in China. Read More

BMC Vet Res 2019 Apr 11;15(1):113. Epub 2019 Apr 11.

College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.

Background: In May 2017, 17 dogs in a German Shepherd breeding kennel in northern China developed respiratory clinical signs. The owner treated the dogs with an intravenous injection of Shuang-Huang-lian, a traditional Chinese medicine, and azithromycin. The respiratory signs improved 3 days post-treatment, however, cysts were observed in the necks of eight dogs, and three of them died in the following 2 days. Read More

J Vet Diagn Invest 2019 Apr 11:1040638719843577. Epub 2019 Apr 11.

Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).

In Ontario, within the past few years, there has been a marked increase in the number of non-commercial poultry flocks (referred to as "small flocks"). Small poultry flocks may act as a reservoir of avian and zoonotic pathogens, given the flocks' limited access to veterinary services, inadequate biosecurity practices, and increased risk of contact with wild birds. Despite these potential risks, there is a scarcity of data concerning the prevalence of poultry and zoonotic pathogens among these flocks. Read More

J Vet Diagn Invest 2019 Apr 11:1040638719843638. Epub 2019 Apr 11.

Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).

Free-roaming chickens on Caribbean islands are important sentinels for local avian diseases and those introduced by birds migrating through the Americas. We studied 81 apparently healthy unvaccinated free-roaming chickens from 9 parishes on St. Kitts, an eastern Caribbean island. Read More

Transbound Emerg Dis 2019 Apr 9. Epub 2019 Apr 9.

Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.

Poultry can become infected with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses via (in)direct contact with infected wild birds or by transmission of the virus between farms. This study combines routinely collected surveillance data with genetic analysis to assess the contribution of between-farm transmission to the overall incidence of LPAI virus infections in poultry. Over a 10-year surveillance period, we identified 35 potential cases of between-farm transmission in the Netherlands, of which 10 formed geographical clusters. Read More

Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019 Apr 9;63:51-57. Epub 2019 Jan 9.

Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of influenza A viruses in birds and humans residing in the same localities of Sharkia Province, Egypt and the risk factors' assessment in poultry farms. A total of 100 birds comprised of 50 chickens, 25 ducks and 25 wild egrets were sampled. Swab samples were collected from 65 people (50 poultry farm workers and 15 hospitalized patients). Read More

BMC Biol 2019 Apr 8;17(1):31. Epub 2019 Apr 8.

Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.

Background: Antibiotic resistance is rendering common bacterial infections untreatable. Wildlife can incorporate and disperse antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment, such as water systems, which in turn serve as reservoirs of resistance genes for human pathogens. Anthropogenic activity may contribute to the spread of bacterial resistance cycling through natural environments, including through the release of human waste, as sewage treatment only partially removes antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Read More

Avian Pathol 2019 Apr 9:1-34. Epub 2019 Apr 9.

b Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , 934 College Station Rd., Athens , GA 30605.

The efficacies of an oil adjuvanted-inactivated reverse genetics derived H5 avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccine and an alphavirus replicon RNA particle (RP) AIV vaccine were evaluated in commercial leghorn chickens. Challenge utilized A/Turkey/MN/12582/2015, an isolate representing the U.S. Read More

Sensors (Basel) 2019 Apr 6;19(7). Epub 2019 Apr 6.

Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.

Wild birds are monitored with the important objectives of identifying their habitats and estimating the size of their populations. Especially in the case of migratory bird, they are significantly recorded during specific periods of time to forecast any possible spread of animal disease such as avian influenza. This study led to the construction of deep-learning-based object-detection models with the aid of aerial photographs collected by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Read More

Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019 Apr 4. Epub 2019 Apr 4.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Two different influenza A viruses have infected and spread among dogs since 2000, and both have been widespread in dogs in North America. The H3N8 canine influenza virus arose in the United States as a variant of equine influenza virus. The H3N2 canine influenza virus arose in Asia by transfer of an avian influenza virus to dogs. Read More

Vaccine 2019 May 4;37(19):2561-2568. Epub 2019 Apr 4.

Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.

Background: Influenza A/H7N9 viruses are undergoing antigenic drift since their emergence in 2013, and vaccination strategies are needed for pandemic preparedness. Two doses of adjuvanted monovalent inactivated influenza A/H7N9 vaccine (IIV1 A/H7N9) are needed for optimal serological responses. However, administering 2 doses in a pandemic setting might be challenging. Read More

Vet Microbiol 2019 Apr 20;231:24-32. Epub 2019 Feb 20.

Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute, Mansoura branch, Egypt.

Avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 infection causes economic losses on poultry farms, and immunostimulants are essential for improving chicken immunity. This study evaluated the immunological and pathological effects of vitamin E with Fetomune Plus (a commercial product based on a yeast extract and vitamins) on chickens experimentally infected with AIV H9N2. Three groups of white Hy-Line chicks were included. Read More

Vet Microbiol 2019 Apr 12;231:183-190. Epub 2019 Mar 12.

Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30602 United States. Electronic address:

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a viral disease with devastating consequences to the poultry industry as it results in high morbidity, mortality and international trade restrictions. In the present study, we characterized age-related differences in terms of pathology in commercial white broad breasted turkeys inoculated with A/turkey/Minnesota/12582/2015 (H5N2) HPAIV clade 2.3. Read More

Epidemics 2019 Mar 28. Epub 2019 Mar 28.

Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, 75015, Paris, France.

In the winter 2016-2017 the largest epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) ever recorded in the European Union spread to all 28 member states. France was hit particularly hard and reported a total of 484 infected premises (IPs) by March 2017. We developed a mathematical model to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the epidemic and evaluate the impact of control strategies. Read More

Vet Ital 2019 Mar 31;55(1):95-101. Epub 2019 Mar 31.

Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenački put 20, Novi Sad, Serbia.

The aim of this study was to compare pathological lesions and viral antigen expression in the organs of mute swans (Cygnus olor) naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtypes H5N1 and H5N8. The examination was conducted on the carcasses of 22 mute swans which died during the avian influenza outbreaks in Serbia in 2006 and 2016-2017. Avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 isolated from mute swans in 2016-2017 was clustered within the 2. Read More

Protein Pept Lett 2019 Apr 5. Epub 2019 Apr 5.

College of Animal Science & Technologe, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023. China.

Back: Bursa of Fabricius is the acknowledged central humoral immune organ. The bursal-derived peptides play the important roles on the immature B cell development and antibody production.

Objectives: Here we explored the functions of the new isolated bursal hexapeptide and pentapeptide on the humoral, cellular immune response and antigen presentation to avian influenza virus ( AIV) vaccine in mice immunization. Read More

J Virol Methods 2019 Apr 1;269:49-54. Epub 2019 Apr 1.

University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.

Background: Lower respiratory tract infections are a major threat to public health systems worldwide, with RSV and influenza being the main agents causing hospitalization. In outbreak situations, high-volume respiratory testing is needed. In this study, we evaluated the analytical and clinical performance of a pre-designed primer/probe set for the simultaneous multiplex detection of both viruses on a high-throughput platform, the cobas 6800, using the "open channel" of the system for integration of lab-developed assays for the detection of influenza and RSV. Read More

Transbound Emerg Dis 2019 Apr 4. Epub 2019 Apr 4.

The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

In December 2016, low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) caused by an H7N6 subtype was confirmed in a grow-out turkey farm located in Valparaiso Region, Chile. Depopulation of exposed animals, zoning, animal movement control and active surveillance were implemented to contain the outbreak. Two weeks later, a second grow-out turkey farm located 70 km north of the first site was also infected by H7N6 LPAI, which subsequently spilled over to one backyard poultry flock. Read More

Emerg Microbes Infect 2019 ;8(1):556-563

a Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.

The human innate immune factor MxA represents an effective interspecies barrier for zoonotic influenza A viruses (IAVs) of animal origin. Accordingly, human but not avian IAVs efficiently escape the antiviral activity of MxA due to adaptive mutations in their viral nucleoprotein. Partial MxA resistance can be acquired in intermediate hosts such as swine, which possess an antivirally active Mx1 protein. Read More

Virol J 2019 04 3;16(1):44. Epub 2019 Apr 3.

National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology National Health Commission, 100 Ying-Xin St., Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100052, China.

Background: Since H7N9 influenza A virus (H7N9) was first reported in 2013, five waves of outbreaks have occurred, posing a huge threat to human health. In preparation for a potential H7N9 epidemic, it is essential to evaluate the efficacy of anti-H7N9 drugs with an appropriate model.

Methods: Well-differentiated pseudostratified human airway epithelium (HAE) cells were grown at the air-liquid interface, and the H7N9 cell tropism and cytopathic effect were detected by immunostaining and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Read More

Poult Sci 2019 Apr 2. Epub 2019 Apr 2.

Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.

H9N2 avian influenza has been prevalent in chicken flocks of China for years. In the first half year of 2018, clinical cases of suspected H9N2 infection were collected from chicken flocks in Shandong province. Nine strains of H9N2 influenza virus were isolated. Read More

Vet World 2019 Jan 1;12(1):97-105. Epub 2019 Jan 1.

Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt.

Aim: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of a trivalent-inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine against challenge by different clades highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses including HPAI-H5N8 and the virulent genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (vNDV).

Materials And Methods: The vaccine studied herein is composed of reassortant AI viruses rgA/Chicken/Egypt/ME1010/2016 (clade 2.2. Read More

Vet World 2019 Jan 2;12(1):1-6. Epub 2019 Jan 2.

Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan.

Aim: The present study was examined the virucidal activity comparison between fresh charcoal ash (FCA) and slaked lime (SL) against avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), using powder and liquid forms, either in the absence or presence of organic materials. In addition, both FCA and SL were evaluated for the persistence of virucidal activity in wet and dry conditions and stability of the solution.

Materials And Methods: Two hundred milligrams of FCA or SL powders were mixed with 100 µl of AIV or NDV in the absence of organic material or 33% of organic materials. Read More

BMC Vet Res 2019 Apr 1;15(1):103. Epub 2019 Apr 1.

MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.

Background: Major viruses, including duck-origin avian influenza virus, duck-origin Newcastle disease virus, novel duck parvovirus, duck hepatitis A virus, duck Tembusu virus, fowl adenovirus, and duck enteritis virus, pose great harm to ducks and cause enormous economic losses to duck industry. This study aims to establish a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) method for simultaneous detection of these seven viruses.

Results: Specific primers were designed and synthesized according to the conserved region of seven viral gene sequences. Read More

J Infect 2019 Mar 27. Epub 2019 Mar 27.

Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address:

Virus Res 2019 May 26;265:132-137. Epub 2019 Mar 26.

Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan; Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. Electronic address:

In our previous study, we produced a monoclonal antibody EB2 that recognized an epitope in the HA1 domain on the hemagglutinin (HA) of H6N1 influenza virus (A/chicken/Taiwan/2838 V/00). The residue Arg-201 (R201) on this epitope was protected by the glycan at Asn-167 (N167) from tryptic digestion; therefore, the infectivity of the virus was retained. R201 was extremely conserved in various subtypes of the influenza virus. Read More

Emerg Microbes Infect 2019 ;8(1):479-485

a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile.

In late 2016, an H7N6 low pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreak occurred in domestic turkeys in Central Chile. We characterized the genetic and antigenic properties of the outbreak virus and its experimental transmission in chickens. Our studies demonstrate that the outbreak virus is a reassortment of genes identified from Chilean wild bird viruses between 2013 and 2017 and displays molecular adaptations to poultry and antiviral resistance to adamantanes. Read More

Viruses 2019 Mar 26;11(3). Epub 2019 Mar 26.

VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Newcastle disease are economically important avian diseases worldwide. Effective vaccination is critical to control these diseases in poultry. Live attenuated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectored vaccines have been developed for bivalent vaccination against HPAI viruses and NDV. Read More

Front Microbiol 2019 11;10:416. Epub 2019 Mar 11.

Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.

H9N2 subtype influenza A virus (IAV) has more than 20 genotypes that are able to cross species barriers and expand from birds to mammals and humans. To better understand the impact of different H9N2 genotypes and their characteristics, five H9N2 viruses from different hosts including chickens, geese, pigs, mink, and humans representing the B69 88(Gs/14, Ck/15, and Mi/14), B35 (Sw/08) and G9 genotypes (Hu/04) were infected in chicken and mice. In mice, mammal-origin viruses replicated at higher levels in the lungs compared to avian viruses. Read More