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J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020 Jul 4. Epub 2020 Jul 4.

Yale, New Haven, Conn; Center for Allergy Asthma Immunology, Waterbury, Conn.

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, otherwise known as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction with asthma or without asthma, is an acute airway narrowing that occurs as a result of exercise and can occur in patients with asthma. A panel of members from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Sports, Exercise, & Fitness Committee reviewed the diagnosis and management of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes of all skill levels including recreational athletes, high school and college athletes, and professional athletes. A special emphasis was placed on the recommendations and regulations set forth by professional athletic organizations after a detailed review of their collective bargaining agreements, substance abuse policies, antidoping program manuals, and the World Anti-Doping Agency antidoping code. Read More

J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020 Jul - Aug;8(7):2183-2192

Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a phenomenon observed in asthma but is also seen in healthy individuals and frequently in athletes. High prevalence rates are observed in athletes engaged in endurance sports, winter sports, and swimming. The pathophysiology of EIB is thought to be related to hyperventilation, cold air, and epithelial damage caused by chlorine and fine particles in inspired air. Read More

J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020 Jul - Aug;8(7):2166-2181

Program in Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.

Asthma is the most common chronic condition during childhood and adolescence, affecting an estimated 8% of children and youngsters below 18 years in the United States and the United Kingdom. In adolescent athletes, asthma-like symptoms may represent a common consequence of regular sport practice. Asthma in young athletes poses several challenges, including the ambiguity of definitions and diagnosis of asthma resulting from exercise-induced symptoms, the best pharmacological treatments, and the nonpharmacological options for the management of disease and the challenges inherent to this age group. Read More

J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020 Jul - Aug;8(7):2156-2164

Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) occurs in patients with asthma, children, and otherwise healthy athletes. Poor diagnostic accuracy of respiratory symptoms during exercise requires objective assessment of EIB. The standardized tests currently available are based on the assumption that the provoking stimulus to EIB is dehydration of the airway surface fluid due to conditioning large volumes of inhaled air. Read More

ERJ Open Res 2020 Apr 29;6(2). Epub 2020 Jun 29.

OCON Sport, Hengelo, the Netherlands.

Background: Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood, occurring in up to 10% of all children. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is indicative of uncontrolled asthma and can be assessed using an exercise challenge test (ECT). However, this test requires children to undergo demanding repetitive forced breathing manoeuvres. Read More

J Assoc Physicians India 2020 Apr;68(4):21-25

Sr. Professor, Department of Medicine, J.L.N. Medical College, Ajmer, Rajasthan.

Introduction: Exercise induced asthma (EIB) is an acute, reversible, usually selflimiting airways obstruction which sets in after exercise in patients with asthma. One popular mechanism of EIA is the increase in histamine and its metabolites in circulation after exercise, which leads to bronchoconstriction via histamine receptors in bronchi. Chlorpheniramine Maleate is potent, less sedative antihistaminic drug, which acts by inhibiting histamine release from mast cells. Read More

Case Rep Pulmonol 2020 30;2020:9727281. Epub 2020 May 30.

Integrated Sleep Care, Miramar, FL, USA.

Background: Endobronchial lipomas are a particularly rare form of benign lung neoplasms, with an incidence of 0.1-0.4%. Read More

J Asthma 2020 Jun 30:1-7. Epub 2020 Jun 30.

Srebrnjak Children's Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.

Environmental interactions are very complex in childhood asthma, and we hypothesized that even a short-term exposure to an allergy safe outdoor environment (AllSOE) combined with pulmonary rehabilitation program (PRP) could exert significant beneficial effects. Our aim was to test the effects of 2-week PRP provided in an AllSOE in children with mild to moderate asthma. 110 children (aged 7. Read More

Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020 Jun 10. Epub 2020 Jun 10.

Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), University of Bern, and Agroscope, Laenggassstrasse 124, Berne 3012, Switzerland. Electronic address:

Genetic factors influence the development of guttural pouch tympany, recurrent laryngeal neuropathy, severe equine asthma, exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, and possibly also some malformations and infectious diseases of the respiratory tract. The current data suggest that most of these diseases are complex, resulting from the interaction between several genes and environmental factors. To date, no specific genes or causative mutations have been identified that would allow the development of practical genetic tests. Read More

Front Physiol 2020 13;11:466. Epub 2020 May 13.

EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.

Introduction: Cough is a major symptom frequently experienced during exercise, mainly in asthmatic patients. Inhaled glucocorticoids represent the keystone treatment in the management of asthma, but little is known about interactions between cough and exercise, especially in controlled patients. During exercise, cough reflex (CR) appears downregulated in healthy animal models whereas a lack of desensitization of CR has been shown in ovalbumin-sensitized animal models, mimicking asthmatic disease. Read More

Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2020 29;16:43. Epub 2020 May 29.

Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.

Background: Rare tonsillar granulomas may be caused for example by infections, malignancies or sarcoidosis. Granulomas also occur in inborn errors of immunity (IEI) such as common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) with B cell maturation defects and hypogammaglobulinemia. CVID shares various features with sarcoidosis and drug-induced secondary hypogammaglobulinemia; careful consideration of differential diagnosis between these conditions is warranted. Read More

J Asthma 2020 Jul 1:1-8. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

Department of Woman. Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.

Although the long term negative effects of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are well known, follow-up studies of preterm infants with BPD into childhood are lacking. Forty-two preschool children (age range 3-6 years) who were born before 32 weeks of gestational age and affected by BPD were enrolled. Pre-, peri-, and post-natal data were collected. Read More

J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020 Jun;8(6):1854-1864

Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.

Food allergies are the result of immune responses that cause adverse reactions to foods. Immune responses to foods may produce a spectrum of symptoms and disorders, including acute allergic reactions and anaphylaxis, food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis, food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome, food-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis, and oral allergy syndrome (pollen-food allergy syndrome). Food-allergic responses also contribute to chronic inflammatory disorders such as eosinophilic esophagitis and atopic dermatitis. Read More

Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2020 Jun 3. Epub 2020 Jun 3.

Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.

Background And Aim: The eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) testing is a diagnostic tool for diagnostics of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction; while the testing has become more common among children, data on the test's feasibility among children remain limited. Our aim was to investigate EVH testing feasibility among children, diagnostic testing cut-off values, and which factors affect testing outcomes.

Methods: We recruited 134 patients aged 10-16 years with a history of exercise-induced dyspnoea and 100 healthy control children to undergo 6-min EVH testing. Read More

Allergy Rhinol (Providence) 2020 Jan-Dec;11:2152656720927703. Epub 2020 May 20.

Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD, eczema) is familial chronic inflammatory skin disease of complex etiology and increasing prevalence. Dupilumab is an IL-4 receptor subunit alpha (IL-4Rα) antagonist that is the first Food and Drug Administration-approved biological therapy for moderate-to-severe adult AD inadequately controlled with topical therapies. Adverse effects reported in the literature include injection site reactions, conjunctivitis, headache, and nasopharyngitis. Read More

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020 Jun 2. Epub 2020 Jun 2.

University of Washington, Pulmonary, Seattle, Washington, United States;

Pediatr Pulmonol 2020 May 28. Epub 2020 May 28.

Health Sciences Post-graduation Program, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.

Introduction: Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) is common in young asthmatics and obesity is becoming an epidemic in this population. Both conditions can give rise to or worsen respiratory symptoms upon exercise and may interfere with recreational and sports activities.

Objective: To investigate the association between obesity and the risk and severity of EIB in asthmatic children and adolescents. Read More

Pediatr Pulmonol 2020 Jul 25;55(7):1736-1744. Epub 2020 May 25.

Speech and Language Department, Kent Community NHS Foundation Community Trust, Kent, UK.

Methods: We retrospectively audited the health records of 18 patients with breathing pattern disorders (BPDs), who were diagnosed in our respiratory clinic (2015-2018), and then referred onto our dysfunctional breathing care pathway to a specialist speech and language therapist.

Results: The age of the patients ranged from 11 to 16 years (median: 14 years, 14 female/4 male patients). Comorbidities included the following: 16 patients had asthma, 2 patients had a tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia repair, one patient suffered from chronic regional pain syndrome, and one patient had chronic fatigue syndrome. Read More

Asia Pac Allergy 2020 Apr 10;10(2):e13. Epub 2020 Apr 10.

Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan.

Real-world experience with mepolizumab for pediatric asthma is still limited. We report 3 patients who were treated with mepolizumab for severe adolescent asthma. Two patients, a 12-year-old boy and a 14-year-old girl, responded well to mepolizumab and showed apparent improvement in lung function from a downward trend over time before treatment. Read More

Adv Respir Med 2020 ;88(2):129-133

Mansoura University Egypt, Mansoura, Egypt.

Introduction: Inducible laryngeal obstruction (ILO) is an important cause of a variety of respiratory symptoms and can mimic bronchial asthma (BA). This study was planned to measure the prevalence of ILO among patients diagnosed with BA and to detect its effect on BA control and severity.

Material And Methods: Patients aged 18 years or older who were previously diagnosed with BA were enrolled. Read More

J Asthma 2020 May 20:1-5. Epub 2020 May 20.

Faculty of Health Science (Kinesiology), University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada.

Regularly engaging in aerobic exercise is associated with improved asthma control and quality of life in adults with mild to moderate severity asthma. Previous intervention research has primarily employed moderate intensity continuous aerobic exercise protocols. As such, the impact of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on asthma control is poorly understood. Read More

Pediatr Pulmonol 2020 Jul 30;55(7):1608-1616. Epub 2020 Apr 30.

Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.

Background: Asthmatic patients may benefit from exercise training, although the effects of a combined aerobic and resistance training program are still poorly investigated in children and adolescents.

Objective: To analyze the effects of a combined exercise training (resistance and aerobic) program on aerobic fitness, lung function, asthma control and quality of life in a group of mild-moderate asthmatic children with exercise symptoms.

Methods: This was a 12-week randomized controlled trial including children and adolescents diagnosed with mild-moderate asthma and presenting exercise-induced symptoms. Read More

Environ Res 2020 Apr 20;183:109270. Epub 2020 Feb 20.

School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.

Background: The combined effects of physical activity and air pollution exposure on vascular function are insufficiently understood, particularly after the inhalation of a β-agonist, a vasodilating agent.

Objective: To assess the micro- and macrovascular response to physical activity after β-agonist use while breathing diesel exhaust (DE) in individuals with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

Methods: On four exposure visits, eighteen adults inhaled either 400 μg of the β-agonist salbutamol or placebo before resting for 60 min, followed by a 30-min cycling bout. Read More

Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2020 Apr 10. Epub 2020 Apr 10.

Department of Medicine and Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.

Introduction And Objectives: There have been differences in temporal trends of asthma prevalence by geographic region and economic prosperity. The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in asthma prevalence among young adolescents in Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia as a developing country with a low asthma prevalence.

Subjects And Methods: Data was obtained from three cross-sectional surveys (2002, 2006, and 2016) of adolescents (12-15 years) from randomly selected schools in Skopje. Read More

Allergy 2020 Apr 6. Epub 2020 Apr 6.

Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.

Pediatr Emerg Care 2020 Apr;36(4):e229-e232

From the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.

Shortness of breath and wheezing are common presenting signs for children in the emergency department. In adolescence, it is often due to asthma or lower respiratory tract infections. We present a rare pediatric case of an adolescent with biphasic stridor and progressive exercise-induced shortness of breath who was found to have severe idiopathic subglottic stenosis. Read More

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020 Jul;63(1):57-66

Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.

It is well known that the prevalence of asthma is higher in athletes, including Olympic athletes, than in the general population. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by using animal models of athlete asthma. Mice were made to exercise on a treadmill for a total duration of 1 week, 3 weeks, or 5 weeks. Read More

Am Fam Physician 2020 Mar;101(6):362-368

St. Luke's Family Medicine Residency Program, Anderson Campus, Easton, PA, USA.

High-quality, office-based spirometry provides diagnostic information as useful and reliable as testing performed in a pulmonary function laboratory. Spirometry may be used to monitor progression of lung disease and response to therapy. A stepwise approach to spirometry allows for ease and reliability of interpretation. Read More

J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020 Apr 4;8(4):1471. Epub 2020 Mar 4.

Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.

Respir Investig 2020 May 21;58(3):155-168. Epub 2020 Feb 21.

Laboratory of Rehabilitative Auditory Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan. Electronic address:

Background: Coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), one of the causes of the common cold, exacerbates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists and β-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids inhibit the exacerbation of COPD and bronchial asthma caused by infection with viruses, including HCoV-229E. However, the effects of these drugs on HCoV-229E replication and infection-induced inflammation in the human airway are unknown. Read More

Sci Total Environ 2020 May 6;717:137161. Epub 2020 Feb 6.

Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco, Monaco; LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.

Potential adverse consequences of exposure to air pollutants during exercise include decreased lung function, and exacerbation of asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. These effects are especially relevant for athletes and during international competitions, as they may impact athletic performance. Thus, assessing and mitigating exposure to air pollutants during exercising should be encouraged in sports venues. Read More

J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020 Jul - Aug;8(7):2202-2208. Epub 2020 Feb 14.

Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada. Electronic address:

Breathlessness during sport can be caused by various cardiorespiratory conditions, but when associated with stridor, usually arises from an upper airway etiology. The term exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) is now used to describe the phenomenon of transient glottic closure occurring in association with physical activity. Exercise-related laryngeal closure is most commonly encountered in athletic individuals and likely affects between 5% and 7% of all young adults and adolescents. Read More

Arerugi 2020 ;69(1):34-39

Department of Allergy, Miyagi Children's Hospital.

Objective: We aim to examine the characteristics of the symptoms induced by exercise provocation tests following allergen consumption in patients who have undergone oral immunotherapy (OIT).

Method: Patients who were positive for exercise provocation tests in Miyagi Children's Hospital from April 2012 to January 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified into food-dependent exerciseinduced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) group and post-OIT-FDEIA group. Read More

Front Pediatr 2019 23;7:561. Epub 2020 Jan 23.

Department of Pediatrics, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a highly prevalent morbidity of childhood asthma and defined by a transient narrowing of the airways during or after physical exercise. An exercise challenge test (ECT) is the reference standard for the diagnosis of EIB. Video evaluation of EIB symptoms could be a practical alternative for the assessment of EIB. Read More

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020 Jul 6;125(1):47-54. Epub 2020 Feb 6.

Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, Lackland AFB, Texas.

Objective: To review the pathogenesis and evaluation of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction pertaining to the elite or endurance athlete, as well as propose a diagnostic algorithm based on the current literature.

Data Sources: Studies were identified using Ovid MEDLINE and reference lists of key articles.

Study Selections: Randomized controlled trials were selected when available. Read More

Prim Care 2020 Mar 16;47(1):49-64. Epub 2019 Oct 16.

Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 280 Calhoun Street MSC 140, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. Electronic address:

Athletes of various skill levels commonly use many different types of medications, often at rates higher than the general population. Common medication classes used in athletes include analgesics such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen, inhalers for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, antihypertensives, antibiotics, and insulin. Prescribers must be aware of the unique considerations for each of these medications when using them in patients participating in physical activity. Read More

J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020 Jul - Aug;8(7):2194-2201. Epub 2020 Jan 30.

CompleWare Corporation, Iowa City, Iowa.

Diagnosing and treating elite and Olympic athletes with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction has been well established. However, a subset of elite and Olympic athletes with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction experience symptoms of breathlessness due to lack of adherence, improper medications, and/or generalized breathing dysfunction. A short review of traditional treatment plans for elite and Olympic athletes is presented along with the challenges of adherence, managing dysfunctional breathing, and measuring and treating mental skills deficits that may impact breathing. Read More

Pediatr Pulmonol 2020 Jun 28;55 Suppl 1:S51-S60. Epub 2020 Jan 28.

Division of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, Immunology, and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Background/purpose: Asthmatics with severe exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) are at high risk of exacerbations. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, phenotypic, and laboratory determinants of severe EIB in Nigerian children with asthma.

Methods: Children with controlled asthma (n = 101) underwent characterization and free-running exercise bronchoprovocation at a center in Nigeria. Read More

Neurochem Int 2020 05 23;135:104691. Epub 2020 Jan 23.

Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Electronic address:

Studies demonstrate that asthma, especially during childhood, affects the functions of the brain including learning and memory. Exercise is well known for its neuroprotective functions and for its beneficial effects on asthma. We aimed to assess the effects of exercise on cognitive function, synaptic plasticity, and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized juvenile rats. Read More

Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2020 Jun;20(3):242-247

University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.

Purpose Of Review: To present an update on the recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms and practical management of oral mite anaphylaxis (OMA, pancake syndrome).

Recent Findings: Among novel observations regarding OMA, this review highlights the increased prevalence of aspirin/NSAID hypersensitivity inpatients affected by OMA, the association of OMA with exercise-induced anaphylaxis, the presentation of OMA simulating acute asthma, the occurrence of OMA in childhood, the high severity and lethal potential of OMA, the contamination of other foods, such as oat and corn flour with mites, and the simultaneous induction of OMA symptoms in more than one individual exposed to the same food source.

Summary: OMA is a severe, potentially lethal, acute allergic condition that should be suspected whenever symptoms begin soon after the intake of mite-contaminated foods. Read More

PLoS One 2020 23;15(1):e0227983. Epub 2020 Jan 23.

Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.

Previously those with asthma were often advised to avoid strenuous exercise because of fear for exercise-induced asthmatic reactions, but recent findings suggest many beneficial effects on health related to exercise. We elaborated on the relation between regular exercise and asthma control among adults. This was a population-based cross-sectional Northern Finnish Asthma Study (NoFAS), in which altogether 1922 adult subjects 17-73 years old living in Northern Finland answered the NoFAS questionnaire. Read More

Thorax 2020 Mar 14;75(3):279-288. Epub 2020 Jan 14.

Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Background: Respiratory complications remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with acute and chronic tetraplegia. Respiratory muscle weakness following spinal cord injury-induced tetraplegia impairs lung function and the ability to cough. In particular, inspiratory muscle strength has been identified as the best predictor of the likelihood of developing pneumonia in individuals with tetraplegia. Read More

Turk J Pediatr 2019 ;61(3):440-443

Division of Allergy and Asthma, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.

Esenboğa S, Şekerel BE. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis: a case report and review of the literature. Turk J Pediatr 2019; 61: 440-443. Read More

Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2020 6;16. Epub 2020 Jan 6.

1Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Background: Oral mite anaphylaxis (OMA) is a condition characterized by severe allergic reactions after ingesting food containing dust mite-contaminated flour. Physical exertion is recognized as a common trigger factor inducing anaphylaxis. The association of OMA with exercise-induced anaphylaxis has rarely been reported. Read More

Mil Med 2020 Mar;185(3-4):e389-e396

Airborne Hazards and Burn Pits Center of Excellence, War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Department of Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, 385 Tremont Ave, East Orange, NJ 07018.

Introduction: Acute exposure to high-levels of ambient fine particulate matter while exercising results in airway narrowing, but the long-term effects of repeated exposure on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) are not well known. The goal of this preliminary study is to determine the rate of EIB among a sample of non-treatment seeking veterans deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-four veterans (median [interquartile range]: 35. Read More