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Nat Commun 2018 11 19;9(1):4878. Epub 2018 Nov 19.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.

Flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through perivascular spaces (PVSs) in the brain is important for clearance of metabolic waste. Arterial pulsations are thought to drive flow, but this has never been quantitatively shown. We used particle tracking to quantify CSF flow velocities in PVSs of live mice. Read More

J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2019 Jan 15;80(1):39-43. Epub 2018 Nov 15.

Department of Neurosurgery, BG-Klinikum Bergmannstrost GmbH, Merseburger Straße 165, Halle 06112, Germany.

Background: Superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass is a treatment option for hemodynamic insufficiency in the anterior cerebral circulation. Complications associated with extracranial-intracranial bypass surgeries are ischemic strokes caused by bypass failure, wound-healing disorders, and further issues from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. CSF leakage can provide pathways for infection. Read More

BMC Neurol 2018 Sep 28;18(1):157. Epub 2018 Sep 28.

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia.

Background: The computed tomography (CT) finding of a pseudo-subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) may lead the treating physician into a diagnostic dilemma. We present a case of a pseudo-SAH in a patient with post-resuscitative encephalopathy, secondary to a newly diagnosed bleeding pulmonary arterio-venous malformation (AVM).

Case Presentation: A 19-year-old female presented acutely with massive hemoptysis. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Sep 27;2018. Epub 2018 Sep 27.

Department of Neurosurgery, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Westerstede, Westerstede, Germany.

We report the rare case of an 80-year-old male patient with hypertrophic pachymeningoencephalitis that may be associated with temporal arteritis. The patient presented to our neurological department with a 2-week history of latent paresis and ataxia affecting his right hand. He had been diagnosed with temporal arteritis 12 years earlier. Read More

World Neurosurg 2018 Dec 3;120:e877-e888. Epub 2018 Sep 3.

Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.

Objective: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a well-accepted treatment option instead of ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in cases of obstructive hydrocephalus. A sufficient flow from the ventricles to the basal cisterns requires perforation of the arachnoid membranes in the retroclival region. This point is critical to achieve an optimal outcome. Read More

J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2018 Oct;77(10):950-957

Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Listeria monocytogenes meningitis is the third most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults and has high mortality and morbidity rates. We describe the clinical course and score brain pathology of 5 patients who died of listeria meningitis. All patients were immunocompromised and ages ranged between 48 and 76 years. Read More

J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018 Oct 29;27(10):2797-2803. Epub 2018 Jul 29.

Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of computed tomographic angiography (CTA) based on leptomeningeal collateral (LMC) status and other parameters in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) terminus occlusion treated with endovascular treatment (EVT).

Methods: All eligible patients from January 2013 to December 2017 undergoing EVT were retrospectively reviewed. The regional leptomeningeal score was used to assess the LMCs on baseline CTA. Read More

Vascul Pharmacol 2018 11 9;110:24-30. Epub 2018 Jul 9.

Division of Neurosurgical Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address:

Alterations in the retinal microvessel (RMV) compartment occurring in systemic disease states such as diabetes may eventually contribute to blindness. To specifically address the pathophysiological role of the microvasculature we developed a new method for RMV bulk isolation from individual rats. The extraction procedure performed in the cold throughout takes less than one hour. Read More

Neuroradiol J 2018 Oct 17;31(5):456-463. Epub 2018 Apr 17.

1 Department of Neuroradiology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal.

Background Cerebral edema is frequent in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who undergo reperfusion therapy and is associated with high mortality. The impact of collateral pial circulation (CPC) status on the development of edema has not yet been determined. Methods We studied consecutive patients with AIS and documented M1-middle cerebral artery (MCA) and/or distal internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion who underwent reperfusion treatment. Read More

Braz J Med Biol Res 2018 Mar 15;51(5):e6714. Epub 2018 Mar 15.

Department of Anesthesiology, South Campus, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of salvinorin A on the cerebral pial artery after forebrain ischemia and explore related mechanisms. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats received forebrain ischemia for 10 min. The dilation responses of the cerebral pial artery to hypercapnia and hypotension were assessed in rats before and 1 h after ischemia. Read More

Acta Neuropathol 2018 03 24;135(3):363-385. Epub 2018 Jan 24.

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Meninges that surround the CNS consist of an outer fibrous sheet of dura mater (pachymeninx) that is also the inner periosteum of the skull. Underlying the dura are the arachnoid and pia mater (leptomeninges) that form the boundaries of the subarachnoid space. In this review we (1) examine the development of leptomeninges and their role as barriers and facilitators in the foetal CNS. Read More

J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018 May 11;27(5):1237-1251. Epub 2018 Jan 11.

Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.

Background: Development of collateral circulation after acute ischemic stroke is triggered by shear stress that occurs in pre-existing arterioles. Recently, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) on endothelial cells was reported to sense shear stress and transduce its signaling pathways.

Methods: BALB/c mice (n = 118) were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) or sham operation. Read More

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018 04 28;38(4):669-686. Epub 2017 Dec 28.

1 Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.

Perivascular compartments surrounding central nervous system (CNS) vessels have been proposed to serve key roles in facilitating cerebrospinal fluid flow into the brain, CNS waste transfer, and immune cell trafficking. Traditionally, these compartments were identified by electron microscopy with limited molecular characterization. Using cellular markers and knowledge on cellular sources of basement membrane laminins, we here describe molecularly distinct compartments surrounding different vessel types and provide a comprehensive characterization of the arachnoid and pial compartments and their connection to CNS vessels and perivascular pathways. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2018 Mar 20;57(3):291-298. Epub 2017 Nov 20.

Georgia Dermatopathology Associates, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Background: We previously described a new variant of endemic pemphigus foliaceus in El Bagre, Colombia (El Bagre-EPF).

Methods: Here we aimed to investigate disease autoreactivity to vessels in all body organs/systems. We compared 57 patients and 57 controls from the endemic area, matched by demographics, age, sex, and work activity. Read More

J Am Heart Assoc 2017 Oct 31;6(11). Epub 2017 Oct 31.

Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Background: Postmenopausal women represent the largest cohort of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and vascular dementia represents the most common form of dementia in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Therefore, we tested the hypotheses that the combination of cardiac pressure overload (aortic banding [AB]) and the loss of female sex hormones (ovariectomy [OVX]) impairs cerebrovascular control and spatial memory.

Methods And Results: Female Yucatan miniswine were separated into 4 groups (n=7 per group): (1) control, (2) AB, (3) OVX, and (4) AB-OVX. Read More

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018 04 17;38(4):719-726. Epub 2017 Oct 17.

Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Clearance of waste products from the brain is of vital importance. Recent publications suggest a potential clearance mechanism via paravascular channels around blood vessels. Arterial pulsations might provide the driving force for paravascular flow, but its flow pattern remains poorly characterized. Read More

Clin Sci (Lond) 2017 Nov 13;131(22):2745-2752. Epub 2017 Nov 13.

Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, South Academic Block, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO166YD, U.K.

Although there are no conventional lymphatic vessels in the brain, fluid and solutes drain along basement membranes (BMs) of cerebral capillaries and arteries towards the subarachnoid space and cervical lymph nodes. Convective influx/glymphatic entry of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the brain parenchyma occurs along the pial-glial BMs of arteries. This project tested the hypotheses that pial-glial BM of arteries are thicker in the midbrain, allowing more glymphatic entry of CSF. Read More

Brain 2017 Oct;140(10):2691-2705

Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

The glymphatic system has in previous studies been shown as fundamental to clearance of waste metabolites from the brain interstitial space, and is proposed to be instrumental in normal ageing and brain pathology such as Alzheimer's disease and brain trauma. Assessment of glymphatic function using magnetic resonance imaging with intrathecal contrast agent as a cerebrospinal fluid tracer has so far been limited to rodents. We aimed to image cerebrospinal fluid flow characteristics and glymphatic function in humans, and applied the methodology in a prospective study of 15 idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients (mean age 71. Read More

Dev Cell 2017 09 30;42(5):445-461.e5. Epub 2017 Aug 30.

Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA. Electronic address:

Dural cerebral veins (CV) are required for cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption and brain homeostasis, but mechanisms that regulate their growth and remodeling are unknown. We report molecular and cellular processes that regulate dural CV development in mammals and describe venous malformations in humans with craniosynostosis and TWIST1 mutations that are recapitulated in mouse models. Surprisingly, Twist1 is dispensable in endothelial cells but required for specification of osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate into preosteoblasts that produce bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Read More

Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017 10 14;159(10):1893-1907. Epub 2017 Aug 14.

Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th St., Box #99, New York, NY, 10065, USA.

Background: The availability of minimal access instrumentation and endoscopic visualization has revolutionized the field of minimally invasive skull base surgery. The transorbital endoscopic approach using an eyelid incision has been proposed as a new minimally invasive technique for the treatment of skull base pathology, mostly extradural tumors. Our study aims to evaluate the anatomical aspects and potential role of the transorbital endoscopic approach for exposure of the sylvian fissure, middle cerebral artery and crural cistern. Read More

World Neurosurg 2017 Oct 12;106:446-449. Epub 2017 Jul 12.

Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, Japan.

Background: Neurosurgical application of indocyanine green (ICG) videography before performing a dural opening, known as transdural ICG videography, has been used during surgery of meningiomas associated with venous sinuses as well as cranial and spinal arteriovenous malformations. However, its use for a superficial temporal artery (STA)-to-middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass has not been reported.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of medical records of patients who underwent transdural ICG videography during STA-MCA bypass performed between January 2012 and March 2015. Read More

Adv Exp Med Biol 2017 ;1003:173-185

Department of Neurology, University of Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitides are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by an inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis of blood vessel walls in the brain, spinal cord, and the meninges. The CNS complications are likely to be fatal without judicious use of immunosuppression; thus, early diagnosis may prevent from damage and disability. This chapter updates our knowledge on CNS vasculitis-related immunological mechanisms, neurological complications, diagnosis, and management. Read More

Pediatr Res 2017 Nov 16;82(5):881-887. Epub 2017 Aug 16.

Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.

BackgroundThe potential contribution of sex-related variables to cerebrovascular functions in neonates remains elusive. Newborn piglets provide a translationally relevant model for studying the effects of seizures in the neonatal brain. The present study investigated whether sex differences contribute to cerebrovascular functions in healthy and epileptic newborn pigs. Read More

Microvasc Res 2017 09 30;113:16-21. Epub 2017 Mar 30.

Institute of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland.

During apnoea, the pial artery is subjected to two opposite physiological processes: vasoconstriction due to elevated blood pressure and vasorelaxation driven by rising pH in the brain parenchyma. We hypothesized that the pial artery response to apnoea may vary, depending on which process dominate. Apnoea experiments were performed in a group of 19 healthy, non-smoking volunteers (9 men and 10 women). Read More

BMC Anesthesiol 2017 03 7;17(1):38. Epub 2017 Mar 7.

Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan.

Background: Global brain ischemia-reperfusion during propofol anesthesia provokes persistent cerebral pial constriction. Constriction is likely mediated by Rho-kinase. Cerebral vasoconstriction possibly exacerbates ischemic brain injury. Read More

J Neurointerv Surg 2017 Sep 24;9(9):e36. Epub 2017 Feb 24.

Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Seth G. S. Medical College and K. E. M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

A rete mirabile is a vascular network of intercommunicating small arteries or arterioles that replace the definitive adult artery supplying the brain. It supplies the brain in lower mammals but is not seen in normal human embryological development. A 26-year-old man presented with worsening tinnitus that was interfering with his sleep. Read More

Br J Radiol 2017 Apr 14;90(1072):20160821. Epub 2017 Feb 14.

2 Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has transformed the radiological assessment of a variety of cerebral pathologies, in particular acute stroke. In neuroimaging studies, DWI can also be used to evaluate pathology outside the brain parenchyma, although it is sometimes underutilized for this purpose. In this pictorial review, the principles of DWI are outlined, and 13 cases of abnormal diffusion outside the brain parenchyma are illustrated in order to show DWI as a useful sequence for the evaluation of the following recommended review areas: the dural venous sinuses, internal carotid arteries, meninges, ventricles, cavernous sinus and orbits, skull base and lymph nodes. Read More

Diab Vasc Dis Res 2017 01 14;14(1):33-39. Epub 2016 Nov 14.

Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA.

Our goal was to test the hypothesis that administration of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH) would improve impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent dilation of cerebral arterioles during type 1 diabetes. In addition, we examined the influence of BH on levels of superoxide in brain tissue. In vivo diameter of cerebral arterioles in nondiabetic and diabetic rats was measured in response to endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent agonists (acetylcholine and adenosine 5'-diphosphate) and an endothelial nitric oxide synthase-independent agonist (nitroglycerine) before and during application of BH (1. Read More

Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017 Feb 9;312(2):H329-H339. Epub 2016 Dec 9.

Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Sultanate of Oman.

Water-pipe tobacco smoking is becoming prevalent in all over the world including Western countries. There are limited data on the cardiovascular effects of water-pipe smoke (WPS), in particular following chronic exposure. Here, we assessed the chronic cardiovascular effects of nose-only WPS exposure in C57BL/6 mice. Read More

Sci Rep 2016 12 9;6:38786. Epub 2016 Dec 9.

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.

Noninvasive microvascular imaging using optical coherence Doppler tomography (ODT) has shown great promise in brain studies; however, high-speed microcirculatory imaging in deep brain remains an open quest. A high-speed 1.3 μm swept-source ODT (SS-ODT) system is reported which was based on a 200 kHz vertical-cavity-surface-emitting laser. Read More

Brain Res 2017 01 16;1655:48-54. Epub 2016 Nov 16.

Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1740 W Taylor St, Chicago 60612, IL, USA.

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced chronic hyperglycemia has a detrimental effect on neurovascular coupling, linked to increased PKC-mediated phosphorylation and PKC isoform expression changes. Here, we sought to determine whether: 1) selective PKC-α/β/γ inhibitor, GF109203X, could reverse the effects of chronic hyperglycemia on cerebrovascular reactivity; 2) pancreatic islet transplantation could prevent the development of cerebrovascular impairment seen in a rat model of Type 1 Diabetes. We studied the effect of GF109203X in diabetic (DM), non-diabetic (ND), and transplanted (TR) Lewis rats during either sciatic nerve stimulation (SNS) or the topical applications of the large-conductance Ca-operated K(BK) channel opener, NS1619, or the K inward rectifier (Kir) channel agonist, KCl. Read More

World Neurosurg 2017 Feb 31;98:81-88. Epub 2016 Oct 31.

Divsion of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. Electronic address:

Objectives: To compare surgical outcome both radiologically and clinically after interventions for patients with Moyamoya disease.

Methods: This retrospective observational study included 25 patients who were treated surgically for Moyamoya disease in the past 14 years. Clinical outcomes were analyzed by subgroups stratified by age, disease presentation, and surgical intervention. Read More

Childs Nerv Syst 2016 Nov 14;32(11):2153-2157. Epub 2016 Mar 14.

Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University Department of Neurological Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Background: The middle meningeal artery (MMA) is often sacrificed during neurosurgical procedures in the region of the pterion. This maneuver, herein, is hypothesized to be a potential reason for the development of postoperative hydrocephalus by injuring the vascular supply to the arachnoid granulations near the vertex of the skull, and thus disrupting their ability to allow for transfer of CSF from the subarachnoid space to the venous system.

Materials And Methods: To test this theory, the middle meningeal artery was isolated at the skull base and injected with India ink. Read More

World Neurosurg 2017 Feb 17;98:239-242. Epub 2016 Oct 17.

Department of Neurosurgery, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France; University Paris 7, Paris, France; Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, Paris, France.

Background: Advances in the oncologic and functional results of insular surgery have been reported recently. Such successes have been made possible by the advent of the transopercular approach under awake monitoring and by improved anatomic and functional knowledge of white matter pathways surrounding the insula. Nonetheless, given the rarity of insular tumors, it is difficult to get familiar with the complex 3-dimensional anatomy of the different neuronal and vascular structures encountered during a transopercular insular resection. Read More

Radiologe 2016 Oct;56(10):890-897

Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland.

Clinical/methodical Issue: Vasculitis is a rare cause of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Vasculitis can be divided into primary and secondary forms, of which the vast majority can be manifested in various organ systems, including the CNS. Isolated vasculitis of the CNS is limited to the CNS and clinical neurological symptoms as with the other forms of vasculitis, are headaches, encephalopathy, focal deficits and seizures. Read More

Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2016 Sep 8;84(9):534-41. Epub 2016 Sep 8.

Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik & Deutsches Schwindel- und Gleichgewichtszentrum DSGZ, Klinikum der Universität München.

Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a cerebral small vessel disease in the elderly. Neuropathologically, it is characterized by deposition of amyloid-ß (Aß) in the wall of small to medium-sized arteries, capillaries and venules of the cerebral cortex and leptomeninges. Over the last years it was recognized as an important cause of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and cognitive deficits in the elderly. Read More

Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016 10 5;311(4):H972-H980. Epub 2016 Aug 5.

Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and

Cerebral circulation is secured by feed-forward and feed-back control pathways to maintain and eventually reestablish the optimal oxygen and nutrient supply of neurons in case of disturbances of the cardiovascular system. Using the high temporal and spatial resolution of laser-speckle imaging we aimed to analyze the pattern of cerebrocortical blood flow (CoBF) changes after unilateral (left) carotid artery occlusion (CAO) in anesthetized mice to evaluate the contribution of macrovascular (circle of Willis) vs. pial collateral vessels as well as that of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to the cerebrovascular adaptation to CAO. Read More

Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2016 Aug 23;52(2):166-72. Epub 2016 Jun 23.

European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address:

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility and mid-term biological behavior of the novel customized aortic repair (CAR) method for endovascular aneurysm treatment.

Methods: CAR consists of exclusion of an aneurysm from the circulation using a custom-designed dog bone-shaped balloon, followed by aneurysm sac filling with an in situ curing polymer. After curing and balloon deflation, the circulation is restored through a patent cast neolumen. Read More

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017 Apr 1;37(4):1374-1385. Epub 2016 Jan 1.

1 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Recent evidence suggests an extensive exchange of fluid and solutes between the subarachnoid space and the brain interstitium, involving preferential pathways along blood vessels. We studied the anatomical relations between brain vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid compartments, and paravascular spaces in male Wistar rats. A fluorescent tracer was infused into the cisterna magna, without affecting intracranial pressure. Read More

Microvasc Res 2016 09 7;107:83-90. Epub 2016 Jun 7.

Naval Medical Research Center, NeuroTrauma Department, 503 Robert Grant Avenue Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. Electronic address:

Sanguinate, a polyethylene glycol-conjugated carboxyhemoglobin, was investigated for cerebral vasoactivity in healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats (Study 1) and for its ability to increase brain tissue oxygen pressure (PbtO2) after controlled cortical impact (CCI) - traumatic brain injury (TBI) (Study 2). In both studies ketamine-acepromazine anesthetized rats were ventilated with 40% O2. In Study 1, a cranial window was used to measure the diameters of medium - (50-100μm) and small-sized (<50μm) pial arterioles before and after four serial infusions of Sanguinate (8mL/kg/h, cumulative 16mL/kg IV), volume-matched Hextend, or normal saline. Read More

World Neurosurg 2016 Aug 14;92:303-312. Epub 2016 May 14.

Dardinger Microneurosurgical Skull Base Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Electronic address:

Objective: Complex skull base approaches are often used to treat lesions within the middle incisural space; yet the well-known retrosigmoid route may provide an effective avenue to this difficult-to-reach region. The purpose of this study was to quantify the exposure advantages on the middle incisural space provided by cutting of the tentorium cerebelli via a standard suboccipital retrosigmoid approach (i.e. Read More

Korean J Neurotrauma 2015 Oct 31;11(2):187-90. Epub 2015 Oct 31.

Department of Neurosurgery, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea.

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a collection of old blood and its breakdown products between the surface of the brain parenchyma and the outermost layer called the dura. The most common treatment option for primary CSDH is burr-hole trephination; however, the treatment method for recurrent CSDH is still widely debated. An arachnoid cyst (AC) is a sac filled with cerebrospinal fluid located between the brain or spinal cord and the arachnoid membrane, which is one of the three meninges covering the brain or spinal cord. Read More

Neuroscience 2016 07 4;328:165-83. Epub 2016 May 4.

University of Lund, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Lund University Hospital, House A13, Sölvegatan, Lund 22184, Sweden.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator and a neuromodulator implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine. It binds to the extracellular domains of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1 that together form the CGRP receptor. Antagonist antibodies against CGRP and its binding site at the receptor are clinically effective in preventing migraine attacks. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2016 Apr 27;2016. Epub 2016 Apr 27.

Department of Neurosurgery, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK.

We present a case of intracranial arteriovenous fistula with perimedullary venous drainage presenting with acute myelopathy, which is an unusual presentation of this uncommon condition. Subsequent catheter angiogram defined the arterial feeders from the meningohypophyseal trunk and petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery. The patient was successfully embolised, resulting in complete obliteration of the fistula, and significant resolution of brainstem and cervical cord changes along with clinical improvement. Read More

Acta Neuropathol 2016 May 14;131(5):725-36. Epub 2016 Mar 14.

Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 6YD, UK.

In the absence of conventional lymphatics, drainage of interstitial fluid and solutes from the brain parenchyma to cervical lymph nodes is along basement membranes in the walls of cerebral capillaries and tunica media of arteries. Perivascular pathways are also involved in the entry of CSF into the brain by the convective influx/glymphatic system. The objective of this study is to differentiate the cerebral vascular basement membrane pathways by which fluid passes out of the brain from the pathway by which CSF enters the brain. Read More

Brain 2016 Mar 8;139(Pt 3):807-15. Epub 2016 Feb 8.

1 Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease with primary demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. In our study we analysed demyelination and neurodegeneration in a large series of multiple sclerosis brains and provide a map that displays the frequency of different brain areas to be affected by these processes. Demyelination in the cerebral cortex was related to inflammatory infiltrates in the meninges, which was pronounced in invaginations of the brain surface (sulci) and possibly promoted by low flow of the cerebrospinal fluid in these areas. Read More

Neurol Sci 2016 Mar 9;37(3):471-8. Epub 2016 Feb 9.

Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Migraine is a common type of headache which has a deep history dating back thousands of years. Avicenna (980-1032), a Persian scholar, made a great contribution to neurology including headache and migraine. The aim of this study is to consider Avicenna's description about migraine (Shaghighe in Persian language) including definition, etiology and intervention. Read More

Brain Res 2016 Mar 7;1634:171-178. Epub 2016 Jan 7.

Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.

S100B is an astrocyte-derived protein that can act through the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) to mediate either "trophic" or "toxic" responses. Its levels increase in many neurological conditions with associated microvascular dysregulation, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and traumatic brain injury. The role of S100B in the pathogenesis of microvasculopathy has not been addressed. Read More

World Neurosurg 2016 Mar 4;87:584-90. Epub 2015 Nov 4.

Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.

Objective: We used microscopy to conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis of 4 surgical approaches commonly used in the surgery of the ambient cistern: infratentorial supracerebellar (SC), occipital interhemispheric, subtemporal (ST), and transchoroidal (TC). In addition, we performed a parahippocampal gyrus resection in the ST context.

Methods: Each approach was performed in 3 cadaveric heads (6 sides). Read More

Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2015 28;55(12):940-2. Epub 2015 Oct 28.

Department of Neurology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University Hospital.

A 71-year-old woman was referred to our department for evaluation of a right temporal headache. She had been diagnosed with Takayasu arteritis in her twenties but did not receive steroid therapy. A brain MRI scan detected thickened dura mater with abnormal enhancement on the right cerebral hemisphere. Read More