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J Antimicrob Chemother 2021 11;76(12):3212-3219

Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.

Objectives: To evaluate amoxicillin, metronidazole and gentamicin dosage regimens for antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery.

Methods: The study was conducted in 20 patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Patients received one or two doses of amoxicillin 1000 mg, metronidazole 500 mg and gentamicin 3 mg/kg ideal body weight, banded by height. Read More

J Am Dent Assoc 2020 10;151(10):770-781.e6

Background: Little is known about antibiotic prescribing practices of dentists. The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of dentists' beliefs and behaviors regarding the use of antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) before invasive dental procedures.

Methods: A multidisciplinary team developed and disseminated a questionnaire to 3,584 dentist members of the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network. Read More

J Interv Cardiol 2018 Dec 5;31(6):885-890. Epub 2018 Nov 5.

Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Background: To date, there are no guidelines recommending a specific prophylactic antibiotic treatment in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The aim of this study is to evaluate clinical data after TAVR with different periprocedural antibiotic regimens.

Methods: In May 2015 the institutional rules for periprocedural antibiotic prophylaxis were changed from 3 days to 1 day. Read More

Open Forum Infect Dis 2015 Jan 27;2(1):ofv002. Epub 2015 Jan 27.

Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City, Iowa.

Background.  Fluoroquinolone-resistant infections after transrectal prostate biopsy (TRPB) are increasing. Methods. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013 Jul 31(7):CD004152. Epub 2013 Jul 31.

Cochrane Oral Health Group, School of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.

Background: Some dental implant failures may be due to bacterial contamination at implant insertion. Infections around biomaterials are difficult to treat, and almost all infected implants have to be removed. In general, antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery is only indicated for patients at risk of infectious endocarditis; with reduced host-response; when surgery is performed in infected sites; in cases of extensive and prolonged surgical interventions; and when large foreign materials are implanted. Read More

J Clin Med Res 2012 Feb 17;4(1):1-6. Epub 2012 Jan 17.

Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Canada.

Unlabelled: There are many reasons for dental implant failure, the development of bacteremia is concern for dentists. This is due to the possibility of unfavorable result such as implant loss or the need for re-treatment. In general, antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for high risk patients such as individuals with an immunodeficiency, infectious endocarditis, or previous prosthetic instrumentation. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 Jul 7(7):CD004152. Epub 2010 Jul 7.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester, UK, M15 6FH.

Background: Some dental implant failures may be due to bacterial contamination at implant insertion. Infections around biomaterials are difficult to treat and almost all infected implants have to be removed. In general, antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery is only indicated for patients at risk of infectious endocarditis, for patients with reduced host-response, when surgery is performed in infected sites, in cases of extensive and prolonged surgical interventions and when large foreign materials are implanted. Read More

Int J Cardiol 2010 Nov 19;145(2):226. Epub 2009 Jul 19.

Department of Cardiology, Yuksek Ihtisas Heart-Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address:

Causative microorganism is not always isolated from blood and infected tissues although some major and minor criteria have been proposed for diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE). Prophylactic antibiotic regimens are generally used for these culture-negative IE. Further diagnostic tools such as PCR, however, can demonstrate the organism and decrease the ratio of culture-negative IE. Read More

J Adolesc Health 2008 Sep 12;43(3):217-25. Epub 2008 May 12.

School of Nursing, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at Highland Lakes, Marble Falls, Texas 78654, USA.

Purpose: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but dangerous complication of tattooing and body piercing in adolescents and young adults 15-30 years of age, with and without congenital heart disease (CHD). Because body art, including tattooing and piercing, is increasing and IE cases continue to be reported in the literature, a longitudinal assessment of IE and body art cases is important to examine for trends.

Methods: A 22-year (1985-2007) longitudinal electronic Medline and Scopus review of all published cases of IE and body art was conducted. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 Jul 16(3):CD004152. Epub 2008 Jul 16.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester, UK, M15 6FH.

Background: Some dental implant failures may be due to bacterial contamination at implant insertion. Infections around biomaterials are difficult to treat and almost all infected implants have to be removed. In general, antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery is only indicated for patients at risk of infectious endocarditis, for patients with reduced host-response, when surgery is performed in infected sites, in cases of extensive and prolonged surgical interventions and when large foreign materials are implanted. Read More

J Urol 2008 Apr 20;179(4):1379-90. Epub 2008 Feb 20.

American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.

Purpose: Antimicrobial prophylaxis is the periprocedural systemic administration of an antimicrobial agent intended to reduce the risk of postprocedural local and systemic infections. The AUA convened a BPP Panel to formulate recommendations on the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis during urologic surgery.

Materials And Methods: Recommendations are based on a review of the literature and the Panel members' expert opinions. Read More

Tex Dent J 2007 Nov;124(11):1102-10

Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Dallas, USA.

J Dent Res 2007 Dec;86(12):1142-59

Special Needs Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Santiago de Compostela University, Spain.

Despite the controversy about the risk of individuals developing bacterial endocarditis of oral origin, numerous Expert Committees in different countries continue to publish prophylactic regimens for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis secondary to dental procedures. In this paper, we analyze the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of bacteremia following dental manipulations and in the prevention of bacterial endocarditis (in both animal models and human studies). Antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines remain consensus-based, and there is scientific evidence of the efficacy of amoxicillin in the prevention of bacteremia following dental procedures, although the results reported do not confirm the efficacy of other recommended antibiotics. Read More

J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007 Nov;65(11):2321-3

Private Practice, Bergamo, Italy.

Purpose: The routine use of antibiotics in oral implant treatment seems to be widespread. The principle of antibiotic prophylaxis before oral surgical procedures in patients at risk for endocarditis or in those who are severely immunocompromised is well established. Antibiotic therapy in conjunction with implant surgery in fit patients and its correlation with failure and success rates remains poorly documented, however. Read More

J Can Dent Assoc 2007 Apr;73(3):245

Background: A survey was conducted to determine prescribing practices of general dental and medical practitioners regarding the use of antibiotics for prophylaxis.

Materials And Methods: A questionnaire with an accompanying letter was designed to investigate prescribing practices of general dentists and physicians. The survey encompassed demographic data, mechanisms to keep current with prophylactic practice, first- and second-line drugs prescribed with doses and directions, applicable medical conditions and dental procedures warranting antibiotic prophylaxis. Read More

Clin Transplant 2005 Feb;19(1):15-8

Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.

Untreated dental disease represents a potential risk for infection in transplant patients, but the vast transplantation literature has few references to this complication. There is also little information with regard to dental care protocols for patients before and after organ transplantation. To obtain more definitive documentation about the policies that deal with dental care and experience with dental infections, we conducted a survey of US transplant centers. Read More

Pediatr Cardiol 2004 Nov-Dec;25(6):623-46

Department of Pediatrics and Anesthesiology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA.

Seven years ago, Pediatric Cardiology published the first version of a review article outlining the various medications used in the field of heart diseases in children. This article is an update and expansion to what we have previously presented. Therapeutic intervention, both surgical and through cardiac catheterization, has enabled cure and palliation of an increasingly expanding spectrum of diseases at earlier ages and with more complex lesions. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003 (3):CD004152

Department of Biomaterials and Department of Prosthetic Dentistry/Dental Material Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Goteborg University, PO Box 412, Medicinaregatan 8B, Goteborg, Sweden.

Background: Some dental implant failures may be due to bacterial contamination at implant insertion. Infections around biomaterials are difficult to treat and almost all infected implants have to be removed. In general, antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery is only indicated for patients at risk of infectious endocarditis, for patients with reduced host-response, when surgery is performed in infected sites, in cases of extensive and prolonged surgical interventions and when large foreign materials are implanted. Read More

J Chemother 2001 Nov;13 Spec No 1(1):102-7

Department of Clinical Microbiology, University College London Hospitals, UK.

Infections are unusual following minimally invasive surgery but antibiotic prophylaxis is given in the same way as for the open surgery equivalents. Most prophylactic regimens have not been subjected to randomised placebo controlled trials. Antibiotic prophylaxis has been shown to be beneficial in transurethral resection of the prostate. Read More

J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2000 May;12(5):177-83; quiz 184-6

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a deadly disease if left untreated. Early detection and treatment of IE reduces the high mortality rate. Mitral valve prolapse is now the leading risk factor for development of IE. Read More

Expert Opin Pharmacother 2002 Feb;3(2):131-45

Hôpital Louis Pradel, BP Lyon Montchat, 69394 Lyon Cedex 03, France.

The paper presents the most recent recommendations for the treatment and prevention of infective endocarditis (IE). The treatment of IE is complex and requires close collaboration among specialists in infectious diseases, cardiology, cardiac surgery and microbiology. The mainstay of medical treatment is antibiotic therapy. Read More

Spec Care Dentist 1999 May-Jun;19(3):106-11

Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) , Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78284, USA.

In the United States, there is a large and growing population of patients undergoing dialysis because of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). These patients present special management considerations for dentists, including antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis (BE). ESRD patients, particularly those with an arteriovenous shunt for hemodialysis access, are predisposed to valvular endocarditis. Read More

J Am Dent Assoc 2000 Mar;131(3):366-74

Department of Stomatology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Background: The American Heart Association, or AHA, and the American Dental Association recently changed their recommended protocols for antibiotic prophylaxis against bacterial endocarditis. A new recommendation also has been issued by the ADA and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, or AAOS, against routine antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with prosthetic joint replacements. These changes reflect increasing scientific evidence and professional experience in opposition to widespread use of antibiotic prophylaxis in these specific situations and others faced in dentistry. Read More

Pediatr Dent 1999 May-Jun;21(3):181-5

Division of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA.

Purpose: In the pediatric population, several different antibiotic regimens are currently recommended for the treatment of otitis media. This study investigated whether therapy for otitis media was associated with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant oral bacteria.

Methods: Streptococcus sanguis (S. Read More

Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1998 Feb;23(1):63-6

Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Seville, Spain.

Post-tonsillectomy bacteremia is a well-recognized aetiological factor in streptococcal endocarditis, and prophylactic penicillin has been recommended to reduce its incidence in susceptible patients undergoing tonsillectomy. Recent studies have shown a change in the microflora and an increase in the number of penicillin-resistant organisms in the tonsils of patients undergoing tonsillectomy. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of post-tonsillectomy bacteraemia, to identify the micro-organisms associated with it and to review the suitability of penicillin in prophylactic regimens. Read More

Clin Infect Dis 1997 Dec;25(6):1448-58

American Heart Association, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA.

Objective: To update recommendations issued by the American Heart Association last published in 1990 for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis in individuals at risk for this disease.

Participants: An ad hoc writing group appointed by the American Heart Association for their expertise in endocarditis and treatment with liaison members representing the American Dental Association, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.

Evidence: The recommendations in this article reflect analyses of relevant literature regarding procedure-related endocarditis, in vitro susceptibility data of pathogens causing endocarditis, results of prophylactic studies in animal models of endocarditis, and retrospective analyses of human endocarditis cases in terms of antibiotic prophylaxis usage patterns and apparent prophylaxis failures. Read More

Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 1997 Aug-Sep;48(6):479-82

Servicio de ORL, Universitario Virgen de Valme, Sevilla.

Introduction: Post-tonsillectomy bacteraemia is a well recognized aetiological factor in streptococcal endocarditis. Prophylactic penicillin has been recommended to reduce its incidence in susceptible patients undergoing tonsillectomy. Recent studies have shown a change in the microflora and an increase in the number of penicillin-resistant organisms in the tonsils of patients undergoing tonsillectomy. Read More

J Am Dent Assoc 1997 Aug;128(8):1142-51

Objective: To update recommendations issued by the American Heart Association last published in 1990 for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis in individuals at risk for this disease.

Participants: An ad hoc writing group appointed by the American Heart Association for their expertise in endocarditis and treatment with liaison members representing the American Dental Association, the infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.

Evidence: The recommendations in this article reflect analyses of relevant literature regarding procedure-related endocarditis, in vitro susceptibility data of pathogens causing endocarditis, results of prophylactic studies in animal models of endocarditis and retrospective analyses of human endocarditis cases in terms of antibiotic prophylaxis usage patterns and apparent prophylaxis failures. Read More

Circulation 1997 Jul;96(1):358-66

Objective: To update recommendations issued by the American Heart Association last published in 1990 for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis in individuals at risk for this disease.

Participants: An ad hoc writing group appointed by the American Heart Association for their expertise in endocarditis and treatment with liaison members representing the American Dental Association, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.

Evidence: The recommendations in this article reflect analyses of relevant literature regarding procedure-related endocarditis, in vitro susceptibility data of pathogens causing endocarditis, results of prophylactic studies in animal models of endocarditis, and retrospective analyses of human endocarditis cases in terms of antibiotic prophylaxis usage patterns and apparent prophylaxis failures. Read More

JAMA 1997 Jun;277(22):1794-801

American Heart Association, Dallas, Tex 75231, USA.

Objective: To update recommendations issued by the American Heart Association last published in 1990 for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis in individuals at risk for this disease.

Participants: An ad hoc writing group appointed by the American Heart Association for their expertise in endocarditis and treatment with liaison members representing the American Dental Association, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.

Evidence: The recommendations in this article reflect analyses of relevant literature regarding procedure-related endocarditis, in vitro susceptibility data of pathogens causing endocarditis, results of prophylactic studies in animal models of endocarditis, and retrospective analyses of human endocarditis cases in terms of antibiotic prophylaxis usage patterns and apparent prophylaxis failures. Read More