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Tokai J Exp Clin Med 2018 Jul 20;43(2):54-63. Epub 2018 Jul 20.

Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos-Nigeria P.M.B 12003, Lagos-Nigeria. or

With the introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), there has been drastic decline in morbidity and mortality associated with HIV/AIDS. However, many patients experience adverse drug reactions perhaps due to the inherent toxic nature of HAART. The possible toxic effect of HAART (combination ARVs) on reproduction and sexual dysfunction in seropositive HIV patients remains a subject of intense research. Read More

Pol J Vet Sci 2017 Mar;20(2):251-260

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This study was aimed at investigating the use of intra-testicular calcium chloride (CaCl2) and 4-vinylcyclohexene 1,2-monoepoxide (VCM) injections as a side effect-free alternative method for the control of reproduction in guinea pigs. Fifty male guinea pigs were randomly assigned to five groups. In all groups, the chemical agents were injected into both testes in 1% lidocaine hydrochloride. Read More

Reprod Domest Anim 2017 Apr 3;52 Suppl 2:261-264. Epub 2016 Nov 3.

Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Sperm cryopreservation offers a long-term preservation of male genetic materials for future assisted reproductive technologies. However, dramatic changes in temperature during freezing and thawing injure sperm cells. While motility is essential for AI and membrane integrity is crucial for in vitro fertilization (IVF), sperm DNA integrity is a common index of fertilizing capability required for AI, IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Read More

J Endourol 2016 06 20;30(6):704-8. Epub 2016 Apr 20.

Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, China .

Purpose: To introduce scrotoscopy in the diagnosis of testicular torsion and evaluate its value in clinical application.

Patients And Methods: From February 2010 to June 2013, 14 patients, aged 12 to 24 years, were included into this study due to acute onset of scrotal pain. On Doppler ultrasound imaging, the blood flow decreased in seven cases (including two "no flow" cases) and remained normal in the other seven. Read More

J Feline Med Surg 2015 Sep;17(9):772-6

Associate Professor of Companion Animal Industries, Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

Aim And Rationale: The aim of intratesticular and intraepididymal injections is to provide an inexpensive non-surgical method for sterilizing tom cats. Intratesticular and intraepididymal injections have been studied for decades and warrant continued investigation. While both methods result in azoospermia, intratesticular injection of sclerosing agents induces orchitis, resulting in decreased spermatogenesis, whereas intraepididymal injection blocks sperm transport but does not alter spermatogenesis. Read More

Hinyokika Kiyo 2015 Jan;61(1):27-31

The Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital.

A 46-year-old man presented to our hospital for further examination following a positive fecal occult blood test. He also had a painless, palpable scrotal mass that had been present for several years, but he had not previously sought treatment. Colonoscopy demonstrated multiple adenomatous polyps and colon cancer ; when taken together with his family history, these findings led to the diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis. Read More

Reprod Domest Anim 2013 Dec 22;48(6):995-1000. Epub 2013 Jun 22.

Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.

Azoospermia is a common finding in male alpacas which present for infertility. The challenge is to differentiate azoospermia of testicular origin from non-testicular origin. In several species, alkaline phosphatase (AP) concentrations in seminal plasma have been used as a diagnostic marker of contributions of the testis and epididymis to the ejaculate. Read More

Indian J Surg 2011 Jun 1;73(3):175-7. Epub 2011 Feb 1.

Ratna Memorial Hospital, Pune, 411053 Maharashtra India.

Androgen blockade (surgical or medical castration) is a standard procedure for patients with metastatic carcinoma prostate. Sub-epididymal orchiectomy involves removal of testis leaving behind epididymis. This epididymal stump over a period gives a pseudo testicular feel within the scrotum. Read More

Vet Surg 2010 Jan;39(1):121-7

Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

Objective: To describe a minimally invasive technique for preparation of teaser rams by needle-assisted ligation through the tail of the epididymis.

Study Design: Experimental study.

Animals: Mature rams (n=6), estrus-induced ewes (2). Read More

Arch Esp Urol 2006 Apr;59(3):313-6

Department of Urology, Institute H. S. Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Objectives: Male infertility caused by irreparable obstructive azoospermia is widely treated with MESA (Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration) or TESE (Testicular Sperm Extraction) or PESA (Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration) followed by an Intracytoplasmatic Spermatozoa Injection (ICSI). For each procedures are claimed advantages and disadvantages. Aim of this work is to describe our technique (OESA) for sperm retrieval reporting the results. Read More

Hinyokika Kiyo 2005 Oct;51(10):699-701

The Department of Urology, Asahikawa Medical College.

We report a case of solitary genital leiomyoma arising from the tunica dartos of the scrotum. A 43-year-old man complained of a slightly tender left scrotal mass that had enlarged over approximately 17 years. On physical examination, the tumor was pedunculate and attached to the lower pole of the left scrotum. Read More

Microsc Microanal 2005 Aug;11(4):300-12

Safety Sciences Groton, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.

This study investigated the testicular changes in the rat induced by the nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline using magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) and ubiquitin immunostaining techniques. In vivo T1- and T2-weighted images were acquired at 2 T under anesthesia. Increased signal observed in the theophylline-treated rats suggests that leakage of MRM contrast was occurring. Read More

Hinyokika Kiyo 2001 Jun;47(6):441-3

Department of Urology, Hirano General Hospital.

A 63-year-old male visited our hospital with the chief complaint of right scrotal pain. The right scrotum was swollen to the size of a small egg, and its skin was reddish. The mass was palpable independent of the right testis and epididymis. Read More

Reprod Fertil Dev 1999 ;11(1):49-57

Department of Anatomy, University of Turku, Finland.

The presence of sperm antibodies correlates with nearly every pathological condition of the male reproductive tract. In the seasonal breeder, mink, a decrease in gonadotrophin secretion and testicular regression also induces sperm antibodies. Because the Sertoli cells and the principal cells of the epididymis (i. Read More

Hum Reprod 1999 Jan;14(1):118-22

Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Sweden.

Various procedures for sperm recovery in azoospermic men have been described, from open testicular biopsy to simple needle aspiration from the epididymis and the testis. Fifty-one obstructive and 86 non-obstructive azoospermic men were treated to compare the recovery of spermatozoa obtained by percutaneous aspiration from the epididymis (PESA) and aspiration/extraction from the testis (TESA, TESE) with histopathology. If TESA failed, the work up proceeded with TESE. Read More

Ginekol Pol 1998 Jun;69(6):545-50

Prywatnej Przychodni Leczenia Niepłodności Novum, Warszawa.

Objectives: The sperm retrieval for ICSI procedures is possibly using following procedures: ejaculate sperm, epididymal sperm obtained by microsurgical aspiration or percutaneous puncture and testicular sperm that are obtained by surgical excision or percutaneous biopsy. Percutaneous techniques seem to be rather simple and effective procedures.

Design: The authors present their own experiences with percutaneous sperm retrieval for micromanipulation ICSI from the epididymis (ICSI-PESA) and from the testicular tissue (ICSI-TESE) in men with obstructive azoospermia and with reactive impotence. Read More

J Urol 1998 Feb;159(2):437-40

Department of Urology, Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Purpose: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of percutaneous sperm aspiration from the epididymis or testicle as a diagnostic technique to confirm sperm production and as a therapeutic technique to harvest sperm for use in intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Materials And Methods: We present our experience with 69 sperm aspiration procedures in men considered to have nonreconstructible obstructive azoospermia. This short outpatient procedure was performed using a butterfly needle with the patient under intravenous sedation and local anesthesia. Read More

Hum Reprod 1998 Mar;13(3):646-50

London Gynaecology and Fertility Centre, UK.

A total of 37 percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) and/or testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) procedures were performed under local anaesthesia (LA) on 34 men between June and November 1996. Local anaesthesia was achieved by injecting 10 ml of 1% lignocaine solution along the sides of the vas deferens near the external inguinal ring (spermatic cord block). Sperm retrieval was successful in 92% of the procedures. Read More

Fertil Steril 1997 Aug;68(2):328-33

Hurley Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Flint, Michigan, USA.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a simple method of testicular sperm extraction for the treatment of obstructive azoospermia.

Design: Retrospective study.

Setting: Teaching tertiary medical center. Read More

Tech Urol 1997 ;3(2):81-5

Department of Urology, Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.

Percutaneous sperm aspiration from the epididymis (PESA) or testicle (TESA) may be used as a diagnostic technique to confirm sperm production and as a method to harvest sperm for use in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). We performed 43 PESA/TESA procedures in men considered to have nonreconstructible obstructive azoospermia. This short outpatient procedure was performed using a butterfly needle under intravenous i. Read More

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997 Feb;76(2):135-9

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden.

Background: The possibility of treating male infertility because of obstructive azoospermia has been poor, but intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has given this type of infertility sufferer a new option.

Material And Methods: In this study 13 couples with obstructive azoospermia were treated in a total of 19 stimulated IVF cycles. The men were between 27 and 45 (mean 33) years of age. Read More

Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab 1997 ;6:371-80

Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York, USA.

Anat Rec 1997 01;247(1):25-32

Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Background: The changes in ultrastructure, lipid organization, chromatin decondensation, and denaturation of rhesus monkey spermatozoa during epididymal maturation were studied. This study would provide background information that would be useful to evaluate adverse effects, if any, caused by the use of contraceptive agents.

Methods: Adult sexually mature rhesus monkeys were castrated under ketamine anesthesia. Read More

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996 Sep;140(1):146-53

School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.

Decreased daily sperm production (DSP) and cauda epididymal sperm number (CESN) are some of the most sensitive effects of in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. The reduction in CESN cannot be fully accounted for by decreased spermatogenesis. To explain the decrease in CESN it was hypothesized that TCDD exposure increases the rate of sperm transit through the excurrent duct system, thereby decreasing the number of sperm in the system at any given time. Read More

Int J Androl 1995 Apr;18(2):97-102

Department of Urology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan.

We have developed a new sperm collection method by epididymal micropuncture in conjunction with perivascular nerve stimulation to obtain as many uncontaminated spermatozoa as possible for IVF for patients with surgically unreconstructable vasal obstruction. Fifteen azoospermic men with congenital absence of the vas deferens or vasal obstruction not amenable to surgical repair enrolled in this study. Under general anaesthesia the testis and epididymis were retrieved and stabilized in a testicular holder with the aid of 2% agar. Read More

Int J Androl 1995 Apr;18(2):63-6

Family Planning Research Institute of Guangdong, China.

Fluids were collected from the proximal vas deferens of 18 normal fertile men and 32 vasectomized men during vasectomy or vasovasostomy, respectively, and the protein concentration and pattern of proteins were then analysed by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In normal fertile men and vasectomized men there were no significant differences in total protein concentrations between fluids from the left and right vas deferens. The total protein concentration of proximal vas fluid from vasectomized men (82. Read More

Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 1994 May;85(5):747-52

Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University School of Medicine.

No toluidine blue reactive mast cells are found in the testicular interstitium of neonatal, prepuberal and adult mice, while the cells are present in the testicular interstitium of the human. Using ddY mice, mast cell induction to the testicular interstitium was tried as a model to clarify the cause of idiopathic hypospermatogenesis in male infertility. Transperitoneal left testicular torsion at 360 degrees was carried out to 14 weeks-old ddY mice under ether anesthesia. Read More

Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1993 ;12(4):376-8

Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, CHU IBN-ROCHD, Casablanca, Maroc.

This study analyses 25 cases of spermatic cord blockade for scrotal surgery (hydrocele, spermatocele, tumor of epididymis). The spermatic cord was infiltrated, after identification of the pubic tubercle, with a mean total dose of 17 +/- 3 ml of a 2% lidocaine solution not containing adrenaline. The scrotal skin was infiltrated separately at the site of incision. Read More

Life Sci 1992 ;51(1):29-35

Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia 29208.

We investigated the reason for the high mortality we had observed in hypophysectomized-orchidectomized Golden Syrian hamsters that were anesthetized with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of chloral hydrate (CH). Read More

Int J Fertil 1991 Nov-Dec;36(6):352-7

Division of Urology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Camden, New Jersey.

Vasectomy reversals are being requested in increasing numbers. Non-urologists are often the first physicians consulted about such procedures. In some instances, these physicians know very little about the procedures, and the consultation leads to confusion and frustration. Read More

Aust Fam Physician 1990 Aug;19(8):1236-9, 1242, 1245-8

When performing a vasectomy, a gentle atraumatic technique reduces complications. The aim is to avoid cutting anything but the vas to reduce complications and to make microsurgical reversal possible. In this article common problems are discussed and possible solutions suggested. Read More

G Chir 1989 Sep;10(9):518-22

The authors describe the diagnostic procedures for testicular localization in patients with non palpable undescended testes. They consider the procedures as invasive and non invasive. The first procedures include ultrasonography, C. Read More

Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1988 Dec;4(3):493-513

Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins.

Surgical exploration of the horse that has presumably had a normal castration or a previously successful cryptorchid surgery remains a distinct challenge. No hard and fast rules dictate a proper course of action for each case. If a horse was anesthetized for routine castration, discovered to have only one scrotal testis, had a brief exploratory on the nondescended side and was recovered, trauma to the inguinal region would probably be sufficiently minimal that an inguinal approach could be used at subsequent exploratory surgery. Read More

Hinyokika Kiyo 1988 Sep;34(9):1601-5

Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine.

To prevent urogenital infections occurring after urethrocystoscopy, we have studied the prevalence of these diseases without the use of antibiotic agents subsequent to urethrocystoscopy to determine the relative importance of aseptic procedures and whether administration of antibiotics is really required for this purpose. Patients enrolled in the present study included those undergoing urethrocystoscopy at four hospitals, totaling 146 patients (93 male and 53 female patients). All of these patients were apparently free of urogenital infections prior to urethrocystoscopy, with less than 5 leucocytes per field in urinary sediment, and a bacteria count of less than 10(4) cells/ml. Read More

Hinyokika Kiyo 1985 Nov;31(11):2060-4

Non-germinal cell tumor of the testis is a rare disease, and vascular tumor of the testis is a still rarer disease. Herein, a case of cavernous hemangioma of the testis is reported. A 75-year-old man consulted our department with the complaint of a painless left intrascrotal tumor. Read More

J Physiol 1977 May;267(1):1-15

1. Testicular blood flow (ml. 100 g(-1). Read More

Br J Surg 1975 Aug;62(8):633

The wife of a vasectomized man became pregnant by her husband. He was examined and a supernumerary testis with intact vas and with normal histology and normal spermatogenesis were discovered. Read More