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J Microsc Ultrastruct 2021 Apr-Jun;9(2):67-75. Epub 2021 Jan 29.

Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the variations in the expressions of neuronal and glial cell markers in the testes and epididymides of different age groups of cane rat using histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques.

Method: Thirty (32) healthy domesticated male cane rats were used for this investigation. The rats were divided into four groups (prepubertal [≤4 months], pubertal (>4 ≤12 months), adult (>12 ≤30 months), and aged (>30 months)] of 8 animals each. Read More

Drug Des Devel Ther 2021 11;15:1157-1165. Epub 2021 Mar 11.

Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.

Aim: Long-term ketamine use is known to create an interstitial cystitis-like problem in the bladder. It is known that long-term intermittent ketamine is applied to the children receiving radiotherapy for sedation. This study was planned to investigate whether this effect seen in the bladder causes similar changes in the kidneys, testicles, epididymis and ductus deferens. Read More

Turk J Med Sci 2020 12 17;50(8):2032-2039. Epub 2020 Dec 17.

Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Background/aim: Cisplatin (CP), a chemotherapeutic drug, causes damage to spermatogenic serial cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells in rat testicles. It was aimed to investigate the protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), one of the active ingredients of propolis, in eliminating CP-induced testicular damage.

Materials And Methods: Group 1 (control group) was given physiological saline solution intraperitoneally (IP) throughout the experiment. Read More

Int Urol Nephrol 2020 Jun 12;52(6):1009-1014. Epub 2020 Feb 12.

Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 of Nanlishi road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China.

Introduction: This study aims to explore the theoretical method and clinical application of manipulation reduction for testicular torsion.

Methods: A total of 28 patients with testicular torsion were recruited from the Emergency Surgery Department of Beijing Children's Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from July 2016 to July 2018. Among these patients, 22 patients (age: 10. Read More

J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020 Mar 23;34(3):e22445. Epub 2020 Jan 23.

Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible prophylactic effects of agomelatine (AGO) against testicular and epididymal damage induced by methotrexate (MTX) in rats. Twenty-four male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: Group I (control group), Group II (MTX group: 20 mg/kg MTX, i.p, single dose), and Group III (MTX+AGO group: 20 mg/kg MTX, i. Read More

Theriogenology 2019 Aug 16;134:83-89. Epub 2019 May 16.

Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. Electronic address:

In equids, it is common to inject lidocaine into the testicles at the time of routine castration to provide analgesia. The effects of lidocaine on equine sperm have not been evaluated in vitro or on epididymal sperm collected following castration. The aims of this study were to determine effects of clinically relevant doses of lidocaine on equine spermatozoa in vitro using freshly collected semen and to compare the characteristics of epididymal spermatozoa after routine castration with or without intra-testicular lidocaine administration. Read More

Chin J Integr Med 2019 Apr 28;25(4):292-297. Epub 2018 Dec 28.

Department of Andrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.

Objective: To assess the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on expression of cytoskeletal proteins from Sertoli cells (SCs) and spermatogenesis in rats with oligozoospermia of insufficiency of Shen (Kidney) essence syndrome (OIKES).

Methods: Twenty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups using a random number table: control, tripterygium glycosides (TG) treatment, sham and EA groups (n=5 in each group). A rat model of OIKES was established by oral gavage with TG. Read More

Panminerva Med 2019 Jun 28;61(2):164-177. Epub 2018 Jun 28.

Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic ANDROFERT, Campinas, Brazil -

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection offers a chance to surpass severe forms of male factor infertility, including azoospermia. Retrieval of the male gamete from the epididymis or testis provides the chance for biological parenthood for the affected men. In this review, we scrutinize the recent evidence about the surgical sperm retrieval methods for use in association with ICSI. Read More

Tokai J Exp Clin Med 2018 Jul 20;43(2):54-63. Epub 2018 Jul 20.

Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos-Nigeria P.M.B 12003, Lagos-Nigeria. or

With the introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), there has been drastic decline in morbidity and mortality associated with HIV/AIDS. However, many patients experience adverse drug reactions perhaps due to the inherent toxic nature of HAART. The possible toxic effect of HAART (combination ARVs) on reproduction and sexual dysfunction in seropositive HIV patients remains a subject of intense research. Read More

Pol J Vet Sci 2017 Mar;20(2):251-260

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This study was aimed at investigating the use of intra-testicular calcium chloride (CaCl2) and 4-vinylcyclohexene 1,2-monoepoxide (VCM) injections as a side effect-free alternative method for the control of reproduction in guinea pigs. Fifty male guinea pigs were randomly assigned to five groups. In all groups, the chemical agents were injected into both testes in 1% lidocaine hydrochloride. Read More

Reprod Domest Anim 2017 Apr 3;52 Suppl 2:261-264. Epub 2016 Nov 3.

Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Sperm cryopreservation offers a long-term preservation of male genetic materials for future assisted reproductive technologies. However, dramatic changes in temperature during freezing and thawing injure sperm cells. While motility is essential for AI and membrane integrity is crucial for in vitro fertilization (IVF), sperm DNA integrity is a common index of fertilizing capability required for AI, IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Read More

J Endourol 2016 06 20;30(6):704-8. Epub 2016 Apr 20.

Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, China .

Purpose: To introduce scrotoscopy in the diagnosis of testicular torsion and evaluate its value in clinical application.

Patients And Methods: From February 2010 to June 2013, 14 patients, aged 12 to 24 years, were included into this study due to acute onset of scrotal pain. On Doppler ultrasound imaging, the blood flow decreased in seven cases (including two "no flow" cases) and remained normal in the other seven. Read More

J Feline Med Surg 2015 Sep;17(9):772-6

Associate Professor of Companion Animal Industries, Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

Aim And Rationale: The aim of intratesticular and intraepididymal injections is to provide an inexpensive non-surgical method for sterilizing tom cats. Intratesticular and intraepididymal injections have been studied for decades and warrant continued investigation. While both methods result in azoospermia, intratesticular injection of sclerosing agents induces orchitis, resulting in decreased spermatogenesis, whereas intraepididymal injection blocks sperm transport but does not alter spermatogenesis. Read More

Hinyokika Kiyo 2015 Jan;61(1):27-31

The Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital.

A 46-year-old man presented to our hospital for further examination following a positive fecal occult blood test. He also had a painless, palpable scrotal mass that had been present for several years, but he had not previously sought treatment. Colonoscopy demonstrated multiple adenomatous polyps and colon cancer ; when taken together with his family history, these findings led to the diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis. Read More

Reprod Domest Anim 2013 Dec 22;48(6):995-1000. Epub 2013 Jun 22.

Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.

Azoospermia is a common finding in male alpacas which present for infertility. The challenge is to differentiate azoospermia of testicular origin from non-testicular origin. In several species, alkaline phosphatase (AP) concentrations in seminal plasma have been used as a diagnostic marker of contributions of the testis and epididymis to the ejaculate. Read More

Indian J Surg 2011 Jun 1;73(3):175-7. Epub 2011 Feb 1.

Ratna Memorial Hospital, Pune, 411053 Maharashtra India.

Androgen blockade (surgical or medical castration) is a standard procedure for patients with metastatic carcinoma prostate. Sub-epididymal orchiectomy involves removal of testis leaving behind epididymis. This epididymal stump over a period gives a pseudo testicular feel within the scrotum. Read More

Vet Surg 2010 Jan;39(1):121-7

Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

Objective: To describe a minimally invasive technique for preparation of teaser rams by needle-assisted ligation through the tail of the epididymis.

Study Design: Experimental study.

Animals: Mature rams (n=6), estrus-induced ewes (2). Read More

Arch Esp Urol 2006 Apr;59(3):313-6

Department of Urology, Institute H. S. Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Objectives: Male infertility caused by irreparable obstructive azoospermia is widely treated with MESA (Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration) or TESE (Testicular Sperm Extraction) or PESA (Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration) followed by an Intracytoplasmatic Spermatozoa Injection (ICSI). For each procedures are claimed advantages and disadvantages. Aim of this work is to describe our technique (OESA) for sperm retrieval reporting the results. Read More

Hinyokika Kiyo 2005 Oct;51(10):699-701

The Department of Urology, Asahikawa Medical College.

We report a case of solitary genital leiomyoma arising from the tunica dartos of the scrotum. A 43-year-old man complained of a slightly tender left scrotal mass that had enlarged over approximately 17 years. On physical examination, the tumor was pedunculate and attached to the lower pole of the left scrotum. Read More

Microsc Microanal 2005 Aug;11(4):300-12

Safety Sciences Groton, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.

This study investigated the testicular changes in the rat induced by the nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline using magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) and ubiquitin immunostaining techniques. In vivo T1- and T2-weighted images were acquired at 2 T under anesthesia. Increased signal observed in the theophylline-treated rats suggests that leakage of MRM contrast was occurring. Read More

Hinyokika Kiyo 2001 Jun;47(6):441-3

Department of Urology, Hirano General Hospital.

A 63-year-old male visited our hospital with the chief complaint of right scrotal pain. The right scrotum was swollen to the size of a small egg, and its skin was reddish. The mass was palpable independent of the right testis and epididymis. Read More

Reprod Fertil Dev 1999 ;11(1):49-57

Department of Anatomy, University of Turku, Finland.

The presence of sperm antibodies correlates with nearly every pathological condition of the male reproductive tract. In the seasonal breeder, mink, a decrease in gonadotrophin secretion and testicular regression also induces sperm antibodies. Because the Sertoli cells and the principal cells of the epididymis (i. Read More

Hum Reprod 1999 Jan;14(1):118-22

Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Sweden.

Various procedures for sperm recovery in azoospermic men have been described, from open testicular biopsy to simple needle aspiration from the epididymis and the testis. Fifty-one obstructive and 86 non-obstructive azoospermic men were treated to compare the recovery of spermatozoa obtained by percutaneous aspiration from the epididymis (PESA) and aspiration/extraction from the testis (TESA, TESE) with histopathology. If TESA failed, the work up proceeded with TESE. Read More

Ginekol Pol 1998 Jun;69(6):545-50

Prywatnej Przychodni Leczenia Niepłodności Novum, Warszawa.

Objectives: The sperm retrieval for ICSI procedures is possibly using following procedures: ejaculate sperm, epididymal sperm obtained by microsurgical aspiration or percutaneous puncture and testicular sperm that are obtained by surgical excision or percutaneous biopsy. Percutaneous techniques seem to be rather simple and effective procedures.

Design: The authors present their own experiences with percutaneous sperm retrieval for micromanipulation ICSI from the epididymis (ICSI-PESA) and from the testicular tissue (ICSI-TESE) in men with obstructive azoospermia and with reactive impotence. Read More

J Urol 1998 Feb;159(2):437-40

Department of Urology, Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Purpose: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of percutaneous sperm aspiration from the epididymis or testicle as a diagnostic technique to confirm sperm production and as a therapeutic technique to harvest sperm for use in intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Materials And Methods: We present our experience with 69 sperm aspiration procedures in men considered to have nonreconstructible obstructive azoospermia. This short outpatient procedure was performed using a butterfly needle with the patient under intravenous sedation and local anesthesia. Read More

Hum Reprod 1998 Mar;13(3):646-50

London Gynaecology and Fertility Centre, UK.

A total of 37 percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) and/or testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) procedures were performed under local anaesthesia (LA) on 34 men between June and November 1996. Local anaesthesia was achieved by injecting 10 ml of 1% lignocaine solution along the sides of the vas deferens near the external inguinal ring (spermatic cord block). Sperm retrieval was successful in 92% of the procedures. Read More

Fertil Steril 1997 Aug;68(2):328-33

Hurley Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Flint, Michigan, USA.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a simple method of testicular sperm extraction for the treatment of obstructive azoospermia.

Design: Retrospective study.

Setting: Teaching tertiary medical center. Read More

Tech Urol 1997 ;3(2):81-5

Department of Urology, Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.

Percutaneous sperm aspiration from the epididymis (PESA) or testicle (TESA) may be used as a diagnostic technique to confirm sperm production and as a method to harvest sperm for use in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). We performed 43 PESA/TESA procedures in men considered to have nonreconstructible obstructive azoospermia. This short outpatient procedure was performed using a butterfly needle under intravenous i. Read More

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997 Feb;76(2):135-9

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden.

Background: The possibility of treating male infertility because of obstructive azoospermia has been poor, but intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has given this type of infertility sufferer a new option.

Material And Methods: In this study 13 couples with obstructive azoospermia were treated in a total of 19 stimulated IVF cycles. The men were between 27 and 45 (mean 33) years of age. Read More

Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab 1997 ;6:371-80

Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York, USA.