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Eur J Sport Sci 2019 Mar 18:1-11. Epub 2019 Mar 18.

a Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Division , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece.

Growing analytical challenges have arisen for the detection of misuse of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) in athletes the last years. Therefore, consideration of additional indirect markers can substantially aid the efforts to detect AAS abuse in athletes. Moreover, this approach can also help physicians to suspect AAS abuse when treating athletes. Read More

Atherosclerosis 2019 Apr 12;283:100-105. Epub 2019 Feb 12.

Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address:

Background And Aims: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). AAS abuse leads to a remarkable decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) plasma concentration, which could be a key factor in the atherosclerotic process. Moreover, not only the concentration of HDL, but also its functionality, plays a pivotal role in CAD. Read More

J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019 Feb 27;189:81-86. Epub 2019 Feb 27.

Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Germany; Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany. Electronic address:

Selective androgen receptor modulators comprise compounds that bind as ligands to the androgen receptor and possess tissue-selective activities. Ideally, they show agonistic properties in anabolic target tissues, while inducing antagonistic or only weak agonistic effects in reproductive organs. Due to their myoanabolic effects, selective androgen receptor modulators are included in the list of prohibited substances and methods of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Read More

Saudi Pharm J 2019 Feb 22;27(2):254-263. Epub 2018 Nov 22.

King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Recreational use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is a growing worldwide public health concern. However, studies assessing the level of awareness and knowledge of its effects on health are fairly limited, especially in developing countries, including Saudi Arabia. This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices among male gym members toward AAS in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) from March to October 2016. Read More

Psychiatry Res 2018 12 26;270:744-748. Epub 2018 Oct 26.

University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hamburg, Germany.

While the impact of childhood trauma on basal and dynamic cortisol regulation has widely been studied, the most abundant steroid hormones dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulphated derivative DHEA-S have received little attention in this context. One-hundred in-door patients suffering from major depression or an anxiety disorder filled in the Childhood Trauma Questionaire. A low dose dexamethasone suppression test (DST) measuring DHEA, DHEA-S and cortisol was performed. Read More

G Ital Nefrol 2018 Dec;35(6)

UO Nefrologia e Dialisi AUSL Romagna Ospedale Infermi Rimini.

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) is an hormone family whose use has considerably increased among body-builders during the last decades. The AAS abuse, especially associated with other drugs or nutritional supplements and protein loads, may cause a variety of pathologies to several organs with a mechanism related to dosage, timing and substance. The kidney is the main metabolizer of these drugs and it can be acutely or chronically damaged with ESKD. Read More

Front Pharmacol 2018 20;9:1321. Epub 2018 Nov 20.

Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy.

Even if anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse is clearly associated with a wide spectrum of collateral effects, adolescents and athletes frequently use a large group of synthetic derivatives of testosterone, both for aesthetic uses and for improving performance. Over the last few years, the development of MicroRNA (miRNA) technologies has become an essential part of research projects and their role as potential molecular biomarkers is being investigated by the scientific community. The circulating miRNAs detection as a diagnostic or prognostic tool for the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases is very useful, because with a minimal quantity of sample (peripheral blood), miRNAs are very sensitive. Read More

Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019 Mar 5:1-9. Epub 2019 Mar 5.

1 Anti-Doping Lab Qatar.

Low urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) values have been discussed as a marker to detect steroid abuse. However, suppressed LH concentrations related to highly diluted urine samples could be a misleading indication of anabolic steroid abuse. One aim of the present study was to examine the effect of hyperhydration on the interpretation of LH findings during doping control analysis and to investigate different possibilities to correct volume-related changes in urinary LH concentrations. Read More

Caspian J Intern Med 2018 ;9(4):410-412

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Comprehensive cancer center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.

Background: The prevalence of using anabolic steroids such as oxymetholone is increasing. This highlights the need for closely monitoring side effects of this drug. Acute renal failure (ARF) has been reported as a complication of rhabdomyolysis in anabolic steroids users. Read More

J Intern Med 2019 Mar 20;285(3):333-340. Epub 2018 Nov 20.

Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Background: The lifetime prevalence of androgenic anabolic steroid abuse is estimated to be around 6% for men, but there is limited knowledge about the side effects of these drugs.

Objective: To investigate mortality and morbidity amongst users of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS).

Methods: In this retrospective matched cohort study, 545 male subjects tested positive for AAS in Danish fitness centres during the period 3 January 2006 to 1 March 2018. Read More

Front Behav Neurosci 2018 26;12:249. Epub 2018 Oct 26.

CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide. Although its use is associated with multiple adverse health effects, including the risk of developing addiction, recreational and medical cannabis use is being increasing legalized. In addition, use of synthetic cannabinoid drugs is gaining considerable popularity and is associated with mass poisonings and occasional deaths. Read More

J Intern Med 2019 Mar 4;285(3):349-350. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands.

Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019 Mar 3;29(3):422-429. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.

Disturbed shear rate (SR), characterized by increased retrograde and oscillatory SR in the brachial artery, is associated with inflammation, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and sympathetic hyperactivity. Young subjects do not have disturbed SR; however, elderly subjects do, which seems to be associated with sympathetic hyperactivity. Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse in young is associated with increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). Read More

Cureus 2018 Aug 20;10(8):e3163. Epub 2018 Aug 20.

Psychiatry, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Martinsburg, USA.

There are numerous reports of the psychiatric effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use. However, these effects have not been clearly elicited in controlled clinical trials. This discrepancy is largely due to the presence of a variety of synergistic factors seen in the real-life setting of AAS abuse. Read More

Semin Thromb Hemost 2018 Nov 28;44(8):734-746. Epub 2018 Sep 28.

Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark.

Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse surged during the 1980s and is seen in approximately 1 in 20 of all males today. A wide spectrum of AAS compounds and abuse regimens are applied and AAS abuse has been associated with an unfavorable cardiovascular profile. The aim of this review is to critique the collected data concerning effects of AAS abuse on thrombosis risk through presentation of condensed evidence from studies investigating AAS-induced changes in coagulation, fibrinolysis, and cardiovascular risk markers. Read More

JBJS Essent Surg Tech 2018 Mar 14;8(1):e4. Epub 2018 Feb 14.

AZ Monica, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.

Although triceps tendon ruptures can result from a traumatic incident, chronic overuse causing degenerative changes to the insertion and leading to a complete or partial rupture is more common. In our practice, we have found that anabolic steroid abuse by weightlifters is the most common predisposing factor. The initial diagnosis is often missed. Read More

Clin Nucl Med 2018 Nov;43(11):823-824

From the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and.

A 47-year-old man, with a history of anabolic steroid abuse, developed hepatic adenomatosis and multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma. He underwent ultrasound and CT follow-up, showing multiple solid and fluid hepatic lesions. Consequently, hospitalization was required because of high fever (up to 39°C), weakness, and anorexia. Read More

Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2018 Dec;32(23):2055-2064

Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Sports City, Doha, Qatar.

Rationale: The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) encourages drug-testing laboratories to develop screening methods that can detect as many doping substances as possible in urine. The use of full-scan high-resolution acquisition (FS/HR) with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the detection of known and unknown trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) provides anti-doping testing bodies with a new analytical tool.

Methods: The AAS were extracted from urine samples by generic liquid-liquid extraction, after enzymatic hydrolysis, and TMS derivatization. Read More

Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2018 Dec;39(4):325-329

CURML, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Image- and performance-enhancing drugs include a wide range of substances used to promote physical changes to enhance appearance. Anabolic androgen steroids are the most widely used image- and performance-enhancing drugs along with a wide variety of additional substances. The aim of this study was to identify the pathological changes pertaining to the cardiovascular system possibly involved in the death and characterize the substances associated with steroid use and their possible role in the death. Read More

J Surg Case Rep 2018 Aug 15;2018(8):rjy221. Epub 2018 Aug 15.

Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Herein we report a case of a 26-year-old gentleman with severe cardiomyopathy likely secondary to anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse who received a HeartMate II (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) for rapidly deteriorating heart failure with hemodynamic compromise. Following 18 months on LVAD support, excellent recovery of ventricular function was achieved to allow for LVAD discontinuation. Given that active substance abuse is a contraindication to heart transplantation, few options remain for patients with AAS induced heart failure. Read More

Biomed Pharmacother 2018 Oct 12;106:917-922. Epub 2018 Jul 12.

Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000, Chlef, Algeria.

The importance of the present study comes from the lack of sufficient information about the reversibility of the histopathological alterations which may result from anabolic androgenic drugs abuse after some times of stop treatment, as it is one of the prior studies which explored the negative effects of Deca-Durabolin abuse in particular on the hearts, kidneys and testis structures. For this aim, study was performed on 40 male adult mices. Animals were divided into five groups of 8 animals each as follows: treated by Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate) at 30 g/kg of BW, weekly during one month (GI); two months (GII); three months (GIII); three months followed by six weeks of treatment discontinuation (GIV) and Control (C). Read More

Steroids 2018 10 15;138:134-160. Epub 2018 Aug 15.

Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pharmacy, Road Avicenne 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.

Several studies have highlighted that nutritional supplements may contain undeclared anabolic steroids that are banned by the International Olympic Committee/World Anti-Doping Agency. Any kind of abuse with these drugs is extremely dangerous because of their side effects. Thus, the control of food additives in order to protect the best consumer health and to limit fraudulent practices in the field of sports is essential. Read More

Sex Med Rev 2018 Oct 26;6(4):618-623. Epub 2018 Jul 26.

Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Urology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA. Electronic address:

Introduction: Over the last several decades, the opioid epidemic has become a national crisis, largely spurred by the spike in the use of prescription painkillers. With the epidemic came a concomitant rise in the incidence of opioid-induced androgen deficiency (OPIAD). Although OPIAD can significantly impact male sexual function and quality of life, it is an overlooked and poorly understood clinical entity that requires more attention from healthcare providers. Read More

Drug Test Anal 2019 Jan 7;11(1):95-101. Epub 2018 Aug 7.

X-Pertise Consulting, Oberhausbergen, France.

Clostebol is a synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid, with potential use as a performance-enhancing drug if taken for long periods in order to produce the desired effect. Recently, the use of medications containing clostebol acetate has led to the suspension of several athletes in various sports. Previous studies have shown that urine can result positive in case of single intake of a banned substance, including unintentional consumption of steroids. Read More

Andrologia 2018 Nov 23;50(9):e13107. Epub 2018 Jul 23.

Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis functionality on a bodybuilding competitioner before, during and after the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. A young healthy man was followed up for 4 months. The subject reported his drug administration protocol through periodic interviews and performed laboratory tests to monitor the function of his hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jul 23;2018. Epub 2018 Jul 23.

Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas, USA.

Bodybuilders use anabolic-androgenic steroids to increase muscle mass, but abuse of these hormones has been related to cardiomyopathy in the past. A 60-year-old Caucasian male bodybuilder with medical history of male hypogonadism and on testosterone replacement therapy, allegedly preparing for a weightlifting competition and receiving stem cell infusions from his trainer, is transferred to the intensive care unit for worsening shortness of breath after failing treatment for community-acquired pneumonia. Chest X-ray on transfer was suggestive of pulmonary oedema, and transthoracic echocardiography showed an ejection fraction of 25%-30%. Read More

Vitam Horm 2018 27;108:385-412. Epub 2018 Jun 27.

Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Research Unit, Petah Tikva, Israel; Geha Mental Health Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Drug addiction has a great negative influence on society, both social and economic burden. It was widely thought that addicts could choose to stop using drugs if only they had some self-control and principles. Nowadays, science has changed this view, defining drug addiction as a complex brain disease that affects behavior in many ways, both biological and psychological. Read More

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2018 Jun 21;20(3). Epub 2018 Jun 21.

Department of Psychiatry, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.

Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2018 Jul 15;31(3):334-336. Epub 2018 May 15.

Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas.

The abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has remained on the rise despite their well-known deleterious effects. We describe a case of AAS-induced multisystem failure following an extensive history of abuse in a 41-year-old bodybuilder. Furthermore, we review pertinent literature and discuss the different pathophysiologic mechanisms through which AAS affect the heart and other organs. Read More

Neth J Med 2018 May;76(4):143

Department of Internal Medicine and Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Behav Neurosci 2018 Jun;132(3):152-160

Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California.

Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse is implicated in maladaptive decision making such as increased risk taking and problem gambling. Endogenous testosterone correlates with economic risk taking in both the stock market (Coates & Herbert, 2008) and in the laboratory, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (Stanton, Liening, & Schultheiss, 2011). Additionally, AAS use has been associated with problem gambling behavior in adolescents (Proimos, DuRant, Pierce, & Goodman, 1998). Read More

Drug Test Anal 2018 Oct 21;10(10):1518-1527. Epub 2018 Jun 21.

LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK.

The use of testosterone and its pro-drugs, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), is currently regulated in horseracing by the application of international testosterone thresholds. However, additional steroidomic approaches, such as steroid ratios, to distinguish overall adrenal stimulation from drug administrations and an equine biological passport for longitudinal steroid profiling of individual animals could be advantageous in equine doping testing. Thus, DHEA concentrations and related ratios (testosterone [T] to DHEA and DHEA to epitestosterone [E]) were assessed in the reference population by quantitative analysis of 200 post-race gelding urine samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Read More

Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018 05 21;73:e226. Epub 2018 May 21.

Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR.

Objectives: Misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids in athletes is a strategy used to enhance strength and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. However, its abuse leads to an imbalance in muscle sympathetic nerve activity, increased vascular resistance, and increased blood pressure. However, the mechanisms underlying these alterations are still unknown. Read More

Drug Test Anal 2018 Oct 1;10(10):1554-1565. Epub 2018 Jul 1.

Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.

The potential consequences of drug-drug interactions on the excretion profile of the anabolic androgenic steroid methandienone (17β-hydroxy-17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one) are discussed. More specifically, we have evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments the effects of 7 non-prohibited drugs (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, miconazole, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and nefazodone) on the main metabolic pathways of methandienone. These are selected among those most commonly used by the athletes. Read More

Int J Reprod Biomed (Yazd) 2018 Mar;16(3):159-174

Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Background: The follicular growth and development may be affected by abused drugs. Nandrolone decanoate (ND) as an anabolic androgenic steroid can damage the morphological and functional features of the ovary and may lead to reproductive failure.

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of synchronized and non-synchronized administration of Human Menopausal Gonadotropins (hMG) with ND on ovarian tissue and level of sex hormones in the adult female rat. Read More

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2018 Jul 2;101(1):1-6. Epub 2018 May 2.

Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada.

There have been few reports in the peer-reviewed literature on the levels of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in municipal wastewater from the Caribbean region. In this study of wastewater collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Barbados, caffeine and ibuprofen were detected at µg/L concentrations, whereas two steroid hormones (i.e. Read More

Toxicol Lett 2018 Aug 24;292:39-45. Epub 2018 Apr 24.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.

4-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, also named formestane, is an irreversible aromatase inhibitor and therapeutically used as anti-breast cancer medication in post-menopausal women. Currently, no therapeutical indication led to approval of its 17-hydroxylated analog 4-hydroxytestosterone, an anabolic steroid. However, it is currently investigated in a clinical trial for breast cancer. Read More

Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018 06 5;92:103-112. Epub 2018 Apr 5.

Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. Electronic address:

Background: The inconsistency in results of cortisol alterations after childhood maltreatment (CM) might arise due to the fact that no study so far considered the effects of environmental factors such as maltreatment load and genetic factors such as the influence of FKBP5 genotype on stress hormone regulation. This study analyzed the interaction between the single nucleotide polymorphism rs1360780 within the FKBP5 gene and the severity of maternal CM experiences (maltreatment load) on hair steroid levels of mother-infant-dyads.

Methods: Hair samples of N = 474 mothers and N = 331 newborns were collected < 1 week after parturition enabling a retrospective assessment of cortisol, cortisone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) using mass spectrometry. Read More

Mater Sociomed 2018 Mar;30(1):49-52

Internal Medicine, Diabetes, and Endocrinology Certified Clinical Densitometrist. Taif University School of Medicine, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Background: Anabolic steroids (AS) are synthetic testosterone derivatives that last longer than physiological androgens in the body. Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse is spreading among athletes. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of gym participants in Saudi Arabia. Read More

Eur J Sport Sci 2018 Jul 10;18(6):903-910. Epub 2018 Apr 10.

a Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway.

This paper surveys the prevalence and correlates of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) use among Norwegian adolescents, and examines the degree to which sports participation is a mediating or moderating factor to well-known correlations between AAS use and problem behaviour. The data come from the "Ungdata" study, a cross-national youth survey system offered to all municipalities in Norway (response rate: 74%, N = 77,572). The study demonstrates a lifetime prevalence of AAS use of 1. Read More

Thromb Haemost 2018 04 4;118(4):647-653. Epub 2018 Apr 4.

Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark.

Background: Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abusers are considered at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that current and former AAS abuse would induce a procoagulant shift in the haemostatic balance.

Methods: Men 18 to 50 years of age were included as current AAS abusers, former AAS abusers or controls. Read More

J Clin Lipidol 2018 May - Jun;12(3):822-825. Epub 2018 Mar 9.

Guy's, St Thomas' and Lewisham and Greenwich Trust, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

We report the case of a 39-year-old West African man in whom high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was identified as undetectable at <0.08 mmol/L. Total cholesterol in the same sample was 2. Read More

Int J Eat Disord 2018 06 15;51(6):535-541. Epub 2018 Mar 15.

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.

Objective: Theoretically, legal supplement use precedes and increases the risk for illicit appearance and performance enhancing drug (APED) use-also referred to as the gateway hypothesis. Little is known about associations between the speed of progression, or gap time, from legal to illicit APED use, and psychological risk factors, such as sociocultural influence, eating disorders, body image disturbance, and impulsivity.

Method: The sample taken from two studies included 172 active steroid users (n = 143) and intense-exercising healthy controls (n = 29) between the ages of 18 and 60 (M = 34. Read More

Drug Alcohol Rev 2018 07 27;37(5):664-670. Epub 2018 Feb 27.

National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Introduction And Aims: Emerging research suggests that the sub-population of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users who experience physical appearance concerns may suffer greater psychological dysfunction than other sub-populations, including users with athletic or occupational concerns. Thus, among current AAS users, we sought to determine whether, and to what extent, social physique anxiety-an established measure of appearance concern-was associated with psychological dysfunction.

Design And Methods: Interviews were conducted with a sample of 74 male AAS users living in Australia. Read More

Minerva Endocrinol 2018 Dec 19;43(4):476-488. Epub 2018 Feb 19.

Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany -

Despite the fact that sports organizations and legislators have introduced various mechanisms to discourage athletes from using performance and appearance enhancing substances a high percentage of athletes admits to their unabated application. In competitive athletics, bodybuilding and in recreational sports anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) continue to be the substances most abused. This review summarizes the side effects of AAS abuse on organs and system functions in both sexes. Read More

Eur Addict Res 2018 15;24(1):28-36. Epub 2018 Feb 15.

Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela and Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP) Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

Objective: To evaluate two interventions on anabolic-androgenic-steroids (AAS) dispensation in retail pharmacies.

Material And Methods: The study was conducted in a north-western region of Spain. Data were the AAS supplied by wholesale drug distributors to retail pharmacies over a period of 102 months. Read More