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G Ital Nefrol 2018 Dec;35(6)

UO Nefrologia e Dialisi AUSL Romagna Ospedale Infermi Rimini.

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) is an hormone family whose use has considerably increased among body-builders during the last decades. The AAS abuse, especially associated with other drugs or nutritional supplements and protein loads, may cause a variety of pathologies to several organs with a mechanism related to dosage, timing and substance. The kidney is the main metabolizer of these drugs and it can be acutely or chronically damaged with ESKD. Read More

Front Pharmacol 2018 20;9:1321. Epub 2018 Nov 20.

Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy.

Even if anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse is clearly associated with a wide spectrum of collateral effects, adolescents and athletes frequently use a large group of synthetic derivatives of testosterone, both for aesthetic uses and for improving performance. Over the last few years, the development of MicroRNA (miRNA) technologies has become an essential part of research projects and their role as potential molecular biomarkers is being investigated by the scientific community. The circulating miRNAs detection as a diagnostic or prognostic tool for the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases is very useful, because with a minimal quantity of sample (peripheral blood), miRNAs are very sensitive. Read More

Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018 Dec 3:1-28. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

1 Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, Sports City, Doha, Qatar.

Low urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) values have been discussed as a marker to detect steroid abuse. However, suppressed LH concentrations related to highly diluted urine samples could be a misleading indication of anabolic steroid abuse. One aim of the present study was to examine the effect of hyperhydration on the interpretation of LH findings during doping control analysis and to investigate different possibilities to correct volume related changes in urinary LH concentrations. Read More

Caspian J Intern Med 2018 ;9(4):410-412

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Comprehensive cancer center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.

Background: The prevalence of using anabolic steroids such as oxymetholone is increasing. This highlights the need for closely monitoring side effects of this drug. Acute renal failure (ARF) has been reported as a complication of rhabdomyolysis in anabolic steroids users. Read More

J Intern Med 2018 Nov 20. Epub 2018 Nov 20.

Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Background: The lifetime prevalence of androgenic anabolic steroid abuse is estimated to be around 6% for men, but there is limited knowledge about the side effects of these drugs.

Objective: To investigate mortality and morbidity amongst users of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS).

Methods: In this retrospective matched cohort study, 545 male subjects tested positive for AAS in Danish fitness centres during the period 3 January 2006 to 1 March 2018. Read More

Front Behav Neurosci 2018 26;12:249. Epub 2018 Oct 26.

CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide. Although its use is associated with multiple adverse health effects, including the risk of developing addiction, recreational and medical cannabis use is being increasing legalized. In addition, use of synthetic cannabinoid drugs is gaining considerable popularity and is associated with mass poisonings and occasional deaths. Read More

J Intern Med 2018 Nov 7. Epub 2018 Nov 7.

Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands.

Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018 Nov 1. Epub 2018 Nov 1.

Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.

Disturbed shear rate (SR), characterized by increased retrograde and oscillatory SR in the brachial artery, is associated with inflammation, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and sympathetic hyperactivity. Young subjects do not have disturbed SR; however, elderly subjects do, which seems to be associated with sympathetic hyperactivity. Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse in young is associated with increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). Read More

Cureus 2018 Aug 20;10(8):e3163. Epub 2018 Aug 20.

Psychiatry, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Martinsburg, USA.

There are numerous reports of the psychiatric effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use. However, these effects have not been clearly elicited in controlled clinical trials. This discrepancy is largely due to the presence of a variety of synergistic factors seen in the real-life setting of AAS abuse. Read More

Semin Thromb Hemost 2018 Nov 28;44(8):734-746. Epub 2018 Sep 28.

Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark.

Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse surged during the 1980s and is seen in approximately 1 in 20 of all males today. A wide spectrum of AAS compounds and abuse regimens are applied and AAS abuse has been associated with an unfavorable cardiovascular profile. The aim of this review is to critique the collected data concerning effects of AAS abuse on thrombosis risk through presentation of condensed evidence from studies investigating AAS-induced changes in coagulation, fibrinolysis, and cardiovascular risk markers. Read More

JBJS Essent Surg Tech 2018 Mar 14;8(1):e4. Epub 2018 Feb 14.

AZ Monica, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.

Although triceps tendon ruptures can result from a traumatic incident, chronic overuse causing degenerative changes to the insertion and leading to a complete or partial rupture is more common. In our practice, we have found that anabolic steroid abuse by weightlifters is the most common predisposing factor. The initial diagnosis is often missed. Read More

Clin Nucl Med 2018 Nov;43(11):823-824

From the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and.

A 47-year-old man, with a history of anabolic steroid abuse, developed hepatic adenomatosis and multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma. He underwent ultrasound and CT follow-up, showing multiple solid and fluid hepatic lesions. Consequently, hospitalization was required because of high fever (up to 39°C), weakness, and anorexia. Read More

Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2018 Dec;32(23):2055-2064

Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Sports City, Doha, Qatar.

Rationale: The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) encourages drug-testing laboratories to develop screening methods that can detect as many doping substances as possible in urine. The use of full-scan high-resolution acquisition (FS/HR) with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the detection of known and unknown trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) provides anti-doping testing bodies with a new analytical tool.

Methods: The AAS were extracted from urine samples by generic liquid-liquid extraction, after enzymatic hydrolysis, and TMS derivatization. Read More

Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2018 Dec;39(4):325-329

CURML, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Image- and performance-enhancing drugs include a wide range of substances used to promote physical changes to enhance appearance. Anabolic androgen steroids are the most widely used image- and performance-enhancing drugs along with a wide variety of additional substances. The aim of this study was to identify the pathological changes pertaining to the cardiovascular system possibly involved in the death and characterize the substances associated with steroid use and their possible role in the death. Read More

J Surg Case Rep 2018 Aug 15;2018(8):rjy221. Epub 2018 Aug 15.

Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Herein we report a case of a 26-year-old gentleman with severe cardiomyopathy likely secondary to anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse who received a HeartMate II (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) for rapidly deteriorating heart failure with hemodynamic compromise. Following 18 months on LVAD support, excellent recovery of ventricular function was achieved to allow for LVAD discontinuation. Given that active substance abuse is a contraindication to heart transplantation, few options remain for patients with AAS induced heart failure. Read More

Biomed Pharmacother 2018 Oct 12;106:917-922. Epub 2018 Jul 12.

Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000, Chlef, Algeria.

The importance of the present study comes from the lack of sufficient information about the reversibility of the histopathological alterations which may result from anabolic androgenic drugs abuse after some times of stop treatment, as it is one of the prior studies which explored the negative effects of Deca-Durabolin abuse in particular on the hearts, kidneys and testis structures. For this aim, study was performed on 40 male adult mices. Animals were divided into five groups of 8 animals each as follows: treated by Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate) at 30 g/kg of BW, weekly during one month (GI); two months (GII); three months (GIII); three months followed by six weeks of treatment discontinuation (GIV) and Control (C). Read More

Drug Test Anal 2018 Jul 24. Epub 2018 Jul 24.

X-Pertise Consulting, Oberhausbergen, France.

Clostebol is a synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid, with potential use as a performance-enhancing drug if taken for long periods in order to produce the desired effect. Recently, the use of medications containing clostebol acetate has led to the suspension of several athletes in various sports. Previous studies have shown that urine can result positive in case of single intake of a banned substance, including unintentional consumption of steroids. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jul 23;2018. Epub 2018 Jul 23.

Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas, USA.

Bodybuilders use anabolic-androgenic steroids to increase muscle mass, but abuse of these hormones has been related to cardiomyopathy in the past. A 60-year-old Caucasian male bodybuilder with medical history of male hypogonadism and on testosterone replacement therapy, allegedly preparing for a weightlifting competition and receiving stem cell infusions from his trainer, is transferred to the intensive care unit for worsening shortness of breath after failing treatment for community-acquired pneumonia. Chest X-ray on transfer was suggestive of pulmonary oedema, and transthoracic echocardiography showed an ejection fraction of 25%-30%. Read More

Vitam Horm 2018 27;108:385-412. Epub 2018 Jun 27.

Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Research Unit, Petah Tikva, Israel; Geha Mental Health Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Drug addiction has a great negative influence on society, both social and economic burden. It was widely thought that addicts could choose to stop using drugs if only they had some self-control and principles. Nowadays, science has changed this view, defining drug addiction as a complex brain disease that affects behavior in many ways, both biological and psychological. Read More

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2018 Jun 21;20(3). Epub 2018 Jun 21.

Department of Psychiatry, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.

Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2018 Jul 15;31(3):334-336. Epub 2018 May 15.

Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas.

The abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has remained on the rise despite their well-known deleterious effects. We describe a case of AAS-induced multisystem failure following an extensive history of abuse in a 41-year-old bodybuilder. Furthermore, we review pertinent literature and discuss the different pathophysiologic mechanisms through which AAS affect the heart and other organs. Read More

Neth J Med 2018 May;76(4):143

Department of Internal Medicine and Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Behav Neurosci 2018 Jun;132(3):152-160

Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California.

Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse is implicated in maladaptive decision making such as increased risk taking and problem gambling. Endogenous testosterone correlates with economic risk taking in both the stock market (Coates & Herbert, 2008) and in the laboratory, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (Stanton, Liening, & Schultheiss, 2011). Additionally, AAS use has been associated with problem gambling behavior in adolescents (Proimos, DuRant, Pierce, & Goodman, 1998). Read More

Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018 05 21;73:e226. Epub 2018 May 21.

Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR.

Objectives: Misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids in athletes is a strategy used to enhance strength and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. However, its abuse leads to an imbalance in muscle sympathetic nerve activity, increased vascular resistance, and increased blood pressure. However, the mechanisms underlying these alterations are still unknown. Read More

Int J Reprod Biomed (Yazd) 2018 Mar;16(3):159-174

Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Background: The follicular growth and development may be affected by abused drugs. Nandrolone decanoate (ND) as an anabolic androgenic steroid can damage the morphological and functional features of the ovary and may lead to reproductive failure.

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of synchronized and non-synchronized administration of Human Menopausal Gonadotropins (hMG) with ND on ovarian tissue and level of sex hormones in the adult female rat. Read More

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2018 Jul 2;101(1):1-6. Epub 2018 May 2.

Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada.

There have been few reports in the peer-reviewed literature on the levels of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in municipal wastewater from the Caribbean region. In this study of wastewater collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Barbados, caffeine and ibuprofen were detected at µg/L concentrations, whereas two steroid hormones (i.e. Read More

Toxicol Lett 2018 Aug 24;292:39-45. Epub 2018 Apr 24.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.

4-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, also named formestane, is an irreversible aromatase inhibitor and therapeutically used as anti-breast cancer medication in post-menopausal women. Currently, no therapeutical indication led to approval of its 17-hydroxylated analog 4-hydroxytestosterone, an anabolic steroid. However, it is currently investigated in a clinical trial for breast cancer. Read More

Mater Sociomed 2018 Mar;30(1):49-52

Internal Medicine, Diabetes, and Endocrinology Certified Clinical Densitometrist. Taif University School of Medicine, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Background: Anabolic steroids (AS) are synthetic testosterone derivatives that last longer than physiological androgens in the body. Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse is spreading among athletes. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of gym participants in Saudi Arabia. Read More

Eur J Sport Sci 2018 Jul 10;18(6):903-910. Epub 2018 Apr 10.

a Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway.

This paper surveys the prevalence and correlates of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) use among Norwegian adolescents, and examines the degree to which sports participation is a mediating or moderating factor to well-known correlations between AAS use and problem behaviour. The data come from the "Ungdata" study, a cross-national youth survey system offered to all municipalities in Norway (response rate: 74%, N = 77,572). The study demonstrates a lifetime prevalence of AAS use of 1. Read More

Thromb Haemost 2018 Apr 4;118(4):647-653. Epub 2018 Apr 4.

Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark.

Background:  Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abusers are considered at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that current and former AAS abuse would induce a procoagulant shift in the haemostatic balance.

Methods:  Men 18 to 50 years of age were included as current AAS abusers, former AAS abusers or controls. Read More

J Clin Lipidol 2018 May - Jun;12(3):822-825. Epub 2018 Mar 9.

Guy's, St Thomas' and Lewisham and Greenwich Trust, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

We report the case of a 39-year-old West African man in whom high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was identified as undetectable at <0.08 mmol/L. Total cholesterol in the same sample was 2. Read More

Drug Alcohol Rev 2018 07 27;37(5):664-670. Epub 2018 Feb 27.

National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Introduction And Aims: Emerging research suggests that the sub-population of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users who experience physical appearance concerns may suffer greater psychological dysfunction than other sub-populations, including users with athletic or occupational concerns. Thus, among current AAS users, we sought to determine whether, and to what extent, social physique anxiety-an established measure of appearance concern-was associated with psychological dysfunction.

Design And Methods: Interviews were conducted with a sample of 74 male AAS users living in Australia. Read More

Eur Addict Res 2018 15;24(1):28-36. Epub 2018 Feb 15.

Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela and Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP) Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

Objective: To evaluate two interventions on anabolic-androgenic-steroids (AAS) dispensation in retail pharmacies.

Material And Methods: The study was conducted in a north-western region of Spain. Data were the AAS supplied by wholesale drug distributors to retail pharmacies over a period of 102 months. Read More

Psychiatry Res 2018 05 20;263:288. Epub 2017 Dec 20.

Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10123 Turin, Italy.

Drug Test Anal 2018 Jun 6;10(6):947-955. Epub 2018 Feb 6.

Catalonian Anti-Doping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.

The steroid profile (SP) is a powerful tool to detect the misuse of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids in sports, and it is included in the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP). Glucocorticoids (GCs), which are widely prescribed in sports and only prohibited in competition by systemic routes, inhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Since the metabolites monitored in the SP have a partial adrenal origin, their excretion in urine might be altered by GCs consumption. Read More

Psychiatry Res 2018 05 19;263:287. Epub 2017 Dec 19.

Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.

Anal Chim Acta 2018 Jan 11;999:1-12. Epub 2017 Nov 11.

Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.

Urine and blood samples are the primary matrices for the detection of exogenous substances in doping control and toxicology. Although these matrices are, in general, very suitable for a wide range of substances, they do show some issues in particular cases. Here, alternative matrices may provide an answer. Read More

Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018 04 14;235(4):959-969. Epub 2017 Dec 14.

Department of Integrated Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St., BMT 401, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.

Background: Anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse is implicated in maladaptive behaviors such as impaired cognition in humans. In a rat model, our lab has shown that testosterone decreases preference for a large/uncertain reward in probability discounting. Other studies have shown that androgens decrease dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell, a region important for decision-making behavior in probability discounting. Read More

PLoS One 2017 12;12(12):e0189595. Epub 2017 Dec 12.

Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavioral effects of chronic (six weeks) nandrolone decanoate (ND, 20 mg/kg, s.c., weekly in single dose) administration (in order to mimic heavy human abuse), and exercise (swimming protocol of 60 minutes a day, five days in a row/two days break), applied alone and simultaneously with ND, in male rats (n = 40). Read More

Behav Brain Res 2018 07 6;346:80-85. Epub 2017 Dec 6.

Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile. Electronic address:

Research in programming is focused on the study of stimuli that alters sensitive periods in development, such as prenatal and neonatal stages, that can produce long-term deleterious effects. These effects can occur in various organs or tissues such as the brain, affecting brain circuits and related behaviors. Our laboratory has demonstrated that neonatal programming with sex hormones affects the mesocorticolimbic circuitry, increasing the synthesis and release of dopamine (DA) in striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Read More

Braz J Med Biol Res 2017 Nov 17;51(1):e6388. Epub 2017 Nov 17.

Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil.

The abuse of psychoactive drugs is considered a global health problem. During the last years, a relevant number of studies have investigated the relationship between anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and other psychoactive drugs. AAS, such as testosterone, can cause a dependence syndrome that shares many features with the classical dependence to psychoactive substances. Read More

Phys Sportsmed 2018 02 25;46(1):129-134. Epub 2017 Nov 25.

c Graduate Schools of Health and Sport Science , Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and other hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been shown to increase muscle mass in patients suffering from various diseases related to muscle atrophy. Despite known side-effects associated with supraphysiologic doses of such drugs, their anabolic effects have led to their widespread use and abuse by bodybuilders and athletes such as strength athletes seeking to improve performance and muscle mass. On the other hand, resistance training (RT) has also been shown to induce significant endogenous hormonal (testosterone (T), GH, IGF-1) elevations. Read More

Drug Test Anal 2018 May 28;10(5):849-859. Epub 2017 Dec 28.

Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.

In the fight against doping, the introduction of alternative markers to the steroid profile can be considered as an effective approach to improve the screening capabilities for the detection of testosterone (T) misuse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of several T metabolites (cysteinyl conjugated and glucuronoconjugated resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis) to detect both the transdermal and the intramuscular administration of T. In Part I of the study, we studied the potential of these metabolites for the detection of T transdermal administration. Read More

Drug Test Anal 2018 May 28;10(5):839-848. Epub 2017 Dec 28.

Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden.

Micro-doping with testosterone (T) is challenging to detect with the current doping tests. Today, the methods available to detect T are longitudinally monitoring of urine biomarkers in the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) and measuring the isotopic composition of excreted biomarkers to distinguish the origin of the molecule. In this study, we investigated the detectability of a single dose of 100 mg T gel in 8 healthy male subjects. Read More

Drug Test Anal 2018 May 18;10(5):821-831. Epub 2017 Dec 18.

Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.

Although the introduction by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) of the steroid module of the athlete biological passport (ABP) marked an important step forward in the screening of testosterone (T) misuse, it still remains one of the most difficult challenges in doping control analysis. The urinary determination of alternative markers has been recently reported as a promising tool for improving the screening of T oral administration. However, their evaluation for other, commonly used, administration routes is still required. Read More

Drug Metab Lett 2017 ;11(2):86-92

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Cotton College, Guwahati, Assam, India.

Background: Frequent recreational use of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) is an instance of substance abuse which mimics the status of a natural hormone and upon prolonged exposure may lead to adverse drug reactions. These adverse drug reactions proceed in a manner so as to alter the normal metabolism of an enzyme mediated pathway such as the Cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of enzymes.

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of overuse of Nandrolone Decanoate (ND), an AAS, upon CYP enzyme activity and a CYP gene, belonging to CYP1 family. Read More

QJM 2017 Nov;110(11):747-748

Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Associates Hospital, Corner Albert and Abercromby Streets, St. Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago.