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Am J Vet Res 2019 Apr;80(4):342-346

Objective: To determine whether differences existed in the viscoelastic properties of synovial fluid samples from the metacarpophalangeal, intercarpal, and distal interphalangeal joints of orthopedically normal athletic horses.

Animals: 45 warmblood horses and 30 Thoroughbreds (age range, 4 to 16 years).

Procedures: Synovial fluid samples were aseptically obtained via arthrocentesis from 1 metacarpophalangeal, intercarpal, and distal interphalangeal joint of each horse, and nucleated cell counts were performed. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Apr;80(4):396-402

Objective: To develop a reliable method for injection of the tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint of horses through a medial approach and to characterize anatomy of the synovial recesses of the TMT joint with CT.

Sample: 13 pairs of fresh cadaveric equine tarsi.

Procedures: TMT joints were assessed with radiography and CT. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Apr;80(4):385-395

Objective: To evaluate 3 doses of gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB-DPTA) for hepatic CT and cholangiography in cats and to determine optimal timing for hepatobiliary image acquisition and evaluation of the contrast-enhanced hepatobiliary anatomy.

Animals: 6 healthy cats.

Procedures: Cats were anesthetized; sequential CT scans were performed 0, 5, 25, 45, 65, and 85 minutes after IV administration of Gd-EOB-DTPA at low (0. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Apr;80(4):416-424

Objective: To evaluate agreement of 4 methods (Tikhonov gamma variate adaptive regularization of plasma concentration-time curve fitting applied to technetium Tc 99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid [Tc-DTPA] plasma clearance [Tk-GV], plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine [CrCL], Gates gamma camera-based measurement method with Tc-DTPA renal clearance and dynamic scintigraphy [GTS], and iohexol renal clearance assessed with dynamic CT with Patlak plotting [CT-Pp]) for measuring glomerular filtration rates (GFR) in healthy cats.

Animals: 7 healthy, laboratory-raised cats.

Procedures: Each method for measuring GFR was performed twice in 7 cats at 24-day intervals. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Apr;80(4):403-409

Objective: To assess single-day and multiday repeatability of weight distribution (stance) data obtained with a commercial analyzer for dogs with naturally occurring hind limb lameness.

Animals: 46 dogs (15 and 31 for single-day and multiday trials, respectively).

Procedures: For single-day trials, 5 to 10 measurements/trial were collected to determine body weight (BW), weight distribution on each limb, and forelimb and hind limb symmetry indices (SIs). Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Apr;80(4):335-341

Objective: To compare use of a 3-level self-locking suture (3LSLS) technique with use of a previously described modified 3-loop pulley (M3LP) technique to repair rupture of the proximal aspect of patellar tendons in limbs from canine cadavers.

Sample: Paired hind limbs of 6 adult mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures: A limb from each pair was randomly assigned to be repaired by the 3LSLS technique or M3LP technique with size-2 ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene and size-0 monofilament polypropylene suture, respectively. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Apr;80(4):358-368

Objective: To assess recording accuracy of right atrial and ventricular depolarization during 12-lead ECG when precordial lead V was positioned at each of 5 locations on the thorax of dogs with various thoracic conformations.

Animals: 60 healthy client-owned dogs.

Procedures: 20 dogs were allocated to each of 3 groups (brachymorphic, mesomorphic, or dolichomorphic) on the basis of thoracic conformation. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Apr;80(4):347-357

Objective: To determine variability of global longitudinal strain (GLS) and strain rate (SR) measurements in dogs with and without cardiac disease derived from 2-D speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) by use of various software.

Animals: 2 cohorts comprising 44 dogs (23 cardiovascularly healthy and 21 with cardiac disease) and 40 dogs (18 cardiovascularly healthy and 22 with cardiac disease).

Procedures: Transthoracic echocardiographic images in each cohort were analyzed with vendor-independent software and vendor-specific 2-D STE software for each of 2 vendors. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Apr;80(4):325-334

Objective: To determine whether an enrofloxacin-silver sulfadiazine emulsion (ESS) labeled for treatment of otitis externa in dogs has ototoxic effects in rabbits following myringotomy.

Animals: 6 healthy adult New Zealand White rabbits.

Procedures: Rabbits were anesthetized for brainstem auditory-evoked response (BAER) tests on day 0. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Apr;80(4):369-377

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of focused cardiac ultrasonography and selected echocardiographic variables for predicting fluid responsiveness in conscious, spontaneously breathing dogs with various clinical conditions.

Animals: 26 dogs (15 males and 11 females) with a median age of 84 months (range, 12 to 360 months) and median body weight of 8 kg (range, 2 to 35 kg) referred for various clinical conditions.

Procedures: Left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter normalized to body weight (LVIDDn), left ventricular volume score (LVVS), left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (EDVI), aortic velocity time integral (VTI), and aortic peak flow velocity (Vmax) were echocardiographically measured before and after IV administration of a bolus of lactated Ringer solution (4 mL/kg) over a 1-minute period. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Apr;80(4):410-415

Objective: To determine the effect of orally administered melatonin on the intraocular pressure (IOP) of ophthalmologically normal dogs.

Animals: 20 ophthalmologically normal dogs (40 eyes).

Procedures: In a randomized crossover study, each dog received a 7-day regimen of melatonin (0. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Apr;80(4):378-384

Objective: To assess liver and spleen stiffness in healthy dogs by use of a novel 2-D shear wave elastography (SWE) technique and to investigate the repeatability and reproducibility of the technique.

Animals: 8 healthy adult Beagles.

Procedures: 2-D SWE was performed on each dog to assess liver and spleen stiffness. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Mar;80(3):270-274

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that once-daily oral administration of atenolol would attenuate the heart rate response to isoproterenol for 24 hours. ANIMALS 20 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Mar;80(3):275-283

OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of mechanical ventilation (MV) and perfusion conditions on the efficacy of pulse-delivered inhaled nitric oxide (PiNO) in anesthetized horses. ANIMALS 27 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Anesthetized horses were allocated into 4 groups: spontaneous breathing (SB) with low (< 70 mm Hg) mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; group SB-L; n = 7), SB with physiologically normal (≥ 70 mm Hg) MAP (group SB-N; 8), MV with low MAP (group MV-L; 6), and MV with physiologically normal MAP (group MV-N; 6). Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Mar;80(3):221-229

OBJECTIVE To describe a technique for endoscopic evaluation of the coelomic viscera of koi (Cyprinus carpio) and to evaluate the ability to visually examine coelomic structures by use of an approach cranial or caudal to the pelvic girdle. ANIMALS 16 subadult koi. PROCEDURES Koi were anesthetized with buffered tricaine methanesulfonate. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Mar;80(3):265-269

OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of 3 walkway cover types on temporospatial and ground reaction force measurements of dogs during gait analysis with a pressure-sensitive walkway (PSW). ANIMALS 35 client- and staff-owned dogs (25 nonlame and 10 lame). PROCEDURES In a crossover study design, all dogs were evaluated at a comfortable walk on a PSW to which 3 cover types (a 0. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Mar;80(3):300-305

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the lipidomic profile of surfactant obtained from horses with asthma at various clinical stages and to compare results with findings for healthy horses exposed to the same conditions. SAMPLE Surfactant samples obtained from 6 horses with severe asthma and 7 healthy horses. PROCEDURES Clinical evaluation of horses and surfactant analysis were performed. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Mar;80(3):294-299

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of dipyrone to control pyrexia in horses with naturally occurring disease under field conditions. ANIMALS 138 horses with pyrexia and various infections evaluated at 14 veterinary sites in 12 states. PROCEDURES In the first (effectiveness) phase of this 2-phase study, horses were randomly assigned 3:1 to receive 1 dose of dipyrone (30 mg/kg [13. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Mar;80(3):284-293

OBJECTIVE To determine whether the lactate threshold of dogs could be determined by a visual method and to assess the extent of agreement and bias among treadmill velocities for the lactate threshold as determined by visual (LTv) and polynomial (LTp) methods, glucose threshold as determined by visual (GTv) and polynomial (GTp) methods, and heart rate deflection point (HRdp) as a method for estimating the aerobic capacity of dogs. ANIMALS 18 healthy adult Beagles. PROCEDURES Each dog underwent a standardized incremental treadmill exercise test once. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Mar;80(3):230-234

OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of cefovecin sodium after SC administration of a single dose to African lions (Panthera leo). ANIMALS 3 adult (9 to 10 years old; 1 male and 2 females) and 3 juvenile (2 years old; 1 male and 2 females) African lions. PROCEDURES A crossover study was conducted. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Mar;80(3):306-310

OBJECTIVE To evaluate use of flunixin meglumine as a treatment to postpone ovulation in mares, mare fertility after flunixin meglumine treatment during estrous cycles, and effects of flunixin meglumine on function of the corpus luteum after ovulation. ANIMALS 13 healthy mares. PROCEDURES A single-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Mar;80(3):235-245

OBJECTIVE To provide an objective, quantitative morphometric description of the caudal cervical intervertebral disk (IVD) spaces of dogs. SAMPLE Vertebral specimens consisting of C4 through C7 from 5 medium-sized dogs. PROCEDURES CT images were obtained with the specimens positioned in neutral, flexion, extension, and lateral bending positions. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Mar;80(3):246-258

OBJECTIVE To evaluate lameness and morphological changes associated with an osteochondral fragment-groove procedure as a means of experimental induction of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint osteoarthritis within an 11-week period in horses. ANIMALS 6 nonlame adult warmbloods. PROCEDURES The right MCP joint of each horse underwent an osteochondral fragment-groove procedure (day 0). Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Mar;80(3):259-264

OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a sandwich ELISA for the measurement of α-proteinase inhibitor (α-PI) concentrations in serum and fecal samples obtained from common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). SAMPLE Leftover serum (n = 42) and fecal (23) samples submitted for diagnostic testing; paired serum and fecal samples obtained from 30 common marmosets at 2 research colonies. PROCEDURES A sandwich ELISA was developed and analytically validated by determining the lower limit of detection, linearity, accuracy, precision, and reproducibility. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Feb;80(2):195-200

OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics after oral administration of single and multiple doses and to assess the safety of zonisamide in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). ANIMALS 12 adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots. PROCEDURES Zonisamide (30 mg/kg, PO) was administered once to 6 parrots in a single-dose trial. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Feb;80(2):152-158

Objective: To assess the relationship between histologic degeneration of cranial cruciate ligaments (CCLs) and severity of synovitis and ligament vascularity.

Sample: CCL and synovium from 59 stifle joints (53 dogs).

Procedures: CCL and synovium specimens were obtained from stifle joints of juvenile (15 joints; 12 dogs) and adult (25 joints; 22 dogs) dogs with intact CCLs and dogs with CCL rupture (rCCL; 19 joints; 19 dogs). Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Feb;80(2):174-177

OBJECTIVE To determine whether the degree of CT attenuation of muscle would differ between healthy old and young dogs. ANIMALS 10 healthy old (> 8 years old) and 9 healthy young (1 to 5 years old) Labrador Retrievers with a body condition score of 5 or 6 on a 9-point scale. PROCEDURES CT was performed with the dogs mildly sedated. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Feb;80(2):168-173

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of contrast medium injection rate on CT-derived renal perfusion estimates obtained with the maximum slope method in healthy small dogs. ANIMALS 6 healthy sexually intact male purpose-bred Beagles. PROCEDURES All dogs underwent CT perfusion analysis 3 times in a crossover design, receiving a different contrast medium injection rate (1. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Feb;80(2):201-207

OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) during administration of multiple doses. ANIMALS 6 healthy African grey parrots. PROCEDURES Meloxicam was administered at each of 3 dosages (1 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h, for 7 days; 1 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h, for 12 days; and 1. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Feb;80(2):135-143

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of 4 gas compositions at various volumes (simulated tidal volumes [Vs]) on accuracy of measurements obtained with 2 types of flow sensors and accuracy of gas volume delivery by a piston-driven ventilator. SAMPLE 4 gas mixtures (medical air [21% O:79% N], > 95% O, O-enriched air [30% O:70% N], and heliox [30% O:70% He]). PROCEDURES For each gas mixture, reference Vs of 1 to 8 L were delivered into an anesthetic breathing circuit via calibration syringe; measurements recorded by a Pitot tube-based flow sensor (PTFS) connected to a multiparameter host anesthesia monitor and by a thermal mass flow and volume meter (TMFVM) were compared with the reference values. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Feb;80(2):144-151

Objective: To determine the intracoelemic (ICe) dose of alfaxalone required to induce loss of righting reflex (LRR) in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) and to evaluate the tactile stimulus response in unanesthetized and alfaxalone-anesthetized snakes.

Animals: 8 healthy mature garter snakes.

Procedures: During the first of 3 phases, snakes received each of 3 doses (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg) of alfaxalone, ICe, with a 2-week washout period between treatments. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Feb;80(2):189-194

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether hemivertebra subtype as determined via CT was associated with breed and Cobb angle (a measure of the degree of spinal curvature) in apparently neurologically normal French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, and Pugs. ANIMALS Client-owned French Bulldogs (n = 58), English Bulldogs (30), and Pugs (12) with thoracic hemivertebrae that underwent CT for reasons unrelated to spinal disease. PROCEDURES CT scans of each dog were evaluated, and hemivertebrae were categorized by subtype (ventral aplasia, ventral hypoplasia, lateral aplasia, lateral hypoplasia, ventrolateral aplasia, ventrolateral hypoplasia, ventral and median aplasia, ventral and median hypoplasia, and symmetric hypoplasia). Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Feb;80(2):123-128

OBJECTIVE To determine usefulness of skin turgor and capillary refill time (CRT) for predicting changes in hydration status of working dogs after a 15-minute exercise period. ANIMALS 9 exercise-conditioned working dogs between 8 and 108 months of age. PROCEDURES Skin tent time (SkTT; time for tented skin on the forehead to return to an anatomically normal position) and CRT (time for occluded mucous membrane capillary vessels to return to the color visible before occlusion) were measured on dogs in a field setting and by video review. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Feb;80(2):178-188

OBJECTIVE To compare bony changes of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) of Thoroughbred racehorse cadavers with (cases) or without (controls) catastrophic condylar fracture by use of standing MRI. SAMPLE 140 forelimbs from 26 case horses (both forelimbs) and 88 control horses (single forelimb). PROCEDURES Bone marrow lesions (BMLs), identified as a decrease in T1-weighted (T1W) signal and increases in T2*-weighted (T2*W) and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) signals, and dense bone volume percentage (DBVP), identified as decreases in T1W, T2*W, and STIR signals, in the distopalmar aspect of MC3 were recorded. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Feb;80(2):129-134

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of providing 100% O, compared with provision of room air, in sedated spontaneously breathing inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). ANIMALS 8 adult bearded dragons. PROCEDURES Animals were sedated with alfaxalone (20 mg/kg, SC) and received 21% O (equivalent to room air) or 100% O via face mask (flow rate, 1 L/min) in a randomized, blinded, complete crossover study (2-week interval between treatments). Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Feb;80(2):159-167

OBJECTIVE To describe perfusion and diffusion characteristics of the liver, spleen, and kidneys of healthy adult male cats as determined by morphological, perfusion-weighted, and diffusion-weighted MRI. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult male cats. PROCEDURES Each cat was anesthetized. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):15-23

OBJECTIVE To establish reference limits for hepatic bile duct-to-arteriole ratio (BD:A) and bile duct-to-portal tract ratio (BD:PT) in healthy cats and assess whether these parameters could be used to support a diagnosis of biliary ductopenia in cats. SAMPLE Hepatic biopsy samples from healthy cats (n = 20) and cats with ductopenia (2). PROCEDURES Hepatic biopsy samples from healthy cats were used to count the number of bile ducts and hepatic arterioles in 20 portal tracts for each cat. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):24-32

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of a modified passive leg-raising maneuver (PLRM) to predict fluid responsiveness during experimental induction and correction of hypovolemia in isoflurane-anesthetized pigs. ANIMALS 6 healthy male Landrace pigs. PROCEDURES Pigs were anesthetized with isoflurane, positioned in dorsal recumbency, and instrumented. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):79-86

OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of oral omeprazole administration on the fecal and gastric microbiota of healthy adult horses. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult research horses. PROCEDURES Horses were randomly assigned to receive omeprazole paste (4 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) or a sham (control) treatment (tap water [20 mL, PO, q 24 h]) for 28 days. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):69-73

OBJECTIVE To determine the mean diameter of the main portal vein (PV) in healthy dogs by use of CT angiography, identify any associations between PV diameter and certain dog characteristics, and validate a clinically valuable ratio for quantifying the size of the PV. ANIMALS 100 dogs with no hepatic, cardiac, or vascular anomalies that underwent abdominal CT angiography. PROCEDURES Diameters of the main PV, abdominal aorta (Ao), and caudal vena cava (CVC) were measured by 2 observers at a defined location on postcontrast CT angiographic images in axial, sagittal, and transverse planes. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):102-109

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of trazodone and its effect on the activity of domestic pigeons (Columba livia).

Animals: 6 healthy adult male domestic pigeons.

Procedures: During the first of 3 experiments, birds received orally administered trazodone at doses ranging from 3 to 30 mg/kg to determine the dose for subsequent experiments. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):4-9

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):51-60

OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between acute volume overload and echocardiographic indices of right ventricular (RV) function and dyssynchrony in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 7 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Right heart catheterization and echocardiography were performed in 7 healthy anesthetized Beagles at baseline and after induction of volume overload. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):95-101

Objective: To assess changes in pupil size and intraocular pressure (IOP) following topical application of a 0.5% tropicamide solution in the eyes of healthy butorphanol-sedated dogs.

Animals: 12 healthy adult Beagles. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):73

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):74-78

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in vitro effect of 20% N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the viscosity of normal canine bile. ANIMALS Bile samples obtained from 10 adult dogs euthanized for reasons unrelated to biliary disease. PROCEDURES Each sample was centrifuged to remove particulates, then divided into 3 aliquots. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):61-68

OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of esophageal insufflation CT (EICT) for evaluation of the esophagus in dogs. ANIMALS 7 clinically normal adult Beagles. PROCEDURES Each dog was anesthetized twice with 1 week between anesthesia sessions. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):33-44

OBJECTIVE To compare effects of tiletamine-zolazepam, alfaxalone, ketamine-diazepam, and propofol for anesthetic induction on cardiorespiratory and acid-base variables before and during isoflurane-maintained anesthesia in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 6 dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane and instrumented. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):45-50

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) sterilization on the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of meropenem-impregnated polymethyl methacrylate (M-PMMA) beads. SAMPLE 6-mm-diameter polymethyl methacrylate beads that were or were not impregnated with meropenem. PROCEDURES Meropenem-free polymethyl methacrylate and M-PMMA beads were sterilized by use of an autoclave or VHP or remained unsterilized. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2019 Jan;80(1):78