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Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 24. Epub 2022 May 24.

Harvard Medical School, 1811, Global Health and Social Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;

Rationale: Although World Health Organization guidelines emphasize contact investigation for tuberculosis-exposed children, data that support chest radiography as a useful tool are lacking.

Objectives: We evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic information of chest radiography in children exposed to TB and measured the efficacy of isoniazid preventive therapy in those with relevant radiographic abnormalities.

Methods: Between September 2009 and August 2012, we enrolled 4,468 TB-exposed children who were screened by tuberculin skin testing, symptom assessment and chest radiography. Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 24. Epub 2022 May 24.

Atrium Health, 2351, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 24. Epub 2022 May 24.

University of Toronto, Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 24. Epub 2022 May 24.

Brigham and Womens, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 24. Epub 2022 May 24.

University of Michigan, 1259, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 24. Epub 2022 May 24.

Brown University, Medicine , Providence, Rhode Island, United States;

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 24. Epub 2022 May 24.

Boston University School of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 24. Epub 2022 May 24.

University of Edinburgh, Anaesthetics, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 24. Epub 2022 May 24.

Mayo Clinic in Florida, 156400, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, United States;

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 24. Epub 2022 May 24.

University of Göttingen, Department of Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Göttingen, Germany;

Rationale: Weaning from veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) is based on oxygenation and not on carbon dioxide elimination.

Objective: To predict readiness to wean from VV-ECMO Methods: In this multicenter study of mechanically ventilated adults with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) receiving VV-ECMO, we investigated a variable based on CO2 elimination. The study included a prospective interventional study of a physiological cohort (n=26), and a retrospective clinical cohort (n=638). Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 24. Epub 2022 May 24.

Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 199236, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht, Netherlands.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 24. Epub 2022 May 24.

The University of Melbourne, 2281, Centre for Integrated Critical Care , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Rationale Blood glucose concentrations affect outcomes in critically ill patients but the optimal target blood glucose range in those with type 2 diabetes is unknown. Objective To evaluate the effects of a 'liberal' approach to targeted blood glucose range during intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Methods This mutlicenter, parallel-group, open-label, randomized clinical trial included 419 adult patients with type 2 diabetes expected to be in the ICU on at least three consecutive days. Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 18. Epub 2022 May 18.

University of Colorado, 1878, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 18. Epub 2022 May 18.

Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 18. Epub 2022 May 18.

Royal Adelaide Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

Rationale Dietary protein may attenuate the muscle atrophy experienced by patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), yet protein handling is poorly understood. Objective To quantify protein digestion and amino acid absorption, and fasting and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis during critical illness. Methods Fifteen mechanically ventilated adults (12M; age 50±17y, Body Mass Index (BMI) 27±5kg·m-2) and 10 healthy controls (6M; 54±23y, BMI 27±4kg·m-2) received a primed intravenous L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, L-[3,5-2H2]-tyrosine, and L-[1-13C]-leucine infusion over 9. Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 18. Epub 2022 May 18.

Mie Daigaku, 12946, Immunology, Tsu, Japan;

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 18. Epub 2022 May 18.

University of Cape Town Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, 71985, Cape Town, South Africa.

Rationale: Interrupting tuberculosis (TB) transmission requires an improved understanding of how - and when - the causative organism, (), is aerosolized. Although cough is commonly assumed to be the dominant source of aerosols, recent evidence of cough-independent release implies the contribution of alternative mechanisms.

Objective: To compare the aerosolization of bacilli and total particulate matter from TB patients during three separate respiratory manoeuvres: Tidal Breathing (TiBr), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), and cough. Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 18. Epub 2022 May 18.

University Medical Center Groningen, Pulmonary diseases, Groningen, Netherlands.

Rationale: Pulmonary hyperinflation in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has been related to smaller cardiac chamber sizes and impaired cardiac function. Nowadays, bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) with endobronchial valves is a treatment option to reduce pulmonary hyperinflation in patients with severe emphysema.

Objectives: We hypothesized that reduction of hyperinflation would improve cardiac preload in this patient group. Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 18. Epub 2022 May 18.

University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 12223, PCCSM, Los Angeles, California, United States;

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 18. Epub 2022 May 18.

Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Translational Respiratory Research Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore;

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 18. Epub 2022 May 18.

Thomas Jefferson University, 6559, Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States;

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 18. Epub 2022 May 18.

The University of Sydney, 4334, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 17. Epub 2022 May 17.

University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 12223, PCCSM, Los Angeles, California, United States;

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 17. Epub 2022 May 17.

McMaster University, 3710, Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 17. Epub 2022 May 17.

Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5925, Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, New York, New York, United States;

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 17. Epub 2022 May 17.

Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 21798, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 17. Epub 2022 May 17.

University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 12225, Department of Emergency Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States;

Rationale: Uncertainty regarding the natural history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to difficulty in efficacy endpoint selection for therapeutic trials. Capturing outcomes that occur after hospital discharge may improve assessment of clinical recovery among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Objectives: Evaluate 90-day clinical course of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 comparing three distinct definitions of recovery. Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 17. Epub 2022 May 17.

Annecy Hospital, Emergency, Annecy, France.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 17. Epub 2022 May 17.

National Jewish Health, medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 17. Epub 2022 May 17.

University of Kentucky, 4530, Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States.