Search Our Scientific Publications & Authors

Adv Urol 2018 29;2018:9073807. Epub 2018 Oct 29.

Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.

Objective: To assess the learning curve in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) performed by surgeons without previous experience in laparoscopic prostatectomy.

Materials And Methods: We analyzed 119 patients submitted to RARP performed by two surgeons without previous experience in laparoscopic prostatectomy, with emphasis on the relevant outcomes such as continence, erectile function, and oncologic control with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. We used Fisher's exact test and the chi-square test to investigate the existence of a relationship between the variables and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to verify possible statistically significant differences between groups, at the 5% level. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 24;2018:1620470. Epub 2018 Oct 24.

MS General Surgery, Consultant Surgeon, GMC-Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Background: Cryptorchidism or undescended testes is the most common disorder of the male endocrine glands in children. With the advancements in laparoscopic techniques and instruments, laparoscopic orchidopexy has become the standard procedure in the management of nonpalpable undescended testes.

Aim: To evaluate and determine the therapeutic role, sensitivity, and specificity of laparoscopy in localizing nonpalpable testes and the mean operative time, the conversion rate (and reasons thereof), postoperative wound infection, postoperative stay, and time taken for return to daily activities following laparoscopic orchidopexy or orchidectomy. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 21;2018:4948165. Epub 2018 Oct 21.

Urology Resident in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.

Introduction: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common urologic anomaly in children. Many techniques have been offered to manage this condition, in which one of them is modified Gil-Vernet antireflux surgery. The study fullfiled to evaluate the efficacy and safety of modified Gil-Vernet antireflux surgery in correction of high-grade VUR. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 19;2018:4821084. Epub 2018 Aug 19.

Department of Urology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Adv Urol 2018 29;2018:6782736. Epub 2018 Jul 29.

Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Ctra. de Cádiz Km. 548.9, 41014 Seville, Spain.

Objectives: Evaluation of changes in symptoms among patients with overactive bladder syndrome treated with transdermal oxybutynin and tolerability after 12 months of follow-up.

Methods: This was a multicenter, retrospective, single-cohort, observational study. Changes in symptoms were evaluated primarily with a 3-day voiding diary. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 24;2018:5056049. Epub 2018 Apr 24.

Department of Reproductive Health, Moi University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.

Background: Ureteric pathology arises from surgical misadventures, trauma, and congenital anomalies. Early detection and treatment is of the essence.

Objectives: To determine the types/etiology and outcome of ureteric pathology presenting to Gynocare Fistula Centre, Eldoret, Kenya. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 3;2018:2146080. Epub 2018 May 3.

Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Objectives: The robotic-assisted laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (R-RPLND) represents a new frontier in the surgical management of testicular cancer in the realm of minimally invasive urologic oncology. We aimed to review the early outcomes as compared to the laparoscopic and open approaches as well as describe the operative technique for the R-RPLND.

Materials And Methods: We reviewed all the literature related to the R-RPLND based on an electronic PubMed search up until July 2017. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 5;2018:6783147. Epub 2018 Apr 5.

Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.

The surgical management of both early and advanced stage germ cell tumors of the testis remains a complex process of surgical decision making to maximize oncologic control while minimizing morbidity. Over the past 5 decades, the evolution of the surgical template for retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (RPLND) has resulted in important modifications to achieve these goals. In this review, we will characterize the historical motivating factors that led to the modified template, outline patient and clinical factors in selecting these approaches in both early and advanced stage disease, and briefly discuss future horizons for their implementation. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 2;2018:8781698. Epub 2018 Apr 2.

Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital FT, Sutton, Surrey, UK.

Testicular germ cell tumours are the commonest tumours of young men and are broadly managed either as pure seminomas or as 'nonseminomas'. The management of Stage 1 nonseminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCTs), beyond surgical removal of the primary tumour at orchidectomy, is somewhat controversial. Cancer-specific survival rates in these patients are in the order of 99% regardless of whether surveillance, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, or adjuvant chemotherapy is employed. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 26;2018:7031906. Epub 2018 Mar 26.

Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of prophylactic antibiotics after distal hypospadias repair on postoperative bacteriuria, symptomatic urinary tract infection, and postoperative complications in a prospective, randomized trial.

Materials And Methods: Consecutive patients aged 6 months to 2 years were enrolled at our institution between June 2013 and May 2017. Consenting patients were randomized to antibiotic prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus no antibiotic. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 26;2018:3404587. Epub 2018 Mar 26.

Department of Urology, Hotel-Dieu de France University Hospital, Boulevard Alfred Naccache, Achrafieh, P.O. Box 166830, Beirut, Lebanon.

Introduction And Objectives: Renal autotransplantation is a kidney-saving surgical procedure used in selected patients. The purpose of this report is to review nine typical and atypical indications for kidney autotransplantation and evaluate its effectiveness in maintaining kidney function and avoiding cancer recurrence.

Materials And Methods: From 1999 till 2014, nine renal autotransplantations were performed in our center. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 15;2018:7272541. Epub 2018 Mar 15.

Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.

The majority of metastatic germ cell tumors (GCTs) are cured with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, but 20-30% of patients will relapse after first-line chemotherapy and require additional salvage strategies. The two major salvage approaches in this scenario are high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) with autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) or conventional-dose chemotherapy (CDCT). Both CDCT and HDCT have curative potential in the management of relapsed/refractory GCT. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 13;2018:3718165. Epub 2018 Mar 13.

2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.

Germ-cell tumors (GCTs) are highly curable with chemotherapy. Salvage chemotherapy or surgery can cure a proportion of patients, but the ones failing these treatments will die of their disease in the young age. Immune checkpoint pathways are emerging as powerful targetable biomarkers, and a significant preclinical and clinical research is underway to widen our knowledge and expand the treatment possibilities with immune therapy. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 13;2018:3453808. Epub 2018 Mar 13.

University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

We investigated gender differences in the histopathologic presentation of bladder cancer cases in Egypt, where both urothelial cell carcinoma (UC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) types are highly prevalent. We used logistic regression to estimate the unadjusted (OR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the associations between gender and different histopathologic and sociodemographic parameters of 2,186 confirmed cases of primary bladder cancer (1,775 males and 411 females; 784 SCC and 1,402 UC). There were no statistically significant gender differences in tumor grade, stage, mucosal ulcer, or inflammatory cystitis, regardless of the cancer type, but men were less likely than women to have undergone cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 11;2018:7193843. Epub 2018 Mar 11.

Department of Urology, University of Cagliari, Via Is Mirrionis 92, 09121 Cagliari, Italy.

Background: At present, the percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) is performed both in supine and in prone position. The aim of this paper is to describe an innovative position during PCNL.

Methods: We describe a supine position. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 18;2018:8671832. Epub 2018 Feb 18.

Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Testicular cancer has become the paradigm of adult-onset cancer survivorship, due to the young age at diagnosis and 10-year relative survival of 95%. This clinical review presents the current status of various treatment-related complications experienced by long-term testicular cancer survivors (TCS) free of disease for 5 or more years after primary treatment. Cardiovascular disease and second malignant neoplasms represent the most common potentially life-threatening late effects. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 19;2018:7182014. Epub 2018 Feb 19.

Division of Urology, Departments of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in young men, and the incidence is increasing in most countries worldwide. The vast majority of patients present with clinical stage I disease, and surveillance is being increasingly adopted as the preferred management strategy. At the time of diagnosis, patients on surveillance are often counselled about their risk of relapse based on risk factors present at diagnosis, but this risk estimate becomes less informative in patients that have survived a period of time without experiencing relapse. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 18;2018:1846060. Epub 2018 Feb 18.

IASO General Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Purpose: To present a modified technique of managing extensive penile urethral strictures with dorsal and ventral onlay buccal mucosa grafts.

Patients And Methods: From October 2014 to January 2016, a total of 12 patients underwent urethroplasty for penile urethral strictures, using dorsal and ventral onlay grafts from buccal mucosa. The mean age was 42. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 31;2018:2375176. Epub 2018 Jan 31.

Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.

While testicular germ cell tumors (T-GCTs) make up only 0.5% of pediatric malignancies and less than 2% of adult malignancies, they comprise 14% of adolescent malignancies, making it the most common solid tumor in this age group. The transition in incidence at this age is also accompanied by a transition in tumor histology with adolescents having mostly pure embryonal carcinoma and mixed nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Read More

Adv Urol 2017 21;2017:5674237. Epub 2017 Dec 21.

Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

Background: Fractalkine is produced in seminal plasma in small amounts and correlates with sperm motility.

Purpose: To investigate the possible effect of low-level leucospermia on spermatozoa oxidative stress and sDNA fragmentation in patients with subclinical varicocele and apparently normal seminogram, and also to study the role of spermatozoal fractalkine and its receptor (CX3CR1) gene expression as a marker of spermatozoa inflammatory response.

Methods: This study included 80 patients with subclinical varicocele (45 fertile and 35 infertile) and 45 age-matched fertile volunteers. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 4;2018:9059382. Epub 2018 Feb 4.

Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) arising in infants, children, and adolescents present a set of special challenges. GCTs make up about 3% of malignancies in children aged 0-18 and nearly 15% of cancers in adolescents. Epidemiologic and molecular evidence suggests that GCTs in young children likely represent a distinct biologic group as compared to GCTs of older adolescents and adults. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 4;2018:3068365. Epub 2018 Feb 4.

Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Kidney stone disease is a crystal concretion formed usually within the kidneys. It is an increasing urological disorder of human health, affecting about 12% of the world population. It has been associated with an increased risk of end-stage renal failure. Read More

Adv Urol 2018 1;2018:7978958. Epub 2018 Feb 1.

University of Southern California Institute of Urology, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.

Reducing the long-term morbidity in testicular cancer survivors represents a major area of interest. External beam radiation therapy and systemic chemotherapy are established treatments for seminoma; however, they are associated with late toxicities such as cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and secondary malignancy. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) is a standard treatment for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) that has minimal long-term morbidity. Read More

Adv Urol 2017 21;2017:1843687. Epub 2017 Dec 21.

Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra. 45 No. 26-85, Bogotá, Colombia.

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the response to low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy in a group of patients with organic vascular erectile dysfunction.

Materials And Methods: This is an observational retrospective study. The researchers reviewed 710 patients with a clinical diagnosis of organic vascular erectile dysfunction (ED) of more than 3-month duration from male sexual health clinics of the Boston Medical Group from 12 cities in Spain and 4 in Mexico. Read More

Adv Urol 2017 4;2017:4653512. Epub 2017 Jul 4.

Department of Urology, Andrology Center, San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy.

Peyronie's disease (PD) is a chronic inflammation of tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa that causes an inelastic plaque resulting in penis deformation. Although its etiology is not completely known, there is general consensus that PD is genetically transmitted and secondary to penile trauma. In recent years, numerous studies demonstrated the role played by oxidative stress in PD pathogenesis, and other studies have described successful use of antioxidants in PD treatment. Read More

Adv Urol 2017 13;2017:4842025. Epub 2017 Jun 13.

Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.

Objectives: The persistence of silodosin and the reasons for withdrawal from treatment of previously untreated Japanese patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) were evaluated in real-life clinical practice.

Methods: A total of 81 previously untreated Japanese patients diagnosed with LUTS/BPH were treated with silodosin monotherapy and prospectively followed for 4 years. The persistence rate was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Read More

Adv Urol 2017 28;2017:1404610. Epub 2017 May 28.

Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.

Objectives: Primary mediastinal germ cell tumors (PMGCTs) are rare, which often makes them difficult to treat. Herein, we examined patients with PMGCTs who underwent multimodal treatment.

Methods: We examined 6 patients (median age: 25 years, range: 19-27 years) with PMGCTs who underwent multimodal treatment between April 2001 and March 2015. Read More

Adv Urol 2017 21;2017:3254980. Epub 2017 May 21.

Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Purpose: To compare the structure of the testis in fetuses with prune belly syndrome (PBS) to normal controls.

Materials And Methods: We studied 6 testes obtained from 3 fetuses with PBS and 14 testes from 7 male fetuses. The testicular specimens were cut into 5-m thick sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), to observe the seminiferous tubules; Weigert's solution to observe elastic fibers; and picrosirius red to observe collagen. Read More

Adv Urol 2017 11;2017:3197869. Epub 2017 Apr 11.

Lerner College of Medicine, Education Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.

. To determine if routine preoperative and intraoperative urine cultures (UCx) are necessary in pediatric vesicoureteral (VUR) reflux surgery by identifying their association with each other, preoperative symptoms, and surgical outcomes. . Read More

Adv Urol 2017 30;2017:7056173. Epub 2017 Mar 30.

The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.

. Concealed-buried penis is an acquired condition associated with obesity, challenging to both manage and repair. Urethral stricture is a more common disorder with multiple etiologies. Read More

Adv Urol 2017 1;2017:8541697. Epub 2017 Mar 1.

Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.

. To evaluate the distribution of neuroendocrine (NE) cells which may influence the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the transition zone (TZ). . Read More

Adv Urol 2017 21;2017:3483172. Epub 2017 Feb 21.

Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.

Nephrolithiasis accelerates the renal failure in the patients with ADPKD. In order to evaluate the role of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in management of calculus in these patients, 11 patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and renal stones were included in the study. Two patients had bilateral renal stones. Read More

Adv Urol 2017 19;2017:6321702. Epub 2017 Feb 19.

Department of Urology, Lagoa Federal Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Urogenital Research Unit, Rio de Janeiro State University, Av. 28 de Setembro, 77 Fundos Vila Izabel, 20250-050 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

. To analyze the penile and urethral meatus biometry and its correlation with meatoplasty during endoscopic resections. We also propose a new classification for urethral meatus morphology. Read More

Adv Urol 2017 22;2017:3941727. Epub 2017 Jan 22.

Department of Urological Surgery, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.

. The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. Obesity can be determined by body mass index (BMI); however waist circumference (WC) is a better measure of central obesity. Read More

Adv Urol 2017 10;2017:4635386. Epub 2017 Jan 10.

Department of Urology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of adding single doses of ceftriaxone and amikacin to a ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole regimen on the reduction of infectious complications following transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS Bx). Four hundred and fifty patients who were candidates for TRUS Bx were divided into two groups of 225 each. The control group received ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally every 12 hours together with metronidazole 500 mg orally every 8 hours from the day prior to the procedure until the fifth postoperative day. Read More

Adv Urol 2016 20;2016:6841837. Epub 2016 Dec 20.

Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey.

. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether leaving the biopsy needle used during prostate needle biopsy in 10% povidone-iodine (betadine) solution affects the infectious complications forming after biopsy. . Read More

Adv Urol 2016 4;2016:8243095. Epub 2016 Dec 4.

Department of Urology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.

. To compare the quality of health information on the Internet for keywords related to urolithiasis, to assess for difference in information quality across four main Western languages, and to compare the source of sponsorship in these websites. . Read More

Adv Urol 2016 1;2016:8045210. Epub 2016 Dec 1.

Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.

Robotic partial nephrectomy with peritumoral radiofrequency ablation (RFA-RPN) is a novel clampless technique. We describe oncologic and functional outcomes in a prospective cohort. . Read More

Adv Urol 2016 21;2016:6345816. Epub 2016 Nov 21.

Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2012/980841.]. Read More

Adv Urol 2016 27;2016:3568076. Epub 2016 Nov 27.

Department of Surgery, Urology, Saint Louis University, 3635 Vista Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Current management of high-grade blunt renal trauma favors a nonoperative approach when possible. We performed a retrospective study of high grade blunt renal injuries at our level I trauma center to determine the indications and success of nonoperative management (NOM). 47 patients with blunt grade IV or V injuries were identified between October 2004 and December 2013. Read More

Adv Urol 2016 24;2016:5157930. Epub 2016 Nov 24.

Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

To predict the success rate and complications following percutaneous nephrolithotomy via the upper pole using the Guy's Stone Score (GSS) based on the findings of a preoperative intravenous pyelogram (IVP). . Two hundred and twenty-seven renal operations, which were carried out using PCNL via the upper pole, were classified according to the GSS assigned. Read More

Adv Urol 2016 15;2016:6267953. Epub 2016 Nov 15.

Columbia University Division of Urology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 4302 Alton Road, Suite 540, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA.

. Novel disposable products for ureteroscopy are often inherently more expensive than conventional ones. For example, the Cook Flexor Parallel™ (Flexor) access sheath is designed for ease and efficiency of gaining upper tract access with a solitary wire. Read More

Adv Urol 2016 20;2016:8064648. Epub 2016 Oct 20.

Urological Research Center, Department of Urology, Lillebælt Hospital, Fredericia, Denmark; Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Fredericia, Denmark.

. High intraluminal pressure during ureterorenoscopy (URS) increases risk of infectious and haemorrhagic complications. Intrarenal pressure may be reduced by the use of ureteral access sheaths (UASs), which on the other hand may cause ureteral damage. Read More

Adv Urol 2016 18;2016:7960794. Epub 2016 Oct 18.

Department of Pediatric Urology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is rarely associated with a duplex collecting system. We review this unusual anomaly in terms of presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and surgical management. Read More

Adv Urol 2016 29;2016:1282531. Epub 2016 Aug 29.

Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Department of Surgical Sciences, Ostrava University, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Urology and Biomedical Laboratory, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark.

Objectives. To test the physical properties and host response to the bioceramic particles, silica-calcium phosphate (SCPC10) and Cristobalite, in a rat animal model and compare their biocompatibility to the current clinically utilized urethral bulking materials. Material and Methods. Read More

Adv Urol 2016 17;2016:2075021. Epub 2016 Jul 17.

Department of Urology, San Fernando General Hospital, San Fernando, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago; Division of Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago.

Aim. To conduct a clinicopathological review of all prostate biopsies performed in a tertiary referral centre in Trinidad and Tobago over a period of 30 months. Methods. Read More

Adv Urol 2016 27;2016:3140372. Epub 2016 Jun 27.

Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.

Inflammation-associated studies entice specific attention due to inflammation's role in multiple stages of prostate cancer development. However, mechanistic regulation of inflammation inciting prostate cancer remains largely uncharacterized. A focused class of inflammatory regulators known as inflammasomes has recently gained attention in cancer development. Read More

Adv Urol 2016 23;2016:2367432. Epub 2016 Jun 23.

Division of Urology, Loretto-Krankenhaus, Mercystraße 6-14, 79100 Freiburg, Germany.

Purpose. To investigate impact of polysaccharide hemostat 4DryField PH (4DF) applied on lymph node dissection area after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) on lymphorrhea and lymphocele (LC) formation. Methods. Read More

Adv Urol 2016 19;2016:1015796. Epub 2016 Jun 19.

Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State 36001, Nigeria.

Objectives. To compare the severity of LUTS among middle aged and elderly Nigerian men and determine the influence of LUTS severity on QoL. Methods. Read More

Adv Urol 2016 14;2016:5709134. Epub 2016 Jun 14.

Department of Urology, Military Hospital Avicenne, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco.

Introduction. Retrocaval ureter is a rare congenital anomaly. Open surgery was the classic treatment for this condition. Read More