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Sci Rep 2020 Jun 1;10(1):8846. Epub 2020 Jun 1.

Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada.

Rare or orphan diseases affect only small populations, thereby limiting the economic incentive for the drug development process, often resulting in a lack of progress towards treatment. Drug repositioning is a promising approach in these cases, due to its low cost. In this approach, one attempts to identify new purposes for existing drugs that have already been developed and approved for use. Read More

Cancers (Basel) 2020 May 28;12(6). Epub 2020 May 28.

I Radiology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy.

We evaluated tumor response at Computed Tomography (CT) according to three radiologic criteria: RECIST 1.1, CHOI and tumor volume in 34 patients with metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) submitted to standard chemotherapy. These three criteria agreed in defining partial response, stable or progressive disease in 24 patients (70. Read More

Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2020 Apr 29;2020. Epub 2020 Apr 29.

Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Douai Hospital Center, Douai, France.

Summary: Multiple endocrine metastases are a rare but possible complication of lung adenocarcinoma (LAC). Pituitary metastasis is a rare condition with poor clinical expression. Diabetes insipidus (DI) is its most common presenting symptom. Read More

Front Cell Dev Biol 2020 15;8:332. Epub 2020 May 15.

Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio," University of Florence, Florence, Italy.

Adipose tissue in physiological and in metabolically altered conditions (obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome) strictly interacts with the developing tumors both systemically and locally. In addition to the cancer-associated fibroblasts, adipose cells have also recently been described among the pivotal actors of the tumor microenvironment responsible for sustaining tumor development and progression. In particular, emerging evidence suggests that not only the mature adipocytes but also the adipose stem cells (ASCs) are able to establish a strict crosstalk with the tumour cells, thus resulting in a reciprocal reprogramming of both the tumor and adipose components. Read More

Endocr J 2020 May 29. Epub 2020 May 29.

Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, Padua University, Padua, Italy.

Autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) is a rare condition occurring either in isolation or associated with other autoimmune diseases as part of an autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) type 1, 2 or 4. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1, 2 or 4 is a hereditary autosomal dominant cancer syndrome. Medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma are neoplasms common to MEN-2a and MEN-2b. Read More

J Immunother Cancer 2020 May;8(1)

Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy. Tumor-related glucocorticoid excess is present in ~60% of patients and associated with particularly poor prognosis. Results of first clinical trials using immune checkpoint inhibitors were heterogeneous. Read More

J Endocrinol Invest 2020 May 28. Epub 2020 May 28.

Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrine Unit, Medical School and Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 255 Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco Street, 9th floor, University City, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-913, Brazil.

Purpose: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare disease with few therapeutic options. There is an urgency of new effective therapeutic options for these patients. The role of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in advanced ACC patients is still unclear. Read More

World J Surg Oncol 2020 May 28;18(1):109. Epub 2020 May 28.

Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Breast Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.

Background: The most common sites of recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been reported to be the liver, lung, bone, and adrenal glands, but there have also been many reports of cases of multiple recurrence. The prognosis after recurrence is poor, with reported median survival after recurrence of HCC ranging from 9 to 19 months. Here, we report a case of long-term survival after recurrence of pharyngeal metastasis following living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for HCC within the Milan criteria, by resection of the metastatic region and cervical lymph node dissection. Read More

Urology 2020 May 24. Epub 2020 May 24.

Department of Urology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea. Electronic address:

Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma is called paraganglioma. Paraganglioma near the ureterovesical junction can be confused with urothelial carcinoma in a ureterocele. Urinary metanephrine can be an indicator for bladder paraganglioma. Read More

Praxis (Bern 1994) 2020 ;109(7):513-516

Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, Universitätsspital Zürich.

An Uncommon Cause of Arterial Hypertension A 54-year-old patient was suffering from arterial hypertension, which was not treated sufficiently despite an antihypertensive therapy with three different types of drugs. In addition, the patient complained an increase in weight of ten kilos during the last year and a new onset of diabetes mellitus type 2. Investigations as to secondary forms of hypertension by MRI revealed an adrenal tumor with a diameter of approx. Read More

Br J Cancer 2020 May 26. Epub 2020 May 26.

Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.

Background: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a cancer predisposition syndrome caused by defects on chromosome 11p15.5. The quantitative cancer risks in BWS patients depend on the underlying (epi)genotype but have not yet been assessed in a population-based manner. Read More

Eur J Endocrinol 2020 May 1. Epub 2020 May 1.

D Maiter, Endocrinology, St luc university hospital, Brussels, 1200, Belgium.

Introduction: Intravenous etomidate infusion is effective to rapidly lower cortisol levels in severe Cushing's syndrome (CS) in the intensive care unit (ICU). Recently, etomidate treatment has also been proposed at lower doses in non-ICU wards but it is not yet clear how this approach compares to ICU treatment.

Methods: We compared data from patients with severe CS treated with high starting doses of etomidate (median: 0. Read More

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020 May 25. Epub 2020 May 25.

Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive tumour with limited treatment options for metastatic disease . Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibition, in particular anti-programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) blockade has transformed the management of several malignancies. We describe prolonged remission of an ectopic-ACTH secreting refractory stage-IV ACC treated with anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab combined with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) antibody ipilimumab. Read More

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 May 25. Epub 2020 May 25.

Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

Context: Objective response rate to mitotane in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is approximately 20% and adverse drug effects are frequent. To date there is no marker established that predicts treatment response. Mitotane has been shown to inhibit sterol-O-acyl transferase 1 (SOAT1) which leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death in ACC cells. Read More

Surg Case Rep 2020 May 24;6(1):106. Epub 2020 May 24.

Department of Thoracic Surgery, Iwakuni Clinical Center, 1-1-1 Atago-machi, Iwakuni-shi, Yamaguchi, 740-8510, Japan.

Background: No established treatments for pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma exist because of its rarity, and the prognosis is poorer than that of other non-small cell lung cancers.

Case Report: We present a case of stage IV pleomorphic carcinoma; the patient was a 66-year-old male. He was referred to our hospital because of a right adrenal hemorrhage and a lung tumor. Read More

Radiat Oncol 2020 May 24;15(1):118. Epub 2020 May 24.

Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academe of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.

Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy. Surgical resection is the standard treatment for localized ACC, but the local recurrence remains high. Adjuvant radiation (ART) has been proposed as a means to reduce recurrence rates in ACC after surgery with conflicting results from nonrandomized studies. Read More

Endocr Connect 2020 May 1. Epub 2020 May 1.

J Kim, Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 135-710, Korea (the Republic of).

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) in South Korea.

Methods: A nationwide, registry-based survey was conducted to identify pathologically proven ACC at 25 tertiary care centers in South Korea between 2000 and 2014. Cox proportional hazard model and log-rank test were adopted for survival analysis. Read More

J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2020 May 21:1-8. Epub 2020 May 21.

Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic.

Copper is an environmental risk factor, which has various effects on reproductive endocrinology. In this study human adrenocortical carcinoma (NCI-H295R) cell line was used as an biological model to study the effect of copper sulfate (CuSO.5HO) on steroidogenesis and cytotoxicity. Read More

Case Rep Endocrinol 2020 4;2020:4768281. Epub 2020 May 4.

Endocrinology Service, UIM Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional, S.XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.

Objective: To report the immunohistochemical and molecular evaluation of a patient with ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS) from a MCAT which has single cells with features of both 96 medullary and cortical differentiation. . A 16-year-old woman presented with severe EAS and a large right MCAT composed of ACTH-secreting cells resembling pheochromocytoma and another lineage similar to adrenal carcinoma. Read More

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020 May 18. Epub 2020 May 18.

Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare the long-term outcomes of patients with localized adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) subjected to open versus laparoscopic surgery.

Design: Retrospective study.

Patients: This retrospective study included 46 patients with the ACC ENSAT stage I-III of whom 23 underwent open surgery (OA group) whereas 23 were subjected to laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA group). Read More

Cancers (Basel) 2020 May 13;12(5). Epub 2020 May 13.

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Maxima Medical Center, 5631 Eindhoven/Veldhoven, The Netherlands.

DNA methylation profiling has been suggested a reliable technique to distinguish between benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors, a process which with current diagnostic methods remains challenging and lacks diagnostic accuracy of borderline tumors. Accurate distinction between benign and malignant adrenal tumors is of the essence, since ACC is a rare but aggressive endocrine disease with an annual incidence of about 2.0 cases per million people per year. Read More

Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2020 May 13;2020. Epub 2020 May 13.

Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal.

Summary: We describe the case of a 56 year-old woman with the almost simultaneous appearance of diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) and a carotid body paraganglioma. Of interest, 6 years earlier, the patient underwent total thyroidectomy due to papillary thyroid carcinoma and, in the meantime, she was submitted to mastectomy to treat an invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. In order to explain these lesions, an extensive genetic study was performed. Read More

Cureus 2020 Apr 10;12(4):e7625. Epub 2020 Apr 10.

Hematology Oncology, Crozer Chester Medical Center, Upland, USA.

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors are immuno-modulatory antibodies used in patients with advanced cancers like melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, etc. They are associated with a wide array of side effects, commonly known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs), affecting dermatological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, endocrine, and other systems. We present a case of nivolumab-induced adrenal insufficiency in a patient presenting with refractory hypotension. Read More

Case Rep Gastroenterol 2020 Jan-Apr;14(1):186-196. Epub 2020 Apr 21.

Gastroenterology and Hepatology, East Orange Department of Veteran's Affair, East Orange, New Jersey, USA.

Lung cancer is a common malignancy which is frequently found to metastasize to distant sites including bone, liver, and adrenal glands. There are rare reports of metastases to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the duodenum being the most uncommon. We present a rare case of a poorly differentiated lung carcinoma metastasizing to the duodenum. Read More

Endocrine 2020 May 10. Epub 2020 May 10.

Department of Endocrinology, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1251, Endo-ERN Reference Center for Rare Genetic Tumor Syndromes, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is a rare hereditary syndrome due to mutations of the proto-oncogene REarranged during Transfection (RET), defined by the association of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) in almost 100% cases, and pheochromocytoma in roughly 50% (primary hyperparathyroidism can be seen in 10-20% of patients with MEN2A). Early thyroidectomy and the efficacy of novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors modified the natural history of MTC, with possibilities of cure or long-term control. The second main compound, pheochromocytoma, is reported with a variable penetrance, from 10 to 80% cases, depending on the mutation of RET. Read More

Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2020 Feb;47(2):358-360

Dept. of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka General Medical Center.

A man in his 50s was admitted to our hospital due to hematemesis.Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed an 8 cm type 2 gastric tumor.The tumor was histologically diagnosed as a neuroendocrine carcinoma. Read More

Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2020 Feb;47(2):304-306

Dept. of Surgery, Kansai Rosai Hospital.

Hepatocellular carcinoma with bile duct invasion is rare, with a reported incidence of 3.4%. A 71-year-old man with hepatocellular carcinoma underwent radiofrequency ablation(RFA)(S6, S7, S8)and required readmission 22 months after the RFA for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence detected by gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Read More

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020 Apr;24(8):4172-4179

Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

Objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common fatal cancer in the world and androgens are among the possible etiological factors. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of inherited diseases caused by enzyme failure in the steroid biosynthesis of the adrenal cortex, resulting in an augmented 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone production. While the occurrence of testicular adrenal rest tumors and adrenocortical tumors in congenital adrenal hyperplasia is well described in the literature, no data on HCC occurrence are available. Read More

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020 16;11:219. Epub 2020 Apr 16.

Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are aggressive tumors with a heterogeneous prognosis and limited therapeutic options for advanced stages. This study aims to identify novel drug targets for a personalized treatment in ACC. RNA was isolated from 40 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ACC samples. Read More

Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2020 May 6;13(5):e010058. Epub 2020 May 6.

Department of Cardiology (N.A.-S.), Royal Cornwall Hospital NHS Trust.

Endocr Pathol 2020 May 4. Epub 2020 May 4.

Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, 11th floor, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.

Metabolic reprogramming is a cellular process contributing to carcinogenesis. However, it remains poorly understood in adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC), an aggressive malignancy with overall poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. We characterized the metabolic phenotype of ACC, by examining the immunoprofile of key proteins involved in glucose metabolism, hexokinase (HK1), pyruvate kinase (PKM1, PKM2), succinate dehydrogenase (SDHB), and phospho-S6 ribosomal protein (pS6), in a tissue microarray of 137 adrenal cortical tissue samples. Read More

J Comp Pathol 2020 Apr 26;176:10-13. Epub 2020 Feb 26.

Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. Electronic address:

A 20-year-old male brown bear (Ursus arctos) with a 20 × 25 cm necrotic mass adjacent to the trachea was diagnosed as having an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Metastases were observed in the lungs and one adrenal gland and, histologically, these had anaplastic and follicular carcinoma patterns, respectively. E-cadherin labelling was observed in the adrenal mass only, while N-cadherin immunolabelling was detected in the thyroid gland and lung masses. Read More

J Card Surg 2020 Apr 30. Epub 2020 Apr 30.

Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Intravascular tumor extension in the inferior vena cava (IVC) is known to occur with abdominal tumors, such as renal cell, hepatocellular, adrenal cell carcinoma, and Wilm's tumor. We encountered a 53-year-old male patient presenting with pulmonary embolism and a right atrial mass with imaging evidence of an adrenal tumor extending into the IVC, up to the right atrium. The patient underwent surgery for the resection of the tumor using cardiopulmonary bypass by a team of cardiothoracic surgeons and urologists. Read More

Indian J Nucl Med 2020 Apr-Jun;35(2):165-166. Epub 2020 Mar 12.

Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT, Kamalnayan Bajaj Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

We present fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET-CT) findings in an extremely rare case of penile metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. A 66-year-old male, a known case of renal cell carcinoma, underwent FDG PET-CT. The scan showed metabolically active cervical lymph nodes, lytic skeletal lesions, deposit in the left adrenal gland, and nodules in the bilateral lungs, indicating metastatic disease. Read More

Head Neck Pathol 2020 Apr 29. Epub 2020 Apr 29.

Department of Radiation Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Oligometastatic disease is a hypothesized intermediate stage of disease between localized and widespread metastatic cancer. Localized treatment of oligometastatic lesions may offer survival advantages in addition to systemic treatment. In this case report, we describe a patient who presented with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma "Merkel type" (SNECM) of the parotid gland which had metastasized to the brain and adrenal gland. Read More

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020 04 29. Epub 2020 Apr 29.

Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

Context: NCI-H295 cells are the most widely used model for adrenal steroidogenesis and adrenocortical carcinoma and have been used for decades in laboratories worldwide. However, reported steroidogenic properties differ considerably.

Objective: To evaluate heterogeneity of steroidogenesis among NCI-H295 cell strains, clarify the influence of culture media and test response to inhibitors of steroidogenesis by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Read More

Prostate 2020 Jun 29;80(9):698-714. Epub 2020 Apr 29.

Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.

Background: Osteoblastic bone metastasis represents the most common complication in men with prostate cancer (PCa). During progression and bone metastasis, PCa cells acquire properties similar to bone cells in a phenomenon called osteomimicry, which promotes their ability to metastasize, proliferate, and survive in the bone microenvironment. The mechanism of osteomimicry resulting in osteoblastic bone metastasis is unclear. Read More

Exp Ther Med 2020 Jun 19;19(6):3513-3520. Epub 2020 Mar 19.

Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Third Clinical Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China.

Patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-sensitive mutations generally have a significantly higher objective response rate (ORR) and longer progression-free survival (PFS) after EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment. However, the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs in the case of uncommon EGFR mutations has remained elusive. In the present study, the characteristics of uncommon EGFR mutations and EGFR-TKI treatments were compared in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from different ethnic groups. Read More

World Neurosurg 2020 Apr 25. Epub 2020 Apr 25.

Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Background: Spinal vascular malformations (SVM) are rarely multiple: less than 50 observations have so far been documented, with a maximum of 4 coexisting lesions per patient, always restricted to a single vertebral region (e.g., cervical or thoracic). Read More

Pharm Dev Technol 2020 May 19:1-13. Epub 2020 May 19.

Biotechnology Industrial Program, Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMed), University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.

The adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) treatment, for which mitotane (o,p'-DDD) is the drug of choice, still remains a challenge both because of the well-known solubility problems of the drug, and its serious side effects. Mitotane is currently administered as oral tablets. The loading of mitotane into nanocarriers has been suggested as a way to circumvent the low solubility of the drug and its limited oral bioavailability. Read More

J Endocr Soc 2020 May 1;4(5):bvaa040. Epub 2020 Apr 1.

Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima MC, Eindhoven/Veldhoven, the Netherlands.

Little is known about the impact of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and no disease-specific questionnaire exists. This qualitative study aimed to identify relevant domains of HRQoL for patients with ACC. In 2 focus group interviews, we discussed concerns regarding living with ACC and its treatments. Read More

J Card Surg 2020 Apr 27. Epub 2020 Apr 27.

Department of Surgery and Urology, Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, Miami Transplant Institute University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.

Endocr Pract 2020 Apr 27. Epub 2020 Apr 27.

From: Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.

Sci Rep 2020 Apr 24;10(1):7008. Epub 2020 Apr 24.

Department of Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

This study reports the first phytochemical and biological characterization in treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma cells (H295R) of extracts from Nidularium procerum, an endemic bromeliad of Atlantic Forest vulnerable to extinction. Extracts of dry leaves obtained from in vitro-grown plants were recovered by different extraction methods, viz., hexanoic, ethanolic, and hot and cold aqueous. Read More

Hinyokika Kiyo 2020 Mar;66(3):91-96

The Department of Urology, Miyazaki University Hospital.

A 73-year-old Japanese man visited the urology clinic with the chief complaint of gross hematuria in June 2015. His prostate specific antigen (PSA) level was 146.7 ng/ml and he was diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma with a Gleason Score of 5+4. Read More

Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2020 Apr 16. Epub 2020 Apr 16.

Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Naval Medical University, Changzheng Hospital, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, 200003 Shanghai, PR China. Electronic address:

Aims: To evaluate risk of adverse events (AEs) in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (AHCC) with immune checkpoint therapy in this setting.

Methods: A systematic search of original articles published until November 2019 was performed using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. And a meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Read More