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J Vitreoretin Dis 2020 Jun 11;4(3):192-201. Epub 2020 Feb 11.

Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.

Diagnostics (Basel) 2021 May 24;11(6). Epub 2021 May 24.

Retinal and Inflammatory Eye Diseases, Centre for Ophthalmic Specialized Care (COS), Clinic Montchoisi Teaching Centre, 1003 Lausanne, Switzerland.

The choroid was poorly accessible to imaging investigation until the last decade of the last century. With the availability of more precise imaging methods such as indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and, later, optical coherence tomography (OCT), enhanced depth OCT (EDI-OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA), appraisal of choroidal inflammation has substantially gained in accuracy. This allowed to precisely determine which structures were touched in the different non-infectious choroiditis entities and made it possible to classify this group of diseases, ICGA signs, mainly hypofluorescent lesions, were identified and described. Read More

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021 May 29. Epub 2021 May 29.

Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.

Purpose: To describe three patients that developed temporally distinct episodes of optic neuritis and multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and imaging studies of three women evaluated at a tertiary referral center for both optic neuritis and MEWDS.

Results: Three otherwise healthy women, aged 17, 36, and 41, developed temporally separated episodes of optic neuritis and MEWDS. Read More

Int J Retina Vitreous 2021 May 25;7(1):41. Epub 2021 May 25.

Retina Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico.

Background: To report a case of unilateral acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) in a Hispanic convalescent COVID-19 female patient. Case presentation A 35-year-old Hispanic female with exposure to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was evaluated due to unilateral visual loss. Ophthalmic examination and diagnostic tests were consistent with APMPPE. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2021 May 24;14(5). Epub 2021 May 24.

Smt Kannuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Diseases, LV Prasad Eye Institute, KAR Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Multifocal choroiditis (MFC) can be associated with ocular tuberculosis (TB). Inflammatory peripapillary choroidal neovascular membrane (PPCNVM) is uncommon in TB MFC. Subretinal pigment epithelial inflammatory lesions are suggestive of acute inflammation or reactivation of inflammation in the setting of MFC. Read More

Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2021 Jun 16;22:101102. Epub 2021 Apr 16.

Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Purpose: To report a case of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) associated with cranial nerve (CN) III palsy.

Observations: A 20-year-old woman developed bilateral anterior uveitis, which resolved with topical steroids. Three weeks later she exhibited posterior pole lesions in both eyes, corresponding with a diagnosis of APMPPE, as confirmed by multimodal imaging. Read More

Am J Case Rep 2021 Apr 30;22:e931169. Epub 2021 Apr 30.

Ophthalmology Service, Institute of Medical Assistance to the State Public Servant (IAMSPE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

BACKGROUND Retinal sequelae have been reported in patients who have had COVID-19. This is a case report of acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN), presenting with low visual acuity in the left eye, 14 days after the first symptoms of COVID-19 infection. CASE REPORT A 71-year-old woman presented for ophthalmological evaluation complaining of low visual acuity in the left eye, 14 days after the first symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Read More

J Fr Ophtalmol 2021 Apr 20. Epub 2021 Apr 20.

Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital central de l'Armée, boîte postale 244, 16064 Kouba, Algérie.

Am J Ophthalmol 2021 Apr 9. Epub 2021 Apr 9.

Houston Eye Associates, Houston, TX, USA.

Purpose: To determine classification criteria for acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE).

Design: Machine learning of cases with APMPPE and 8 other posterior uveitides.

Methods: Cases of posterior uveitides were collected in an informatics-designed preliminary database, and a final database was constructed of cases achieving supermajority agreement on diagnosis, using formal consensus techniques. Read More

Einstein (Sao Paulo) 2021 26;19:eRC5521. Epub 2021 Feb 26.

Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Sophisticated imaging systems have helped to redefine the clinical presentation of acute macular neuroretinopathy and have markedly enhanced diagnostic sensitivity. The proposed mechanism of paracentral acute middle maculopathy is related to ischemia at the level of the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexi. This is a case report of a patient who developed an acute macular neuroretinopathy after an uneventful angioplasty with stents in the coronary artery. Read More

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021 Feb 22:1-15. Epub 2021 Feb 22.

DHU Sight Restore, Centre Hospitalier National Des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France.

Purpose: To describe the application of OCT-A in various posterior uveitis disorders in our experience and to compare it with the available literature.

Methods: Eighteen eyes with the diagnoses of multifocal choroiditis (MFC), multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE), multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), tuberculous serpiginous-like choroiditis (SLC), serpiginous choroiditis (SC), and birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR) were studied.

Results: We found flow void of the choriocapillaris in patients with APMPPE, SC, MFC, BSCR, and in SLC. Read More

Arq Bras Oftalmol 2021 Mar-Apr;84(2):174-178

Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.

We report a case of a young Caucasian female presenting with sudden decrease of vision in the left eye, metamorphopsia, and nasal scotoma. Past medical history revealed a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis, which was currently treated with azathioprine, pyridostigmine, and prednisone. Ophthalmological examination showed fundus with clear vitreous and yellow-white lesions that were isolated and perimacular in the right eye, multiple and confluent in the macula, and punctate in periphery in the left eye. Read More

J Curr Ophthalmol 2020 Oct-Dec;32(4):381-389. Epub 2020 Dec 12.

Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedale Valduce, Como, Italy.

Purpose: To evaluate the multimodal imaging of acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis (ASPPC) lesions in order to elucidate their pathophysiology which seems to resemble choriocapillaritis as in primary inflammatory choriocapillaropathies such as multifocal choroiditis (MFC) and acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE).

Methods: Charts of patients with ASPPC seen in the Centre for Ophthalmic Specialised Care, Lausanne, Switzerland, were retrieved. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), and when available, OCT angiography were analyzed and compared to a case of MFC. Read More

J Fr Ophtalmol 2021 Apr 23;44(4):e177-e180. Epub 2021 Jan 23.

Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital Pontchaillou, CHU de Rennes, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes cedex 9, France.

Br J Ophthalmol 2021 Jan 19. Epub 2021 Jan 19.

Oftalmico Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy

Placoid lesions of the retina may be secondary to a wide spectrum of acquired inflammatory conditions that have been reported as single entities with different presentation and clinical course. These conditions include acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, persistent placoid maculopathy, serpiginous choroiditis, serpiginous-like choroiditis, relentless placoid chorioretinitis and acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis. In this article, we will group these conditions under the name of 'placoids'. Read More

Eur J Ophthalmol 2021 Mar 9;31(2):817-822. Epub 2021 Jan 9.

Immunology Eye Unit, Azienda USL IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy.

Purpose: Retinal photoreceptors layer integrity is considered essential to visual function. We report a case of acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) complex disease (namely AIBSE: acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement) in which apparently a full anatomic regeneration is not needed for a complete functional recovery.

Methods: Case report with multimodal imaging. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2020 Dec 22;13(12). Epub 2020 Dec 22.

Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India.

A young man presented with bilateral diminution of vision after acute coronary syndrome. Fundus showed dark wedge-shaped perifoveal lesions in both eyes. Fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine angiography were normal. Read More

Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021 Mar 20;33:102146. Epub 2020 Dec 20.

State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address:

Purpose: To investigate baseline clinical and imaging factors that may correlate with risk of recurrence of punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC).

Methods: In this retrospective observational study, charts and multimodal imaging of forty-five patients diagnosed with PIC during the active inflammatory phase were reviewed. MMI examinations, including fundus photography, shortwave fundus autofluorescence(SW-FAF), fluorescein angiography(FFA), indocyanine green angiography(ICGA), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT_), were conducted to diagnose PIC, and MMI parameters at baseline were assessed as potential biomarkers indicating the recurrence of inflammation. Read More

Int J Mol Sci 2020 Dec 17;21(24). Epub 2020 Dec 17.

Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.

The strong association with the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I genes represents a shared trait for a group of autoimmune/autoinflammatory disorders having in common immunopathogenetic basis as well as clinical features. Accordingly, the main risk factors for Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), prototype of the Spondyloarthropathies (SpA), the Behçet's disease (BD), the Psoriasis (Ps) and the Birdshot Chorioretinopathy (BSCR) are HLA-B*27, HLA-B*51, HLA-C*06:02 and HLA-A*29:02, respectively. Despite the strength of the association, the HLA pathogenetic role in these diseases is far from being thoroughly understood. Read More

Ophthalmol Retina 2020 Dec 22. Epub 2020 Dec 22.

Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.

Purpose: To describe a clinical picture resembling classic multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) potentially triggered by previous or concurrent, apparently unrelated, ocular events and to provide a literature review of similar presentations.

Design: Retrospective chart series and literature review.

Participants: Consecutive patients diagnosed with MEWDS at the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, and the IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy, between July 2019 and June 2020. Read More

Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2020 Dec;56(12):914-919

Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology ＆ Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, ChinaWang Xiaona is a graduate student, now working at Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damage Ocular Nerve, Beijing 100191, China.

To summarize the clinical and fundus imaging features of purified protein derivative and T-spot positive tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis (PTP-SLC) patients. This retrospective study consecutively enrolled 13 PTP-SLC patients (21 eyes) in Beijing Tongren Hospital from November 2015 to November 2017. There were 8 males and 5 females with an average age of (45. Read More

Ophthalmol Retina 2020 Nov 30. Epub 2020 Nov 30.

Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California. Electronic address:

Purpose: To report the clinical and imaging characteristics of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) from a large single-center cohort.

Design: Single-center, retrospective cohort study.

Participants: A total of 111 patients previously diagnosed with MEWDS in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California system from 2012 to 2019. Read More

Eur J Ophthalmol 2020 Dec 2:1120672120977829. Epub 2020 Dec 2.

Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Introduction: Persistent placoid maculopathy (PPM) is a rare entity that preferably affects males in the age range between 50 and 60 years, but cases at a young age have already been reported. In the latter, the initial symptoms are usually unilateral, without severely decreased visual acuity and anterior segment inflammation.

Case Report: We report a case of PPM with anterior segment inflammation in a young male. Read More

Retina 2021 Feb;41(2):e12-e14

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de l'Hôpital Nord, Chemin des Bourrely, Marseille, France.

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020 Nov 2:1-7. Epub 2020 Nov 2.

IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy.

Aims: To analyze the morphological and functional findings using microperimetry and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE).

Methods: This retrospective observational case series included four eyes of two patients with APMPPE. Best-corrected visual acuity range was from 20/20 to 20/250. Read More

Sci Rep 2020 10 19;10(1):17636. Epub 2020 Oct 19.

Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.

Birdshot retinochoroidopathy occurs exclusively in individuals who are HLA-A29 positive. The mechanism to account for this association is unknown. The gut microbiome has been causally implicated in many immune-mediated diseases. Read More

PLoS One 2020 5;15(10):e0239210. Epub 2020 Oct 5.

Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.

To evaluate the impact of Birdshot-Retinochoroidopathy (BSRC) and Serpiginous Choroiditis (SC) on depression, anxiety, and vision-related quality of life. 72 individuals (BSRC: n = 28, SC: n = 8; healthy control group (HC): n = 36) completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and the Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25). Multivariate linear regression models were used to analyze different subscales of the PHQ-9, the GAD-7 and the VFQ-25. Read More

Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2020 Nov;31(6):532-537

UCLA Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Purpose Of Review: This article summarizes the systemic and ocular manifestations of Blau syndrome, its genetic basis, and reviews recently published literature.

Recent Findings: A large multicenter prospective case series is underway, with 3-year preliminary results indicating the prevalence of uveitis, clinical characteristics and early data on its visual prognosis. Case reports have demonstrated the successful use of newer biologic agents. Read More

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020 Sep 23:1-4. Epub 2020 Sep 23.

Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Advanced Eye Center, Chandigarh, India.

Background: The term bacillary layer detachment (BLD) represents a possible separation between the myoid and ellipsoid component of the inner segment, following insult or injury to the outer retina. It has been described previously in cases of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis, central serous chorioretinopathy, Vogt Koyanagi Harada disease and trauma.

Purpose: To describe the presence of BLD in Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE). Read More

Neurologist 2020 Sep;25(5):131-136

Departments of Neurology.

Introduction: Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) is an ophthalmologic condition of likely immune origin. Typically, it presents as a chorioretinitis with bilateral visual disturbance and characteristic funduscopic lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium. APMPPE has been associated with several systemic and neurological complications, including cerebrovascular diseases. Read More