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Acta Virol 2019;63(1):126-128

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):121-125

The H8 subtype viruses are rarely isolated from wild ducks. Shanghai is one of the important wintering or stopover sites on the East Asia-Australia Migration Flyway. An influenza virus, subtype H8N4, was firstly isolated from a common teal (Anas crecca) in Shanghai during 2017-2018 in this study. Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):117-120

The phospholipase C (PLC) is a family of kinases that hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] to generate two second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), which stimulate distinct downstream signaling. Recently, it has been reported that PLC signaling is activated by multiple viruses for efficient replication and the virus-induced inflammatory response. In this study, we demonstrated that PLC-specific inhibitor U73122 strongly suppressed porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) productive infection in cell cultures. Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):111-116

Recently, mitochondria have been shown to have a vital role in the innate immune response to viral infection. In response, viruses such as adenovirus, have developed mechanisms to alter mitochondrial function through direct or indirect interaction with the mitochondria. The interaction of human recombinant adenoviral vectors directly with human mitochondria has not previously been shown. Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):103-110

Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are considered as important causative agents of diarrhea in both human and animal species. Fecal specimens (n = 300) were collected from both diarrheic and healthy animals during the year 2009 from animal farms from Nagpur (Maharashtra), Western India. RVA antigen was detected by ELISA in 3. Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):96-102

The presence of porcine astroviruses in diarrheic and healthy pigs has been reported, however, the consequences of the astrovirus infection during the weaning process have not been described. In this study, eight healthy conventional newly-weaned piglets were used to evaluate effects of astrovirus infection during the first five days. Four piglets were infected with the porcine astrovirus PoAstV/PUJP5 strain and the other four represented the control group. Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):88-95

The main immunogenic protein of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the spike protein (S protein), which plays an important role in receptor binding, membrane fusion, and viral invasion of the host. In this paper, the linear epitope of the 3F10 non-neutralizing monoclonal antibody that was previously prepared in our laboratory was identified. The expression of truncated forms of the S protein for 3F10 reaction studies proved that the epitope was located between amino acids (aa) 674 and 791. Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):80-87

Grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV) and grouper iridovirus (GIV) are major grouper-infecting viruses in southern China that can cause serious economic losses. A duplex reverse transcription-PCR (duplex RT-PCR) method was developed for the simultaneous detection of GNNV and GIV. Eight groups of primers specifically targeting the capsid protein genes of GNNV and GIV were designed and analyzed. Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):70-79

Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and bermuda grass southern mosaic virus (BgSMV) is the most important cereal potyvirus in Iran. Expression of some key genes in maize plants susceptible and tolerant to MDMV or BgSMV and gene expression profile of MDMV and BgSMV compatible or incompatible to Johnson grass plants were studied. Time points of 1, 9, 24 and 72 h after inoculation with both viruses were investigated as well. Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):60-69

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious viral infection that affects domestic and wild pig population. The classical swine fever virus (CSFV) targets immune cells which perturb the immune functions causing immunopathological disorders such as immunosuppression, leukopenia and haemorrhage. In the present study, ELISA and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was employed to determine cytokine profiles in pigs naturally infected with CSFV using whole blood assay (WBA) under field conditions. Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):53-59

The avian adeno-associated virus (AAAV) is a replication-defective nonpathogenic virus that has been proved to be useful as a viral vector in gene delivery. In this study, the feasibility of AAAV for transgenic expression of duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) VP3 structural protein and its ability to induce protective immunity in ducklings was assessed. The recombinant AAAV (rAAAV-VP3) expressing the VP3 protein was prepared by co-infection of Sf9 cells with recombinant baculovirus (rBac-VP3) containing VP3 gene flanked by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of AAAV and the other two recombinant baculovirus expressing AAAV functional and structural genes, respectively. Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):45-52

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious and important transboundary disease of cloven-hoofed animals and ruminants. In ruminants, an animal is considered as a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) carrier if a live FMDV/FMDV RNA is obtained from the oro-pharyngeal fluid (OPF) beyond 28 days after infection. These carrier animals may pose a risk for causing outbreaks in healthy animals. Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):36-44

Alphasatellites, formerly known as DNA 1, are a satellite-like components associated with begomoviruses (the family Geminiviridae) that require betasatellite for symptom induction but depend on DNA-A for systemic movement. We have converted alphasatellite into gene-silencing vector (modified alphasatellite (∆DNA 1)) by deleting its A-rich region that does not affect the replication nor the movement of the helper virus. Insertion of a transgene green florescence protein (GFP) into ∆DNA 1 resulted in the silencing g of the cognate gene in Nicotiana benthamiana. Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):26-35

Whitefly-transmitted viruses of the genus Begomovirus (the family Geminiviridae) have become a limiting factor for agricultural productivity in many warmer parts of the world. The economies of Pakistan and India have, since the early 1990s, suffered losses due to cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). The disease is caused by begomoviruses, the most important of which at this time is cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus strain Burewala (CLCuKoV-Bu), and a disease-specific betasatellite, cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB). Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):19-25

Chicken infectious anemia (CIA) is an immunosuppressive disease that causes great economic loss in poultry industry globally. This disease is caused by chicken anemia virus (CAV), an icosahedral and single-stranded DNA virus that is transmitted both vertically and horizontally. CAV, which belongs to the genus Gyrovirus has been reported in human, mouse and dog feces. Read More

Acta Virol 2019;63(1):3-18

Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important, infectious and non-contagious disease of ruminant animals. BT disease is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) of the genus Orbivirus (the family Reoviridae). BTV is transmitted by certain species of biting midges of the genus Culicoides. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):455-458

Wild boar is an important reservoir of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV). There is concern that transmission of this virus from wild boar to domestic pigs is possible. The aim of this work was to compare the antibody response produced by single dose of a gE-deleted ADV vaccine in wild boar to revaccinated animals, to assess if simple single-dose vaccination plans should be examined as a possible control measure against ADV in wild boar. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):447-453

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important pathogenic factor for cervical cancer and understanding the mechanism of HPV gene transcription is important for the prevention and therapy of HPV related cervical cancer. This study aimed to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of HPV gene transcription. SiHa cells containing integrated HPV16 were treated with NO donor DETA-NO and cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were determined. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):441-446

Internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) functions as a cis-acting RNA element, which drives an alternative and cap-independent translation initiation pathway. Currently, there are few studies on effects of nucleotide usages at key nucleotide positions +4 and -3 flanking start codon mediated by IRES of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Herein, we focus on the effect of nucleotide usages at -3 and +4 positions mediated by HCV IRES. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):435-440

Microtubule-associated protein 9 (MAP9) is a mitosis-associated protein involved in bipolar spindle assembly. Following DNA damage, MAP9 stabilizes p53 via p300 and MDM2 (mouse double minute-2 homolog). The dysregulation of MAP9 was considered to be associated with tumorigenesis. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):424-434

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can establish in its host a persistent infection, without any prominent symptoms. Even during this infection, when the infectious virions are not released, the virus still disseminates effectively. A very effective and fast way of infection of neighboring cells utilized by many viruses is cell-to-cell transmission. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):415-423

Goose parvovirus (GPV) is a highly contagious and lethal disease in goslings and Muscovy ducklings, and is of concern to the waterfowl industry. With the aim of comparing the cellular immunogenicity of three capsid proteins of GPV, plasmids of pcDNA3.1(+)-VP1, pcDNA3. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):409-414

Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular pathogenic bacterium and etiological agent of Q fever in humans. Recently, the bacterium has been set free from the strictly intracellular condition by successful cultivation in acidified citrate cysteine medium. Here, we report a bacterial cell counting method that allows rapid quantification of the absolute or relative number of live cells of C. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):401-408

Hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) is a natural component of human saliva and is produced by the lactoperoxidase (LPO)/thiocyanate/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) system. OSCN- has been previously shown to exhibit antiviral activity against influenza viruses (IFV) A/H1N1/2009 and A/H1N2/2009 in vitro as well as antimicrobial and antifungal activities. We elucidated the antiviral activity of OSCN- against both IFV types A and B and the mode of its antiviral action. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):394-400

Oncolytic virotherapy offers the potential to treat tumors both as a single agent and in combination with conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and immunological therapy. Here, we describe an effective treatment regimen which combines virotherapy with immunotherapy. IFN-α and co-stimulator IL-2 along with tumor cell lysate vaccination with intratumoral administration of oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) resulted in regression of established TC1 papilloma tumor model in C57BL/6 mice. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):386-393

Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) occur sporadically and have been extensively studied because of the potential for permanent neurological damage or death. The neurotropic viruses have been reported to lead to various CNS infections. The objective of the present study is to develop an antigen detection ELISA protocol for detection and quantification of viral antigen in CNS infections by assessing the usefulness of antipeptide antibodies against potential peptides of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Chandipura virus (CHPV). Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):379-385

Aphid-transmitted papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is the greatest disease threat to the commercial production of papaya worldwide. Specific ultrasensitive assays are important for the early detection of PRSV in the field. We have developed a single-tube nested PCR (STNP) assay to address this need. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):374-378

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a major pathogen of the domestic fowl, exhibits extensive antigenic variation. IBV is a member of the Coronaviridae family and the genus Gammacoronavirus. A new infectious bronchitis virus serotype can emerge from only very few amino acid changes within the major peplomer glycoprotein, namely in its S1 part forming the virion spike. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):360-373

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a re-emerging Alphavirus, causes chronic myalgia and arthralgia in infected individuals. However, the exact pathophysiology remains undefined till date. Virus induced time course changes in host cells at the ultrastructural level and host cytoskeleton have been reported for other alphaviruses such as Sindbis and Semliki Forest virus. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):350-359

It has been previously reported that adenovirus 36 (Ad36) infection is associated with obesity in humans and other animals. However, there is no clinically available standard protocol to detect Ad36 DNA. In this study, we developed a method for quantitative and rapid detection of Ad36 DNA. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(4):343-349

Porcine bocavirus (PBoV) is a recently discovered, non-enveloped and single-stranded DNA virus that can infect pigs. In order to understand PBoV infection and its genetic characterization in piglets in Xinjiang China, PBoV was detected by PCR in 156 clinical samples from 1-month-old piglets. PBoV was detected in 9 clinical samples, with a prevalence rate of 5. Read More

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):337-339

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):333-336

Homologous interference in vitro is defined as the ability of primary viral infection to prevent secondary homologous superinfection. Non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncp BVDV) has been classified according to the exaltation of Newcastle disease phenomenon (END) as END positive (E+) and END negative (E-) strains. Simultaneous inoculation of MDBK-SY cell monolayers with BVDV/E- virus and a three log higher amount of BVDV RK13/E+ virus, leads to acquisition of the BVDV/E- feature of blocking Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in cells. Read More

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):330-332

Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is a newly emerging enveloped flavivirus. This study shows the ultrastructure of DTMUV using viral purification, negative staining and electron microscopy. Electron microscopic examinations revealed mature DTMUV particles with 50 to 75 nm in diameter and typical enveloped flavivirus structure that consists of the internal nucleocapsid, an inner layer of lipid bilayer and an external layer of E glycoprotein ectodomain. Read More

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):326-329

The U.S. Air Force conducts vector and arbovirus surveillance worldwide. Read More

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):310-325

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Winter outbreaks in Chile result in 5% of infected children hospitalized, with 0.01% mortality. Read More

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):304-309

Transcriptome data obtained from a plant sample often contain a large number of reads that are derived from associated RNA virus genomes that were co-isolated during RNA preparation. These virus-derived reads can be assembled into a novel plant RNA genome sequence. Here, a basil (Ocimum basilicum) transcriptome dataset was analyzed to identify two new RNA viruses, which were named Ocimum basilicum RNA virus 1 (ObRV1) and Ocimum basilicum RNA virus 2 (ObRV2). Read More

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):294-303

The membrane-spanning domain (MSD) of the transmembrane subunit (TM) anchors the envelope glycoprotein (Env) on the lipid bilayer of the host cell membrane and virions. Its functions include membrane fusion efficiency and intracellular trafficking of the lentivirus envelope protein. Our study aimed to determine the MSD of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) glycoprotein 45 (gp45) and reveal structural characteristics of the BIV Env protein. Read More

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):287-293

Antimicrobial peptides produced by epithelial and immune cells protect tissues from various infections. Whether enterovirus infection leads to stimulation of antimicrobial peptide expression is unknown. We examined antimicrobial peptide mRNA and protein production in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells infected with picornaviruses. Read More

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):277-286

Marek's disease (MD) is one of the most important neoplastic diseases of poultry caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic avian herpes virus, which is responsible for great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Inspite of the usage of HVT and bivalent vaccines in the poultry flocks, MD continues to be a major threat to the poultry industry in India. In the present study, MD outbreaks were reported in poultry farms from different regions of Andhra Pradesh, India. Read More

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):266-276

Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) are able to overcome the interspecies barrier and adapt to the new non-avian host. The process of adaptation requires the adaptive changes of IAV genome resulting in amino acid substitutions. The aim of this work was the description of amino acid substitutions in avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) occurring during their adaptation to equine host. Read More

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):259-265

The identification of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mutations leading to drug resistance enables patient-specific adaptation of the treatment regimen and predicts the risk of transmission of drug-resistant HIV. In this study, we report for the first time the prevalence in Kuwait of non-polymorphic resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) in patients under first-line antiretroviral therapy. Viral RNA was extracted from plasma samples of 64 treatment-naïve (untreated) and 64 treatment-experienced patients. Read More

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):246-258

The samples from eggplants showing mixed symptoms of little leaf and mosaic were collected from two districts (Mirzapur and Varanasi) of Uttar Pradesh, India. The total nucleic acid extracted from these samples was amplified by PCR using universal 16S rRNA primers specific to phytoplasma and primers specific to DNA-A-like sequence of begomovirus. A total of eighteen eggplant samples showing the symptoms of little leaf and mosaic tested positive for the presence of both begomovirus and phytoplasma. Read More

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):235-245

Velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes encephalitis and severe neurological disorders in avian species. Sialic acid (SA) has been considered as a receptor for NDV infection and determining tissue tropism. The neurotropic mechanism of NDV in birds is completely unknown. Read More

Acta Virol 2018 ;62(3):229-234

Porcine rotavirus (PoRV) is one of the major causes of neonatal diarrhea in swine worldwide. Multiple serotypes of PoRV have been detected in diarrhea cases of suckling and weaning pigs. To date, the prevalence and molecular characterizations of PoRV circulating in swine in Shandong province of China remains largely unknown. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(2):220-225

Plant-derived flavonoids contain large amount of compounds with pharmacological effects. In this study, we showed the compound Kaempferol to have robust antiviral activity against bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) replication in vitro. Kaempferol at a concentration of 100 μmol/l completely inhibited viral replication in MDBK cells. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(2):214-219

The aim of this study was to investigate biological and molecular properties of two Ukrainian tomato isolates of potato virus M (PVM), K-16 and Pol-14, to determine their phylogenetic relationships and the genetic variability of PVM isolates. Study of phylogenetic relationships of two Ukrainian tomato PVM isolates with 35 isolates represented in GenBank was conducted. It was found that the coat protein (CP) gene sequence identity between two Ukrainian PVM isolates is 94. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(2):208-213

The etiological agent remained unidentified in a large number of patients hospitalized for acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in 2008-2009 in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, north India. All patients were found to present with fever and altered sensorium, while 28%, 19% and 13% showed hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and meningeal signs, respectively. Involvement mostly of children with abnormal hepatic features prompted us to undertake an exploratory study on viral hepatitis A to determine its association, if any, with hepatic derangements. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(2):202-207

Papaya leaf distortion mosaic virus (PLDMV, the genus Potyvirus) is an emerging threat to papaya production. Here, agroinfection-compatible fluorescent protein-tagged PLDMV infectious cDNA clones driven by the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were successfully constructed using one-step Gibson assembly. The clones were directly transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens to prevent potential problems such as plasmid instability during propagation in Escherichia coli. Read More

Acta Virol 2018;62(2):196-201

The prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in domestic swine threats the public health, due to the risk of zoonotic transmission. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and genetic features of HEV in swine, in Gansu, which is geographically an important province in China. 377 fecal samples were collected from pig farms in Gansu province of China and tested for HEV RNA by RT-PCR. Read More