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Head Wounds Received During Force-on-Force Training With Non-lethal Ammunition.

Authors:
Adam T Biggs Matthew R Doubrava Lanny F Littlejohn

Mil Med 2021 Feb 25. Epub 2021 Feb 25.

Naval Special Warfare Command, Coronado, CA 92155, USA.

Close quarters combat training is designed to replicate the mental and physiological stressors of firing upon an adversary while in close proximity. One method to replicate combat stressors is to use non-lethal training ammunition specifically designed for force-on-force exercises. These rounds can be fired from slightly modified service-issued weapons and provide a pain sensation upon striking the opponent. The current investigation presents a case study of several injuries when these rounds impacted the head directly, which is a primary area of concern for safety issues. Most impacts produced initial swelling that reduced substantially within the first few hours. Approximately 24 hours later, the swelling disappeared entirely with a visible contusion near the impact center. Bruising would typically clear within a few days. However, another example produced sufficient bleeding to require intervention before continuing with the training exercises and sanguineous crust or scabbing rather than the typical contusion. Pain was minimal for all wounds after only several days, which aligns with previous research on pain from non-lethal training ammunition wounds. Based on the head wounds observed here, loss of eyesight is a realistic possibility. Eye protection should be a requisite across all force-on-force training exercises without exception. This case study documents some potential hazards of force-on-force training, but more importantly, it further highlights the need for medically informed training standards about engagement distances and personal protective equipment.

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Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab054DOI Listing
February 2021

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Head Wounds Received During Force-on-Force Training With Non-lethal Ammunition.

Authors:
Adam T Biggs Matthew R Doubrava Lanny F Littlejohn

Mil Med 2021 Feb 25. Epub 2021 Feb 25.

Naval Special Warfare Command, Coronado, CA 92155, USA.

Close quarters combat training is designed to replicate the mental and physiological stressors of firing upon an adversary while in close proximity. One method to replicate combat stressors is to use non-lethal training ammunition specifically designed for force-on-force exercises. These rounds can be fired from slightly modified service-issued weapons and provide a pain sensation upon striking the opponent. Read More

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Authors:
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Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, 2624 Q Street, Area B, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433-7955.

Introduction: Military training involves preparing individuals for combat, yet applying the stressors of combat while maintaining a safe training environment is exceedingly difficult. One method to induce significant anxiety while still maintaining reasonable safety has been to utilize simulated ammunition. These rounds enable force-on-force training with reasonable stress and firing accuracy while also readily allowing participants to realize they have been shot. Read More

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An experiment was conducted to examine contextual effects of the magnitude of changes in force on force control in a finger-tapping sequence with an accentuated- (accentuated-force condition) or attenuated-force tap (attenuated-force condition). Participants were trained to produce a finger-tapping sequence with an intertap interval of 500 ms and four force patterns. During practice, visual force feedback pertaining to the two target forces in the tapping sequences was provided. Read More

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