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Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021 Apr 16;69:124-130. Epub 2021 Apr 16.

Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, Leloir Institute (IIBBA - CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, C1405BWE, Argentina. Electronic address:

Neurogenesis is a powerful mechanism for structural and functional remodeling that occurs in restricted areas of the adult brain. Although different neurotransmitters regulate various aspects of the progression from neural stem cell quiescence to neuronal maturation, GABA is the main player. The developmental switch from excitation to inhibition combined with a heterogeneous population of GABAergic interneurons that target different subcellular compartments provides multiple points for the regulation of development and function of new neurons. Read More

Front Cell Dev Biol 2021 1;9:657337. Epub 2021 Apr 1.

Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.

One of the major Ca signaling pathways is store-operated Ca entry (SOCE), which is responsible for Ca flow into cells in response to the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca stores. SOCE and its molecular components, including stromal interaction molecule proteins, Orai Ca channels, and transient receptor potential canonical channels, are involved in the physiology of neural stem cells and play a role in their proliferation, differentiation, and neurogenesis. This suggests that Ca signaling is an important player in brain development. Read More

Front Neuroanat 2021 31;15:643067. Epub 2021 Mar 31.

Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Excitatory neurons and GABAergic interneurons constitute neural circuits and play important roles in information processing. In certain brain regions, such as the neocortex and the hippocampus, there are fewer interneurons than excitatory neurons. Interneurons have been quantified via immunohistochemistry, for example, for GAD67, an isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase. Read More

Front Neuroanat 2021 18;15:637922. Epub 2021 Mar 18.

Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain.

Telencephalic cognitive and emotional circuits/functions are strongly modulated by subcortical inputs. The main focus of past research on the nature of this modulation has been on the widespread monoamine projections to the telencephalon. However, the (NI) of the pontine tegmentum provides a strong GABAergic and peptidergic innervation of the hippocampus, basal forebrain, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and related regions; and represents a parallel source of ascending modulation of cognitive and emotional domains. Read More

Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021 Apr 13. Epub 2021 Apr 13.

Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia. Electronic address:

During cortical development and throughout adulthood, oligodendrocytes add myelin internodes to glutamatergic projection neurons and GABAergic inhibitory neurons. In addition to directing node of Ranvier formation, to enable saltatory conduction and influence action potential transit time, oligodendrocytes support axon health by communicating with axons via the periaxonal space and providing metabolic support that is particularly critical for healthy ageing. In this review we outline the timing of oligodendrogenesis in the developing mouse and human cortex and describe the important role that oligodendrocytes play in sustaining and modulating neuronal function. Read More